ARABIC LITERATURE
Year:2023 | Volume:15 | Issue:3|Papers Count:7

In Contemporary semiotics, if there are such names as Propp, Grimas, Todorov, Genet, and Barthes in the field of narratological studies, Michael Riffattere should be considered one of the methodical theorists in the field of poetry. In the course of his ideas and theories, turns from Riffaterre "structural stylistics" to the semiotics of poetry and text production, and in this regard, he presents the signs and elements that create the literature of poetic text. In Riffaterre theory, there are two ways of reading: exploratory or linear reading and semiotic or retrospective reading which the reader, after examining the elements of text literature, namely inaccuracies, descriptive systems, accumulations (synonyms) and hypograms (the stereotyped image that is induced in the mind of the reader through the whole poem), achieves the matrix or network of poetry, which is the basic proposition of the poem and provides means of unity. In this article, after exploratory and semiotic reading of the ode of sorrow, we came to the conclusion that the semiotic elements based on Riffaterre's point of view can play a good role in reading the semiotic level of the ode of sorrow Abdel-Saboor; The poem's mourning has few instructions in terms of vocabulary and syntax, but in terms of meaning it has many instructions that show themselves through simile, metaphor and irony. On the other hand, descriptive systems, accumulations, hypograms, and finally text matrices all together illustrate the key themes of poetry and achieve poetic unity

Fictocriticism is an innovative branch in literary criticism, theorerically propounded by the French physicist and philosopher Gaston Bachelard. This framework creates a link between human understanding of the phenomenal world and the four main substances in creation, i.e. water, fire, air and soil. According to Bachelar, each original or outstanding has an intimate relationship with these substances, which is manfested in his/her artistic products. The appearance of this element is associated with a poet’s psyche which is indicatve of what has happened to him/her, apart from its aesthetic features. The phenomenology of imagination targets dual images and analyzes them with psychological concepts. This study draws on this framework in order to examine the duality of images in Tarafa’s poetry and their influence on the poet’s psyche. The study finds that the prominet duality of life and death in Tarafa’s poetry, he creates images inspired by water and soil. The poet first uses the image of earth and then imbues it with images of soil to address the concept of death as his main concern. Accordingly, the phenomenology of imagination by creating sublimation and exaltation in Tarafa’s psyche in forms of topography and shift of images (their size) serves to soothe the poet’s psyche.

Considering the complexity and newness of democracy as a category it is natural that many works of Arabic classic literature that adhere to dogmatic traditions, significant principles, and rules lack it. But in some of the works the writer by conversing the narration into a context for reflecting different voices, cultures, and ideas tries to express problems of ordinary people and society’s different classes with a democratic approach. This process provides the way for releasing the story from dogmatism and one-sided view and has resulted in the fusion of ideas, cultures, and induction of more readings. In the story book Al-Mokafat, Ibn Ud’daye by following realism has reflected socio-political conditions of Tulunian period in Egypt. And as a writer with democratic thought, aims for normalization of culture and reconciliation of beliefs, ideas, and tastes. Ibn Ud’daye’s activity in Cairo’s court and political center of Al-Tulun period which accompanied with vast reforms was an influential subject in adopting such an approach. Considering the necessity of exploring this issue in Arabic classic works this article is about to study the democratic narration and its main features in Ibn Ud’daye’s Al-Mokafat. The results indicate that mentioned story collection includes characteristics such as diversity of voices and tones, inclusion and comprehensiveness, pluralism and reconciliation of cultures, ideas, and fusing them, reflecting popular culture and application of oral language. It is a work with a democratic approach that is narrated by depending on free-thinking concept and avoiding dogmatism

One of the models for evaluating the translation of cultural elements in texts is the model proposed by Peter Newmark (1988). Using a descriptive-analytical method and based on Newmark's theory, this article examines and criticizes the method of translating cultural elements in the 192 sermon of Nahj al-Balaghah (Qasea sermon) in Ayati and Shahidi translations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the translatability of cultural elements from the source language (Arabic) to the target language (Persian) and its reflection in the translations. The results of this study show that in this sermon, the highest frequency of cultural elements such as “Organization, Customs”, “ecology” and “Material Culture”. The most common methods used to translate cultural concepts in both translations are “Transcribe” and “Cultural Equivalent”. Of course, it is worth mentioning that Shahidi has benefited a lot in his translation from the solution of “Couplet” -which is the result of the final comments of the book; a solution that has been neglected in the Ayati translation.

