CROP PRODUCTION
Year:2023 | Volume:16 | Issue:1|Papers Count:11

AbstractBackground and objectives:The mungbean (Vigna radiate L.) is one of the most species of legumes. The seeds are an excellent sources of phosphorus. The phosphorus application to legumes have positive effect on nodulation through enhance root proliferation and thus helps in increase nitrogen fixation, So that Phosphorus deficiency is considered as one of the major constraints to successful production of legume. Biofertilizers have high potential for increasing the efficiency of Phosphorus, and ultimately stimulate plant growth. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the biofertilizers in the release of soil insoluble phosphorus and to investigate the effect of plant growth promoting bacteria, Mycorrhizal fungi on photosynthetic pigmentation and nutrient elements during the period of mungbean growth.Materials and methods: To study the effect of different levels of phosphorus and biofertilizers on photosynthetic parameters and seed yield of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) a field experiment was carried out as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at research field of the Faculty of Agriculture of Gorgoan University in 2016-2017. The treatments of this research consisted of three levels of phosphorus (Control, 150 kg.he-1 and 225 kg.he-1) and eight levels of plant growth promoting bacteria and Mycorrhizal fungi (Control, Azospirillum lipoferum, Pseudomonas fluoresens, Glomus mosseae, Azospirillum and Pseudomonas, Azospirillum and Glomus mosseae, Pseudomonas and Glomus mosseae, and Azospirillum lipoferum, Pseudomonas fluoresens, Glomus mosseae). In this experiment, Rhizobium bacteria (R. leguminosarum) was used in all plots. Grain inoculation was done in shadow and after drying, inoculated grains were immediately cultivated. Mycorrhizal fungi was applied under the grain hole just prior to sowing.Chemical fertilizers were applied at a rate of 50 and 100 kg.ha-1 in N and K respectively. Random samples of ten plants for each experimental unit were taken and Photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, SPAD value, grain protein and nitrogen content in plant aerial parts, leaf area index and seed yield were recorded. Data were subjected to analysis of variance procedure using the SAS statistical software and for the mean comparison, the least significant difference (LSD) test method was used at 5% probability level.Results: The results showed that the effect of phosphorus fertilizer and Plant growth promoting bacteria, Mycorrhizal fungi on photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids), SPAD value, grain protein, nitrogen content in plant aerial parts at different stages of plant growth, leaf area index and seed yield were significant, but the interaction of phosphorus fertilizer and Plant growth promoting bacteria, Mycorrhizal fungi levels was not significant on any of the studied traits. The results showed that the highest amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, SPAD, grain protein and nitrogen content in plant aerial parts, leaf area index and seed yield were obtained at 225 kg.ha-1 phosphorus fertilizer. Application of Plant growth promoting bacteria, Mycorrhizal fungi led to an increase in the amount of photosynthetic pigments, seed protein and nitrogen content of plant aerial parts, leaf area index and seed yield.Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the photosynthetic pigments, seed protein, nitrogen accumulation in the plant and leaf area index were increased by increasing the amount of phosphorus fertilizer. Also, the optimal effect of Plant growth promoting bacteria and Mycorrhiza on photosynthetic pigments and increasing the protein content of seeds and nitrogen in different stages of plant growth Which ultimately led to an increase in seed yield.

