JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION
Year:2012 | Volume:22 | Issue:2|Papers Count:15

In order to investigate the effect of sowing date and plant density on morphology, phenology and yield variables of 704, 540 and 500 maize hybrids, a factorial experiment was carried out based on complete randomized block design with four replications. In this research, row space was fixed at 75cm and inter row spacing was 12, 15 and 18cm that create 111500, 89000 and 74000 plants per hectare, respectively. In this study, the highest number of kernel rows per ear, with 18.1 rows, was obtained by hybrid 500. Whereas, the highest number of kernels per row, with 24.4 kernels, was produced by hybrid 704. But, among studied hybrids, the number of kernel per ear was not significant. The results also showed that the highest forage yield, with 48.1 ton per hectare, was obtained by hybrid 704 and hybrids 540 and 500 with 42.6 and 40.8 ton forage yield per hectare ranked next, respectively. High performance of hybrid 704 depends on its high biomass production so that the dry weight of hybrid 704 was 118.9 gram per plant that had significantly differences compared to other hybrids. With increasing of plant density, forage yield per plant was decreased significantly and forage yield per unit area was increased. The highest forage yield per unit area, with 46.3 ton per hectare, was acquired from 12cm row spacing. The study of phonological traits demonstrated that in Bonab region only hybrid 500 could reach to maturity stage (dough stage) for harvest. With respect to high quality of maize forage for silage at dough stage, the hybrid 500 for is suitable and if the purpose is grazing, sown of hybrid 704 with highest density is recommended.

In order to study the effects and the interference of wild oat over two varieties of spring barley, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in Tabriz University. Experimental designe was complete randomized design with three replications based on factorial experiment. The treatments were four density of the barley including 2, 4, 6 and 8 plants per pot, four density of the wild oat including 2, 4, 6 and 8 plants per pot and two barley varieties (Joonob and Kavir). For all densities of barley and wild oat, one pot was considered as control (monoculture of barley and wild oat). The results indicated that, Joonob variety was superior than the Kavir. The wild oat interference decreased the number of seeds in the primary spike, biological seed yield per plant and one 1000 seeds weight in compare with control. The 6 and 8 densities of wild oat decreased number of tiller in barely in compare with control. The highest amount in whole attributes in barely related to 2:2 (Joonob barely: wild oat) and the lowest amount related to 8:8 (Kavir barely: wild oat). Reducing rate in 2, 4, 6 and 8 densities of wild oat in barely in compare with control in seed yield of barely was equal 48.04, 53.35, 65 and 70.39 percent. This results showed that with increasing of wild oat density whole attributes of barely reduced, while Kavir was more sensitive than Joonob against wild oat.

With regards to the importance and frequency of Bermuda-grass (Cynodon dactylon L.) in wheat fields an experiment was conducted using factorial design in three replicates to evaluate allelopathic effects of different parts extract and residues of Bermuda-grass in different concentrations on wheat germination and yield in 2008. Five levels of organ extracts as control, leaf, shoot, root and intact plant extract of Bermuda-grass in four concentrations as 20, 10, 7, and 5% were used. All extracts decreased germination and its components in wheat. The highest decreasing effect was belonged to the root and intact plant extract. In glasshouse, increasing extract concentration from 5 to 20% decreased all attributes significantly. Decrease in seed number per plant, 100-kernel weight and yield in 20% was 89, 769 and 96% less than control, respectively. Field trial confirmed glasshouse results. Generally, root and intact plant extract and residual had higher growth restriction than shoot and leaf residuals and extract on wheat attributes. In field condition, applying Bermuda-grass extract decreased 71% and residual 81% of wheat yield. It may be depends on gradual leaching of allelochemicals from residuals of Bermuda-grass in growth period that affect growth and yield of wheat.

Water deficit stress is one of the most important abiotic stress reducing wheat yield world wise which affect its sustainable production. To map gene (s) controlling drought tolerance related traits in wheat, 142 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Azar2 (drought tolerant) and 87 zhong291 (high yielding) was evaluated under rainfed and supplementary irrigation conditions. The measured traits were grain yield, 1000 grain weight and number of spikelet per spike. Parental polymorphism was assessed using SSR and ISSR markers and 24 SSR marker and 16 ISSR polymorphic markers were used for analysis. Linkage analysis was performed to assign these markers to the population linkage map consisted of 45 SSR and AFLP markers. The linkage map span 1310 cM of wheat genome with 19.55 cM distance between two neighboring markers.Based on composite interval mapping, 10 and 18 QTLs were identified for grain yield, under rainfed and supplementary irrigation conditions, respectively. Under rainfed and supplementary irrigation, five and nine QTLs were mapped for number of spikelet per spike. For 1000 grain weight, four QTLs under rainfed condition and nine QTLs under supplementary irrigation were detected. Two and four QTLs detected for grain yield and 1000 grain weight, respectively, were stable under both conditions. For the studied traits, number of common QTLs were identified which could be due to gene linkage or pleiotropic gene effect. The common QTLs for grain yield and number of spikelet per spike (18.26%) as well as for grain yield, number spikelet per spike and 1000 grain weight on linkage group 2 and the common QTL for number spikelet per spike and 1000 grain weight on linkage group 3 with determining more 15% of these trait phenotypic variance were identified as major QTLs. Some of the markers were tightly linked to the QTLs which could be used for selection of drought tolerant lines.

