Ecophytochemistry journal of Medicinal Plants
Year:2016 | Volume:4 | Issue:1 (13)|Papers Count:8

Plants as stable and available sources to preparation of the biocompatible nano particles that have received much attention in recent years. The aim of this study were optimization and characterization of biosynthesis of gold nano particles (Au NPs) using leaf aqueous extract of Sambucus ebulus L. After preparing the extract, 2 ml of it, was added to 4 ml of HAuCl4.3H2O with concentration 1 mM, which reduced Au (III) ions to Au NPs, and quickly the color of solution changed to violet. In order to achieve Au NPs with a uniform shape and size, parameters affecting on synthesis such as: pH of the reaction, volume of plant extract, concentration of HAuCl4.3H2O solution, temperature and time of reaction were studied and optimized. All parameters were optimized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were also employed to find characterization of the nanoparticles. Finally, the antibacterial properties of nanoparticles on 4 species of pathogenic bacteria such as: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis was evaluated by disc diffusion method and was reported as the diameter of inhibition zone. The results showed that the Au NPs showed a maximum absorbance at 534 nm. It was found that biosynthesized of Au NPs have spherical shape with a size between 11-17 nm and the gold nanoparticles have relatively good antibacterial activity against some bacteria.

Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is an aromatic medicinal plant, that its cultivation is limited due to low soil from organic matter. Therefore choose right amount and type of fertilizer is very necessary to ensure of satisfactory yield. A factorial experiment was conducted at research farm of Ramin University during 2014, arranged in CRD design contain three types of nitrogen fertilizer as the first factor: liquid (urea ammonium nitrate), powder (ammonium sulfate) and granular (Urea) which were applied at five levels: 0, 70, 140, 210 and 280 KgN/ha as the second factor with three replications. Aerial pares of plant were collected in early of blooming, the essential oils were obtained by hydro distillation method (Clevenger apparatus) and were analyzed by GC/MS. Result were showed that the nitrogen had significant effects on vegetative traits, quantity and quality of essential oil and finally on efficiency of nitrogen usage. With increases of nitrogen rate the vegetative traits and its yields of essential oil were increased. The effect of UAN was higher than U and SA, however, the trend of nitrogen usage efficiency was descended with AS of the lowest efficiency at 280 kg.ha-1. The rate and type of nitrogen fertilizers were also effective on essential oil components. The highest content of menthol was obtained in controls (37.16%) with 70 kg.ha-1 nitrogen (38.44%) but with increases of nitrogen application the menthol rate was decreased. Additionally, U and AS were respectively had the highest and lowest impact on menthol content, but in other hands the UAN application had the lowest content of menthofuran (1.17%).

Gundelia tournefortii L. is an endemic valuable forag - medicinal plants, belongs to Asteraceae family. This study was evaluated to total phenol, flavonoide content and antioxidant activity of Gundelia tournefortii L. in different stages of growth from four habitats in north east of Khozestan province (900 m). The aerial parts of plant were collected from 4 natural habitats (Dare-Khorson, Shahzade Ahmad1, Shahzade Ahmad2 and Dehdez) in three stages: vegetative, flowering and seed dispersal. Total phenol (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) of methanol extracts were measured by spectrophotometry and antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals of DPPH and then were analyzed based on multivariate variance (MANOVA). Results were showed that in all habitats, plant parts and phenological stages of plant had significant effect on antioxidant activity, total phenol and flavonoid contents of plant in 99 percent (P<0.01). The maximum amount of TP (56.9), TF (7.03) and antioxidant activity (0.19) were reported in Dare-Khorson region. Also in all regions the plant extract in blooming had higher content of TP, TF and antioxidant activity.

The Satureja was consist of 14 annual and perennial species in Iran, which Satureja sahendica is one of the endemic species in Iran. This research was carried out to investigate quality and quantity of essential oil in satureja sahendica accessions. Seeds of eight Satureja sahendica accessions were collected from greenhouse in medicinal research farm of Yazd Agricultural and Natural Resources and Education Center. Seedlings were planted in field using a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2010. Samples were harvested at 50% flowering stage during four years. Essential oils were extracted from dried samples by Clevenger apparatus and the oil compounds were analyzed by GC/MS. The results were showed significant differences between accessions for essential oil percentage at 5% level and the thymol and e-caryophylen at 1% level. Cluster analysis were showed two chemotype groups rich for thymol and carvacrol (SS6, SS5,SS4, SS3, SS2, SS1) and rich for para-cymen and γ -terpinene (SS7 and SS8). Regarding to essential oil yield per hectare and essential oil quality, in SS3 accessions from East Azarbayjan province with mean of essential oil (2.13%),oil yield (14.52 Kg/ha) which had carvacrol (%13.57) and thymol (%41.23), according to SS2 accessions from Kordestan province with mean of essential oil (2.96%),oil yield (13.49 Kg/ha) had carvacrol (%2.78) and thymol (%37.62), both of them were selected as the superior accessions.