Retrospective analysis of Islamic thought reflects thinkers’ focus on religious texts through various approaches. This has led to the establishment of various sciences based on religious approach hence influencing common science. This mutual effect in the realm of thought, specially in rhetoric prepared the ground for many developments. Some of the contemporary new Arab thinkers including Nasr Hamed Abu Zayd (1943) studied the rhetorical thought of Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani (471 AH) by hermeneutic theories. Regarding the importance of understanding Jurjani’s thought pattern and Abu Zayd’s use of his ideas by new thinking-critical approaches, the present study attempts to exploit Abu Zayd’s documentations of Jurjani’s thoughts, analyzes the thought roots and the reading of these ideas in his view through qualitative approach and inductive method. The study yielded the results that Nasr Hamed uses a critical approach and two method-referring to the thinker’s ideas and hermeneutical relativism-to analyze the Islamic legacy. By Jurjani’s reading and changing his thinking method to understand his content, Nasr Hamed considers him a pioneer of relativism in Arabian culture. By associating elements like reader-response criticism, death of the author, negation of denotative meaning and negation of entailment in phrases containing figurative meaning, frequency of reading, frequency of author and parity of inimitability with fusion of horizons in Jurjani’s thought, Nasr Hamed considers him a trendsetter of a critical approach in the Arabian contemporary thought realm.

One of the basic topics of cognitive linguistics is conceptual metaphor based on which an unknown and abstract conceptual field is inferred and understood by matching with known and concrete concepts in the human mind.that these well-known concepts originate from human experiences in all aspects of his life, including philosophy and literature. On the other hand, existentialism is a philosophical school that uses literature as a means to express its ideas; Existentialism's philosopher's turn to literary expression caused philosophy to merge with literature. Existentialist literature deals with themes such as loneliness, fear, sadness, emptiness, freedom, and death. Meanwhile, Arabic literature and especially poetry were not affected by the concepts of this school; And an example of this attention and luck can be seen in the poems of the contemporary Lebanese poet Khalil Al-Hawi, because the resonance and reflection of the elements of freedom and death are evident in his poems. He beautifully and artistically portrays the concepts of despair, pain, humiliation and despair caused by the consecutive failures of the Arabs and especially the uprising of 1967, which had a special echo in his soul and soul - all of which are abstract concepts - with concrete and tangible concepts in his poems. He has used conceptual metaphors to make his poems even more heartwarming. Therefore, the authors intend to analyze the conceptual metaphor in the existentialist components of freedom and death in Al-Hawi's poems with a descriptive-analytical method.

Narrative perspective is the point of view from which a story is narrated, and it is one of the central elements examined in the analysis of narrative texts. The comprehensive and organized model established by Boris Uspensky and Roger Fowler to investigate the viewing angle is one of this discipline's most important analytical techniques. Using linguistic methods, this model, which has four sections (temporal, spatial, psychological, and ideological), investigates the narrator's role throughout the narrative. This descriptive-analytical study investigates the narrator's viewpoint on the above four levels in "Ya Maryam" by Sinan Antoon, one of the contemporary Iraqi authors. According to this research, Ya Maryam has multiple storylines. The first-person and the omniscient third-person point of view, the internal point of view, are employed to explain the characters' thoughts and feelings. According to ideological studies, Antoon tries to clarify the rights of Christianity and condemn the current position of Christians. In the form of the narrative's central characters, he tells the face of Iraqi Christians who move due to insecurity and injustice.