Background and aim: decres gap between actual yield and potencial yield (gap yield) is important way to incrace yield in unit. In order enhance yield, gap yield in any area determinted and factor participant be identified in gap yield in preduct crop plant. This investigation to order determination gap yield and limited factor to yield and contribution of each of them to soybean in Aliabad Katol area by using CPA method and boundary line analysis.Material and method: To carry out this study, Information on production management of 120 soybean farms in Aliabadabad district of Golestan province was collected in 2016. Management factors included field characteristics (area, previous crop, herbicides, previous crop, field position), seedbed preparation (type, number and time of tillage), sowing (amount of seed consumed, cultivar type, seed source, sowing date, Plant density), fertilizers and micronutrients (type of fertilizer, amount and timing of fertilizer application), pesticides (type and amount of herbicides and pesticides), use of biological control (Trichogram and Braun wasps), harvest (grain yield and harvest date). The yield was determined using CPA method and boundary line analysis.Result: The results showed that soybean yield potential in this region was 3921 kg / ha and soybean yield loss in Aliabad region was estimated at 30%. Delay in planting in this region was 8.4% of yield and suitable plant density of 15.5%, planting and seed consumption were 6.3% and 8.5% of seed yield, respectively. It was also found that not using herbicide before planting would decrease grain yield by 17.45%. According to the results, irrigation with 28.4% had the highest share in determining soybean production potential in the study area. The highest grain yield response to urea fertilizer application and irrigation was two-fold; increasing nitrogen up to 65 kg urea and 3 times irrigation increased grain yield and consuming greater than 65 kg ha-1 and more than 3 irrigation times. It did not change grain yield per hectare. The relationship between delay in planting and plant density with seed yield was dentate. 10-day delay in planting leads to increased yield, but yields maximum grain yield in fields that have 22 days past optimal sowing date.nsity with seed yield was dentate. 10-day delay in planting leads to increased yield, but yields maximum grain yield in fields that have 22 days past optimal sowing date.Conclusion: In general, soybean yield in this area is related to resource limitation and crop management is second in importance, which can increase soybean production by 30% with proper irrigation and nitrogen use.

The effects of irrigation regimes, row spacing and phosphorous fertilizer on yield and yield components of Nigella sativa L. AbstractBackground and objectives: Water is one of the environmental factors which has high impact on the growth and the essential oil content of medicinal plants. Plants are faced with various environmental stresses during their growing period. Each of these stresses have different effects on growth, metabolism and yield according to the sensitivity level and stage of the plant growth. Management of nutrients consumption along with water consumption management influences the quantitative and qualitative yield of crops and medicinal plants. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient required for plant growth. It helps in root development, plant maturation, and seed development. Along with nitrogen and potassium, phosphorus is one of the most important elements for plant life. Soil gets depleted of phosphorus due to several reasons including being washed away by rain. Therefore, modern farming is reliant on the use of phosphorus based fertilizers. This investigation was conducted to the effects of irrigation regimes, row spacing and phosphorous fertilizer on yield and yield components of Nigella sativa L. Material and Methods: A split plot factorial layout was carried out based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of Ziba andishan Company of Esfahan during 2017. The main factor was three levels of irrigation regimes including: 50, 100 and 150 mm evaporation from the surface of evaporation basin while 3 levels of phosphorous fertilizer application including: 1) no amended fertilizer (control), 2) 75 and 3) 150 Kg ha-1 Super phosphate triple and 3 levels of row spacing 20, 30 and 40 cm were used as subplots.Results: The results showed that the triple interaction effects of irrigation regimes, phosphorous fertilizer and row spacing treatments on all studied characteristics expect seed weight/ capsule weight were significant at P≤0.01. The maximum no. seeds in capsule, 1000- seed weight and seed yield per plant was observed in 50 mm irrigation regimes, 150 Kg ha-1 phosphorous and 30 cm row spacing, the maximum seed yield and biological yield was observed in 50 mm irrigation regimes, 150 Kg ha-1 phosphorous and 20 cm row spacing and the maximum harvest index observed in 100 mm irrigation regimes, control phosphorous and 40 cm row spacing. Conclusion: Although, by increasing the row spacing and decreasing the density, the portion of each plant from water, nutrients and light increases and this causes that the number of seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight and seed yield per plant increase, but according to the point that in agronomy, seed yield is the most evaluation index, therefore, in similar conditions, irrigation regimes of 50 mm, phosphorus of 150 kg per hectare and planting row spacing of 20 cm is recommended.Key words: Biological yield, Harvest index, Medicinal plant, Plant nutrition, Sustainable agriculture.

