COMMONITY HEALTH
Year:2016 | Volume:3 | Issue:4 |Papers Count:8

Background and Objective: Preschool period is playing main role in development and adjustment of children. Fear and anxiety are of externalizing disorders, providing untreated it leads to negative effects on individual and social relationship specially in adulthood therefore, this research investigates the influence of client-centered play therapy on fear and anxiety among preschool children (5-6 aged).Materials and Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental study with pre and post- tests.14 male and female preschool children (5-6 aged) who were obtaining scores higher than cut-off in Spence anxiety scale (SAS) and fear survey schedule for children-revised (FSSC-R) parents’ form questionnaires were selected, and then they were assigned randomly to the control and experimental groups. The experimental group received techniques of client-centered play therapy for six treatment sessions (45minutes for each session). The fear and anxiety were measured at the beginning and at end of therapeutic session, utilizing the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale and fear survey schedule for children-revised (FSSC-R) parents’ form. Statistical analysis conducted by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).Results: There is significantly difference in Mean (SD) scores of pretest 130.4 (3.3) and posttest 127.1 (4.6) fear (P<0.001, F=24.6) and in scores of pretest 58.6 (2.6) and post-test 48.28 (3.6) anxiety (P<0.001, F=19.5) between preschool children in pre and post-test.Conclusion: Findings indicated that client-centered play therapy has effective in reducing behavioral problem such as fear and anxiety disorders in preschool children. Therefore, it can be useful and applicable as the psychological therapeutic interventions for decreasing behavioral distress in children.

Background and Objective: From the perspective of psychology, obesity can lead to the negative attitude, stress and the increasing the risks of psychological disorders. From the viewpoint of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), psychological disorders are due to the fusion of psychological and cognitive inflexibility. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of an acceptance and commitment group therapy on improving the depression and body image among female with obesity.Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed through pre-posttest with the intervention and the control groups. The target population of this research was total obese women depression symptoms and negative body image who referred to nutrition and sports clubs in East of Tehran in 2014.30 obese women with depression symptoms and negative body image were selected through purposeful sampling and randomly divided in the intervention and the control groups. The intervention group participated in acceptance and commitment group therapy sessions include once a week for two months (a total of 8 sessions).The control group received no intervention. All participants were evaluated in the first and last meeting by the Beck Depression Inventory and body image questionnaires. To analyze the data descriptive parameters such as frequency and standard deviation and statistical tests such as t-test for comparison two independent groups were used.Results: The results showed a significant reduction in depression scores (P<0.01) and a significant increase in body image scores (P=0.001) in patients of the intervention group compared to the control group.Conclusion: The study showed that acceptance and commitment group therapy in women with obesity lead to the reduction in depression and increase the desirable perception of body image, therefore, the use of this therapeutic approach is recommended in women with obesity.

Background and Objective: Many research indicated that children residential centers have the high possibility to diagnose with psychological disorders. Therefore, this study aims to predict social skill based on their attachment style and emotional intelligence undertaken to examine the role of intervention among children residential centers of state welfare organization. Materials and Methods: This research is a descriptive study. The 400 (240 boys & 160 girls) children residential centers were chosen through cluster sampling method of Tehran city. The survey questionnaire instruments were; social skills (Gresham & Elyot, 1991), emotional intelligence (Schutte, 1997) and attachment style (Ronaghi & colleagues, 1392). The data obtained from the structural equation modeling (SEM) were analyzed by using the LISERAL software.Results: Results show that attachment style directly & indirectly lead to social skill through the mediation variable of emotional intelligence. Between endogenous latent variable and the indicator of attachment style, the path coefficients were respectively 0.60 & 0.32, between endogenous latent 0.41, 0.45 & 0.94, and between the latent variable of indigenous social sill and the indicator the path coefficients were sportively 0.35, 0.50, 0.90 & 0.85. It can be said that and all the causal paths were significant.Conclusion: Considering the importance and necessity of children social skills and its effects on children’s life, recognizing environmental factors such as attachment style and individual factors such as emotional intelligence can finally lead to a deeper recognition of factors affecting the transformation of children’s social skills in order to present suitable methods.

Background and Objective: Increasing rates of cesarean section (C/S) in many countries hah caused health officials concern. In our country cesarean sections without medical indication is a thread for health system. This study aimed to determine the views of family health unit staffs of health centers regarding cesarean sections without clinical indication in 2014.Materials and Methods: This Cross-Sectional study was conducted in 2014 in Tehran, Iran. The study population included all employees of family health units working in health centers affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. A total of 739 patients were available for sampling. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire.Results: In health workers view the cause of were as follows respectively: mother request 336 (45.5%), gynecologist recommendation due to nonmedical indications 234 (31.7%) and gynecologist recommendation due to medical indications 169 (22.8%). The most causes of without medical indication were mother’s fear of labor pain, the cost benefit of C/S, lack of mother’s Knowledge regarding C/S adverse effects, convenience of performing C/S for gynecologist and having health insurance especially supplementary insurance, respectively.Conclusion: The study showed that the necessity of mother’s and their families education regarding the methods of labor pain control and the adverse effects of C/S.