This study was evaluated in phytochemical and antioxidant activity of Ferula assafoetida L. in Semnan and Khorasan-Razavi provinces. The plant samples were collected in May 2013, the total phenolic was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu, total flavonoid by Aluminium chloride, tannin contents by Folin- Denis and the antioxidant capacity were measured utilizing DPPH and FRAP methods. Results of variance analysis were showed that the highest total phenols content (1.014 and 2.8 mgGAE/1 g) was observed in leave extract of Khorasan and Semnan provinces, respectively. The maximum tannin contents (0.00194 mg/ml) was observed in stem and leave extracts of Khorasan and Semnan provinces .Also the highest antioxidant activity by DPPH method (1111.08 and 731.61 mg/ml) was observed in root extract of Khorasan province samples. The maximum antioxidant activity content were obtained in leave extract of Semnan by FRAP method (2.85 mg/ml). In general the highest content of total phenol and flavonoid was obtained in leave and root extracts of plants in Semnan province. But the root extract of Khorasan had the maximum antioxidant capacity (1111.08 mg/ml).Therefore it may be stated that Mojen region in Semnan province had higher antioxidant activity than Khorasan region. So the quality of antioxidant compounds of Ferula assafoetida L. was depending on variation of environmental factors and plant parts.

This study to was evaluated the effect of freezing and drying methods on quality and quantity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil. The leaves of plant in blooming were collected from the medicinal plant garden in Islamic Azad University of Gorgan branch in July 2014. The samples were prepared in four groups: fresh, dried, fresh frozen and dried frozen. Essential oils were obtained by steam distillation (Clevenger apparatus) and were analyzed by GC/MS. The caffeic acid content of samples was measured by HPLC. Results were showed in all oils: iso-bornyl acetate (11.5%-14.3%), camphor (11.34%-12.7%), pulegone (7.8%-10.6%), a-phellandrene (0.3%-9.2%), b-caryophyllene (2.1%-8.87%), a-terpineol (3.34%-9.8%), 1,8-cineol (0.93%-6.7%), linalool (0%-4.45%) and camphen (3.3%-5.7%) were the major common constituents. The greatest amount of caffeic acid was reported in fresh samples of plant (0.016 mg / gram of plant leaves). According to results in both fresh and dried samples the essential oils had the highest quality and quantity ingredients. Although the trans-pinocarveol (5.1%), sabinene (4.8%), trans-ocymen (6.3%), geranyl acetate (15.2%) just were observed in fresh and dried samples. According to another researches, these constituents of plant oil have high antioxidant, anti-pathogen, anti-inflammation and anti-infection activity. Therefore it is recommended to improve the quality of plant processing by using fresh and dried materials.

Pterocarya Kunth. belongs to Juglandaceae family is genus which has over 15 different tree species in the world and has just one species which has been reported from Iran. In this study the essential oil composition of Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poir) Spach. Were compared in different stages of plant phenology. The leaves were collected in different stages from Gilan in spring 2011. The essential oils were obtained by steam distillation extraction (SDE) and were analyzed by GC/MS. The oil yield in May, July and September were obtained: 0.2%, 0.18% and 0.2% w/w respectively. The 3,7-guaidiene (27.32%), viridiflorene (21.58%), a-curcumene (8.44%), viridiflorol (7.22%) and zingiberene (5.37%) were the main oxygenated sesquiterpens compondes of plant oil in May. The a-curcumene (16.44%), viridiflorene (11.95%), zingiberene (9.44%), phytol (9.16%), hexa decanoic acid (5.92%), viridiflorol (5.51%) and 3,7-guaidiene (4.84%) sesquiterpens hydrocarbons in July and the viridiflorene(26.29%), e-caryophyllene (12.63%), 2-norpinene (8.97%), viridiflorol(8.78%), spathulenol(7.82%) andzingiberene (6.65%) were the main in September oil, respectively.

Trigonella foenumgraceum L. with variety of polyphenoles which has been used as an antioxidant and nutritive vegetable to treat of diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of plant leave extract. The leaves were collected from medicinal garden of Hamedan during August 2014. The aqueous extract was obtained by maceration. Total phenol and flavonoid content were determined by using spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant activity were measured by using FRAP, ferric chelating activity, thiol and DPPH radical scavenging assay. The anti-diuretic properties, inhibition of fructose amine and advanced glycation end products formation and also albumin fragmentation by spectrophotometric, spectrofluorometric and electrophoresis methods, respectively. The results were showed that the total phenol content (23.87mg GAE/g), total flavonoid (17.29 mgQUE/g), thiolgrou (p0.26 mmoleCYE/mg) and total antioxidant capacity (0.33mmole FeSO4E/mg). Ferric chelating ability and radical scavenging activities were both in a concentration-related manner. The aqueous extract of plant in high concentration could inhibit fructosam ineformation (70.9%) and also albumin fragmentation. Thus this extract can be used for prevention of plant -related complications of diabetes.