Background and objectives Wheat is one of the most widely used crops in Iran and the world, which provides about 60 to 70% of human food energy. In sustainable soil management, in addition to soil fertility, it is also important to maintain the balance of its nutrients. In general, reducing the use of chemical fertilizers is necessary to maintain yield and maintain the beneficial properties of the soil, as well as to contribute to the sustainable production of wheat as a strategic product of the country. For this purpose, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of combined use of organic fertilizers and phosphorus on wheat properties and the purpose of reducing the use of chemical fertilizers in order to maintain yield and maintain useful soil properties and ultimately protect the environment.Materials and methodsThis experiment was carried out in a field located in Sarbisheh city in 2020 year using Arg wheat cultivar as a split plot and based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. In this study, the application of organic fertilizer at 5 levels in the main plots before planting and the use of phosphorus based on soil test at 4 levels in the sub-plots was done simultaneously with planting with a tiller. In this experiment, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, plant dry weight, number of tillers, number of spikes per plant, grain yield and protein percentage were measured.ResultsThe highest plant height was related to the level of non-application of phosphorus fertilizer and the level of 20 tons per hectare of local compost with a 32.8% increase compared to the control level. It was observed that in the interaction of organic fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer, the highest leaf area of wheat was related to the level of 20 tons of local compost fertilizer combined with 100% phosphorus fertilizer. It was found that the highest plant dry weight was 20 tons per hectare of local compost, which caused a 50% increase in this trait compared to the control. Also, in the treatment of phosphorus fertilizer, it was found that the highest amount of plant dry weight at the level of 100% of the recommended amount was 4.48 g, which was 34.5% higher than the control level. The interaction of the two factors tested showed that the highest number of tillers was related to the level of 150 kg of phosphorus fertilizer and the level of 20 tons per hectare of local compost, which caused an increase of 1.3 times compared to the control level. The level of 25 tons of manure per hectare increased the number of spikes per plant by 13.7% compared to the control. Also, the level of 20 tons of local compost increased this trait by 15.6% compared to the control. The simple effect of phosphorus fertilizer was observed that the levels of 150 and 100 kg / ha had the highest number of spikes. Phosphorus fertilizer treatment showed that the highest grain yield at the level of 150 kg / ha was 6117 kg / ha, which was an increase of 39.6% compared to the control level.ConclusionThe results of this study showed that the effect of different fertilizers on most of the studied traits such as plant height, leaf area, leaf and plant dry weight, grain yield and grain protein percentage were significant. The most positive effect on most of the traits due to the simple effect of treatments was local compost treatment and had better results than manure and phosphorus fertilizer.

AbstractBackground and objectives: Flowering time is one of the key developmental stages in determining the adaptation and grain yield of wheat and in this regard, management of planting date and cultivar, which leads to more matching the important developmental stage of flowering with the optimal flowering period, is very important in determining wheat grain yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenological adaptation and its effect on grain yield of wheat cultivars with different seed densities under dryland pending cultivation conditions (conditions that plant emergence occurs after the end of winter cold; entezari in persion) in cold regions.Materials and methods: In order to evaluate the compatibility and determine the grain yield potential of dryland wheat cultivars in the pending conditions of cold regions, an experiment was carried out during two years of 2019-2020 in two dryland research stations of Shirvan and Sisab in North Khorasan province in the form of split plots in a completely randomized block design with three replications. In this experiment, dryland spring, facultative and winter wheat cultivars were evaluated as main plot and five densities of 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 seeds/m2 were evaluated as sub-plots. Results: Evaluation of developmental stages showed that cultivation in this condition, in first year none of wheat cultivars pollinated in optimal flowering period but spring cultivars passed the critical flowering stage earlier and closer to the optimal flowering period than winter cultivars in both years. The results showed that there in first year, yield difference of cultivars was significant and winter wheat cultivar of Sadra with 1524 kg/ha had the lowest grain yield and grain yield of other cultivars varied in the range of 1880-2110 kg/ha but their difference was not significant. In second year, the difference in grain yield of cultivars was not significant but percentage of grain sieving as a grain quality index in this year, showed a significant difference and, in this regard, spring cultivars showed superiority over winter cultivars so that the highest rate of this trait was observed in spring Aseman cultivar (86%) and the lowest rate was observed in Baran winter cultivar (52%). Grain yield was not affected by seed density but at low seed densities (150 and 200 seeds/m2) coverage of the soil happened with delay. Conclusion: Based on the results, spring wheat cultivars of Aseman and Karim are recommended for pending cultivation in cold area, especially cold and low rainfall area, however, research is needed to achieve more compatible and more productive cultivars for these conditions. Desirable seed density of wheat cultivars for sowing in dryland pending conditions will be 250-300 seeds/m2.