Background and Objective: Infidelity is a serious threat to the family and marriage outside of his normal route and marriage violated. The purpose of this study, the role of infidelity in men and women had premarital relationships. Materials and Methods: The study was a correlation method, the population included men and married women in Tehran that 345 patients (170 males and 175 females) were selected using stratified sampling, for example. Record pre-marital relationships and infidelity to help self-report questions were asked. To analyze the data, chi-square method was used.Results: The analysis showed that a history of premarital relations with emotional infidelity (P<0.001, c2=69.31), betrayal, physical (P<0.001, c2=15.78), and sexual infidelity (P<0.001, c2=14.61) is a statistically significant relationship.Conclusion: The results showed that the relationship of marriage in later life is likely to lead to marital infidelity. The results of this study can help the pathology and prevention of marital infidelity.

Background and Objective: Substance abuse is a chronic recurring disorder who needs to manage therapy over time. The goal of current study was to assess the cognitive emotion regulation strategies and emotional schemas in men with substance abuse, abstinent and normal individuals.Materials and Methods: In the form of a causal-comparative design, using available sampling method 30 men with substance abuse, 30 abstinent and 30 normal individuals were selected and after matching on the base of age, education and the substance they used were assessed via cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire and emotional schemas questionnaire. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to compare the three groups.Results: In self-blame (P=0.0004) and catastrophizing (P=0.0008) maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, the scores of individuals with substance abuse were higher than abstinent and normal individuals and in rumination (P=0.0007) individuals with substance abuse and abstinent obtained higher score in comparison with normal individuals. In refocusing on planning (P=0.0005) and positive reappraisal (P=0.00) adaptive strategies, normal individuals and abstinent in comparison with individuals with substance abuse obtained higher scores. In mental rumination (P=0.0008), blame (P=0.0008) and simplistic view of emotions (P=0.0009) individuals with substance abuse, abstinent had higher scores in comparison with normal individuals. In guilt (P=0.008) and uncontrolled (P=0.006) emotional schemas, individuals with substance abuse in comparison with normal individuals obtained higher scores.Conclusion: No effective emotional schemas and emotion regulation strategies can play a key role in substance abuse initiation, maintenance and relapse.

Background and Objective: Identification of depression predictors among Adolescent girls is important for providing the appropriate interventions. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of life satisfaction and maternal employment on prediction of depression in high school girl students.Materials and Methods: The research design was correlational descriptive study. The participants were 218 high school students with their mothers (including 103 girl high school students with employed mothers and 115 girl high school students with unemployed mothers) from Tehran and were selected by multi-phase clustery sampling method. The measures used in this study were Beck depression scale that was completed by students and Life Satisfaction Questionnaire that was completed by mothers. Data analysis was performed through correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS-19.Results: The results showed that mothers’ life satisfaction and maternal employment with amount of 0.65 (R2) had significant role on prediction of the daughters’ depression (P<0.001). Mothers’ life satisfaction (b=-0.74) is more important factor in reduction of daughters’ depression than maternal employment with (b=0.17) (P<0.001). Daughters’ depression in satisfied unemployed mothers group with Mean (SD) 23.6 (11.2) was lower than in unsatisfied employed mothers group with Mean (SD) 36.2 (10.6) (P<0.001).Conclusion: Life satisfaction and maternal employment are important factors in predicting of depression in daughters. Promoting the life satisfaction of mothers and improving their employment status may be important for prevention of depression in teenager offspring.

Background and Objective: Parents of children with disabilities are poorer physical and mental health and greater stress experience. This study was conducted to evaluate Parenting stress in mothers of mentally retarded, blind, deaf and physically disabled children.Materials and Methods: This study was causal-comparative. The study population included 310 mothers of exceptional children (mothers of children with mental retardation, blind, deaf and physical-motor disabilities) 7 to 12 years of age enrolled in primary schools in the academic year 90-1389 exceptional Tehran. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was used. The data obtained from questionnaires parenting stress using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were analyzed.Results: The results showed that parenting stress in mothers of blind with mentally retarded, deaf with mentally retarded, physically with blind and deaf children are significantly different. As well as, there was significant difference between the mean score of blind, physical disorders, mentally retarded and deaf groups in terms of distraction - hyperactivity subscale.Conclusion: Mothers of children with mental retardation, physical disorders, blind and deaf have most parenting stress respectively.