Recently, water deficiency, existence of soil-borne pathogens and low fruit yield and quality which produced in soil culture systems lead to develop hydroponic systems. In the present study, effect of five different growing media including tea waste, tea waste+zeolite (1:1), tea waste+ zeolite (3:1), tea waste+zeolite (1:3), zeolite+perlite (1:2) (v/v) as a soilless growing media on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, cv. gavrish) growth and fruit quality was investigated. The results showed that the kind of growing media have significantly affected on stem height, root length and fruits quality characteristics such as firmness, vitamin C, total phenol and antioxidant capacity of tomato. Conversely, stem diameter, fruit numbers and fruits color value was unaffected by growing media. With increasing tea waste to zeolite ratio, stem height and root length decreased, as the most stem height was found in zeolite: perlite (1:2) medium. Moreover, positive correlation between total phenol and antioxidant capacity of fruits was observed. Overall, the results showed that using tea waste alone or incorporation with zeolite can be a suitable medium for growing tomato.

Potato virus Y (PVY) is the most important virus that infects Solanaceae family worldwide. In order to detect potyviruses from Solanaceae in East Azarbaijan and Ardabil provinces, 112 samples with mosaic, mottling and yellowing symptoms were collected. Then, the samples were checked by Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with Potyvirus universal primers which ended up in detection of the virus from 23 samples. In order to identify PVY, some of these samples with mosaic and yellowing symptoms were selected for cloning and sequencing. Finally one of them was recognized as PVY. For determination of taxonomic position of PVY isolate from Iran, the sequence data from Iranian PVY was aligned and compared with the related 165 isolates from Gene Bank. Results of phylogenetic analyses showed that PVY isolates were grouped in 5 clusters wherein the Iranian PVY isolate was placed in cluster 1 together with isolates from America, Canada, Syria, France, England, China and Poland.

In order to achieve sustainable agricultural systems, a field experiment was conducted at chavoshgoli region, 10 Km south-west of khoy city in 2007, as monocropping and intercropping of sunflower and pinto bean in additive method. The experiment carried out using randomized complete block design with three replications and 10 treatments. The treatments were as follows: Eight treatments of additive intercropping (with densities of 4 plants/m2 for sunflower and 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32 plants/m2 for pinto bean), one sole cropping of sunflower (4 plants/m2) and one sole cropping of pinto bean (40 plants/m2). For sunflower, the results showed that the effect of intercropping was significant on plant height, diameter of head, number of seed per head and grain yield. The maximum diameter of head, number of seed in head and seed yield per unit were obtained from sole cropping of Sunflower. For pinto bean the maximum plant height, number of leaves and branches per plant, number of pods per plant, grain yield per plant were obtained from S3 treatment (sunflower with density of 4 plants/m2+pinto bean with density of 4 plants/m2) and Maximum grain yield per unit was obtained from sole cropping treatment of pinto bean. The maximum LER (1.353) was obtained for S7 treatment (sunflower with density of 4 plants/m2+pinto bean with density of 20 plants/m2). We can infer that these two crops have used more environmental resources and this treatment (S7) was, therefore recommended at the best intercropping pattern in this experiment.

In order to investigate the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on morphological characteristics and essential oil percentage and yield of dill, this research was performed in 1389 in Agricultural Research Farm of the University of Tabriz. The experiment was carried out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation treatments (irrigation after 70, 100, 130 mm evaporation from class A pan) and nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80, 120 kg/ha) were allocated to main and sub-plots, respectively. The results showed that the irrigation treatments had significant effect on secondary branches number, stem weight. Although stem diameter and flower weight was affected significantly by nitrogen fertilizer amounts. Maximum number of secondary branches and stem weight were observed in irrigation after 130 mm evaporation from class A pan) and control treatments respectively. Largest stem diameter were obtained by 120 and 80 kgN/ha respectively. Irrigation after 130 mm evaporation and 80 kgN/ha and irrigation after 70 mm evaporation and 0 kgN/ha produced the highest and lowest flower weight, respectively. The highest essential oil percentage obtained from irrigation after 70 mm evaporation. As there was a positive relationship between flower yield and essential oil percentage, for producing the highest essential oil percentage, application of 40 kg/ha nitrogen is suitable. So reducing water supply from 70 to 130 mm evaporation had no significant effect on essential oil yield, it seems that produce the higher essential oil content from dill, is possible with remarkable decreasing of water consumption.