Background and objectives: Canola is one of the most important oilseeds that plays a major role in providing human edible oil and in this regard, it is in the third place after soybean and palm oil. There are many strategies to improve growth, yield and precocity in plant species including rapeseed. Seed priming is a pre-planting strategy that is very effective in improving germination, grow rate, seedling establishment and early maturity. As a result, considering the importance of increasing the quantity and quality of rapeseed and the positive effects that treatment has on improving germination, increasing yield and early maturity in rapeseed, In this study, investigating the effect of seed priming by gibberellin and salicylic acid on the characteristics of germination, growth and seed yield of canola was done.Materials and methods: In this research, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three factors. The first factor of genotype (Lord and Hayola 308), the second factor of salicylic acid (zero, 750, 1500 and 2250 μM) and the third factor of gibberellin (zero, 750, 1500 and 2250 μM) with three replications in research greenhouses of University of Agricultural Sciences and Resources Natural Sari was done in 1397. Canola seeds were immersed in the solution of the mentioned salicylic acid and gibberellin treatments for 24 hours at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. After passing the desired period, the seeds were washed with distilled water and completely dried on filter paper, which were immediately cultivated after drying. Germination percentage, first day of emergence, last day of emergence, time spread of emergence, day to maturity, 1000-seed weight, number of pods per plant, plant height, pod length, number of seeds per pod and yield were measured. At the end, all statistical analyzes of the data obtained from this experiment, after ensuring their normality, were performed using SAS and SPSS software.Results: The results of analysis of variance showed that seed priming by salicylic acid and gibberellin treatments had a significant effect on all traits except pod length at the level of one percent. The interaction of genotype with salicylic acid and the interaction of genotype with gibberellin were significant for all traits. The interaction of salicylic acid with gibberellin and the triple interaction of gibberellin with salicylic acid with genotype were significant for all traits except pod length. The results of mean comparison showed that the use of seed priming of salicylic acid and gibberellin, with increasing germination percentage, reducing the range of emergence and decreasing the day to maturity caused early ripening in rapeseed. In addition, by increasing the yield components such as number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, 1000-seed weight, height and length of pods, also increased grain yield. The results also showed that the combined application of 1500 μM levels from both treatments (salicylic 1500 × gibberellin 1500) has the greatest effect on increasing yield components and grain yield, so that grain yield in Lord genotype from 7.5 (gram per pot) to 12.1 (gram per pot) And in Hayola 308 genotype increased from 4.1 (g/pot) to 6.89 (g/ pot).Conclusion: In general, the results showed that among the different concentrations of treatment, lower concentrations of these treatments were more effective in inducing prematurity and increasing yield. And among the cultivars used, Lord genotype has a higher but late yield, which can be solved by treating the problem of late maturity and as the best genotype in terms of early maturity and high yield under the influence of treatments, especially at the level of 1500 salicylic acid × Gibberellin introduced 1500 μM

Aim and Background: drought stress is the most important abiotic stress that limits the growth and development of agricultural plants. Zinc is one of the required elements for plant chemical processes, and its application in water shortage conditions can improve the effects of drought stress. Studies have shown that the application of zinc fertilizer to reduce the negative effects of drought stress leads to an increase in yield and yield components of agricultural plants. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to evaluate the application of different forms and concentrations of zinc fertilizer on the yield and oil quality of Neptune variety rapeseed oil under water stress conditions during the years 2019 and 2020 in Biston region located in Kermanshah province.Materials and methods: The experiment was carried out in the form of a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design in four replications. Water stress treatment as the main factor (no stress, interruption of irrigation at the beginning of flowering and interruption of irrigation at the beginning of the formation of khorjin), foliar treatment as a secondary factor at two levels (spraying zinc sulfate solution and foliar spraying zinc nanochelate) with three concentrations of zero, 3 and 5 per thousand. After collecting the test data, they were analyzed using SAS software.Results: The results showed that the effect of drought stress and application of zinc sulfate on the characteristics of seed yield, biological yield, seed oil percentage, seed oil yield, erucic acid percentage and oleic acid percentage were significant. Also, according to the results of the comparison of the average test data, it was found that increasing the concentration of zinc sulfate and nano zinc application increased the grain yield and biomass up to 2839 kg/ha and 14634 kg/ha, respectively. The effect of zinc nanochelate on the increase of these two traits was greater than that of zinc sulfate. Oil percentage and yield decreased in both levels of water stress. According to the results, it was found that increasing the concentration of zinc and especially the nano form increased the percentage up to 43.6% and the yield of seed oil up to 1423 kg per hectare. In addition, it was found that water stress reduced the percentage of oleic acid in rapeseed oil, but nanozinc foliar application partially compensated for this decrease and increased the percentage of oleic acid to 65.75%.Conclusion: According to these results, it was found that although the percentage of oleic acid decreased with the interruption of irrigation during the flowering and podding stages, the results showed that the application of zinc nanochelate in the conditions of drought stress and the absence of drought stress had a more positive effect on increasing the percentage of oil oleic acid. Therefore, the application of nano zinc chelate can be suggested in the conditions of drought stress to increase the yield and quality of rapeseed oil in the region. As a result, in order to achieve the maximum seed yield and high oil quality in rapeseed, a concentration of 5 per thousand zinc nanochelates can be used in the absence of drought stress.

Background and objectives: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important legume crops and it is rich in oil (47-53 %) and protein (25-36 %). Drought stress is the prime abiotic constraint, under the current and climate change scenario in future situation. Globally, abiotic stresses drastically affect crop productivity and cause to decline substantial yield. According to the reports, the decline of quantitative and qualitative yield in crops is primarily due to water deficit condition. Foliar applications of methanol and ethanol cause to increas CO2 assimilation in plants. A wide range of C3 crops have shown an increase in growth and seed yield after spraying with 10-50% methanol alcohol. Positive effects of methanol and ethanol on C3 crops have been reported for wheat, soybean and oilseed rape.Materials and methods:In order to evaluate of seed yield changes and some agronomic characteristics in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as affected by different irrigation regimes and foliar application of Ethanol Alcohol , this experiment was performed as split plat based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Agicutural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province, Astara (Kanroud research station), Iran during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Four level of irrigation regimes at 25, 50 and 75 and 100 mm evaporation from class A pan evaporation and three levels of ethanol such as 10, 20 and 30 % (v:v), comprised experimental treatments, as main factor and sub factor, respectively.Results: All measured agronomic characteristics in groundnut were significantly influenced by the interaction effect between irrigation regimes and ethanol applications except the number of sub-branches per plant at 1% probability level (Table 2). In this experiment, the greatest days number to the initial flowering (41.5 days), days number to the end of flowering (89 days), flowering period (49.5 days), days number to the maturity (139 days), plant height (65.85 cm), biological yield (8492 kg/ha), pod yield (4067 kg/ha), grain yield (kg/ha), pods number per plant (49.26) and 100-seed weight (53.49 g) were obtained in response to the interaction effect between irrigation regim at 25 mm evaporation from class A pan evaporation and foliar application of ethanol at 20 % (v:v). But, drought stress significantly reduced all mentioned agronomic traits and foliar application of ethanol at 20 % (v:v) significantly improved these agronomic characteristics in both drought stress and irrigation conditions. In this experiment, the highest coefficient correlation was obtained between grain yield and agronomic traits such as plant height (r=0.95**), pod yield (r=0.97**), pods number per plant (r=0.92**) and 100-grain weight (0.91**). Conclusion: Results of this experiment showed that irrigation and foliar application of ethanol caused to improve plant growth and grain yield of groundnut under region climatic condition. Hence, the foliar application of ethanol with 20 % (v:v) does could be recommendable to enhance plant growth and grain yield of groundnut under region and similar climatic conditions.