Those who give their wealth for the satisfaction of God and his mental stability are like to the garden that is located on the stack. If fall rains thoroughly, its fruit will double and little rain is sufficient for it and Allah has knowledge of all the things you (Baghareh, 265). Because of Iran is mountainous and rugged and rainfall is Sporadic, Waste about 56% of rainfall Because of traditional irrigation. Iran's climate and topography, Is suitable for the development of gardens. Because of importance of providing water for fruit trees and limited water, are important, in Dryland systems using methods that exploit the maximum available rainfall naturally, are very important. Because there is limited rainfall and irrigation in dryland, one of the critical points in the garden management, is keep increasing of Soils water uptake. Therefore, the main purpose is to manage rainfall in this way, is evapotranspiration loss and increasing efficiency of water uptake by plant. More Scientific references in our country are books that translated from universities in Europe and America that Have a different climate conditions with our country. And not considering this issue has much damaged to agriculture industry of Iran. Whereas according to the Goran, as a universal reference and always updated, can reduce problem of sustainable agriculture. For example, according to the Quran can be established dry garden in steep places, with selecting the correct location cultivation, selection of species resistant or tolerant and drought (Olives, Figs, Grapes and Dried Fruits) and the optimum use of rainwater.

In order to study the effect and efficiency of municipal solid waste compost and vermicompost on morpho-physiological properties and yield of canola under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation, including: normal irrigation (0.75 FC), mild stress (0.55 FC) and severe stress (0.35 FC), and biofertilizer combination in five levels including: non-application of biofertilizer (control), application of municipal solid waste compost at two and four percent levels and application of vermicompost at two and four percent. Results showed that the effect of irrigation and biofertilizer levels in all traits was significant. The interaction of irrigation and biofertilizer had significantly affected on all traits except leaf area ratio and plant nitrogen percent. The results of mean comparison indicated that the mild and severe stress significantly reduced growth, nitrogen percentage, SPAD index, leaf relative water content and grain yield of canola compared to normal irrigation. Application of four percent vermicompost was resulted increase growth, biomass and yield of canola under normal irrigation, mild and severe drought stress compared to other biofertilizer treatments, and in generally, the efficiency of vermicompost in increase canola yield was more than waste compost.

In order to evaluate the effects of drought stress, nitrogen application, and plant density on grain yield, oil and grain filling of sunflower (Hybrid Iroflor) a field experiment was carried out in the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of West Azarbaijan province, Urmia, Iran during 2010-2011 growth seasons. A split-split-plot experiment was conducted based on Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) with three replications. The main factor was consisted of irrigation treatments, including optimum irrigation, moderate stress and severe stress where irrigation was done after depleting of 50%, 70% and 90% of available soil water, respectively. Three nitrogen levels consisting of 100, 160 and 220 kg N ha-1 were considered as sub plots and sub–sub plots were three plant densities of 55500, 66600 and 83300 plants ha-1. Combined data analysis of variance showed that the effect of drought stress, nitrogen and plant densities on measured traits were statistical significant differences (P≤0.01). Intense of drought stress reduced 60% of grain yield than optimum conditions. By increasing nitrogen application grain yield was increased. There were positive response of grain yield at plant densities. By increasing intensity of drought stress, oil percent, grain yield and nitrogen percent were decreased, but grain nitrogen percent and rapidity of grain filling increased. Interaction between irrigation and nitrogen levels on most traits was significant and with theirs increasing grain nitrogen percent and oil yield increased. By increasing plant densities, oil grain percent was increased but nitrogen grain percent decreased. Interaction of treatments on rapidity and period of grain filing were not significant.

Tomato crown and root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, is one of the most important disease of this crop. The disease control is mainly achieved by the use of resistant cultivars and crop rotation. Biological control is considered as a potential alternative strategy for disease management. In present study, resistance of common tomato cultivars namely Ergon, Daehnfild, Clause grown in green houses in East Aazrabayjan province were evaluated. For this purpose, three Fusarium isolates including two reference isolates (F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici) and a highly virulent local isolate ofF. oxysporum were used. Resistance of cultivars was assessed based on different factors such as disease percentage, wet and dry weight of foliage, wet and dry weight of roots and the height of each plant. Based on our results, Daehnfild showed highest degree of susceptibility and F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici showed the highest degree of pathogenicity. Biological control of disease was evaluated by using the most virulent isolate of Fusarium and the most susceptible tomato cultivar. Two isolates of Trichoderma harzianum (Strain T22 isolated from TRIANUM-P and the second was obtained from Iranian Institute of Plant Protection) and single strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens (CHAO) were evaluated for antagonistic potential against causal fungus of this disease in laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Our results based on laboratory experiments showed that T. harzianum recovered from commercial biological control product (TRIANUM-P), together with P. fluorescens (CHAO) showed the highest degree of control in compare with control. But the greenhouse experiments revealed that the second isolate of T. harzianum showed the highest degree of control in compare with control.