Background and objectives: Canola (Brassica napus L.) is one of the important oil plants in temperate regions, which has great value for humans and livestock as a producer of oil and meal. Phosphorus plays an important role in improving the quality and quantity of oilseeds, including rapeseed. Sufficient sources of phosphate are needed by the plant for earlier development and rooting and more foliage production in a short period of time. Considering the stabilization of phosphorus in the soil, the increase in the price of chemical fertilizers and environmental pollution, the use of biological fertilizers, especially the types of phosphorus-dissolving bacteria, play an important role in solving these problems. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the role of phosphorus biofertilizer containing Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria in improving the quantitative and qualitative yield of canola under the influence of chemical phosphorus fertilizer management.Materials and methods: A factorial field experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture of Yasouj University located in Deshtrum region in 2019. The first factor was triple superphosphate fertilizer at 6 levels (zero, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg/ha of pure phosphorus) and the second factor included phosphorus biological fertilizer containing Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria at two levels (application and non-application). The traits of yield components, seed and biological yield, and seed oil and protein were evaluated. The traits of yield components, seed and biological yield, and seed oil and protein were evaluated. Yield components, seed and biological yield, and seed oil and protein were evaluated.Results: The results showed that phosphorus and bacteria chemical fertilizers had a significant effect on all investigated traits. The interaction of phosphorus chemical fertilizer and bacteria was also significant on all investigated traits except harvest index. The highest plant height (124.93 cm), number of lateral branches (4), leaf chlorophyll index (74.20), seed yield (5887 kg/ha) and biological yield (19411.4 kg/ha) were obtained in the treatment of 125 kg/ha of phosphorus and bacterial application. Also, with the consumption of 125 kg/ha of phosphorus fertilizer and the use of bacteria, the highest percentage and oil yield was obtained. Also, the results showed that there is no significant difference between the treatment of application of 50 kg of phosphorus fertilizer + bacteria and the treatments of application of higher levels of phosphorus fertilizer (75, 100 and 125 kg) alone.Conclusion: Considering the superiority of 125 kg of phosphorus fertilizer along with bacteria in terms of grain yield, oil percentage and oil yield, it seems that these amounts of phosphorus fertilizer as well as the use of bacteria can be used to achieve proper yield in the experimental and also similar areas. Also, the results show that using bacteria can reduce the consumption of phosphorus chemical fertilizers.

Background and objectives: Providing future food demand by providing a solution to achieve greater water use efficiency in the water shortage throughout the world, is a major priority in agriculture. Therefore, in arid and semi-arid countries, it is necessary to use methods to improve irrigation management in all maize planting systems. The use of intercropping systems in arid areas where water deficiency poses a serious threat to agricultural sustainability is an effective strategy to reduce the challenge of water scarcity. Deficit irrigation, which means reducing water consumption per unit area, is another way to manage irrigation. Another management strategy to improve production and increase plant tolerance to water scarcity is the use of polyamines as an external source that increases plant tolerance and growth. This study was performed to evaluate the yield of forage maize and pinto bean under deficit irrigation and spermidine foliar application treatments.Materials and Methods: An experiment was conducted as split split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots comprised three irrigation levels ((based on 60 (as control: NI), 80 and 100 mm cumulative evaporation from Class A evaporation pan as deficit irrigation (DI80 and DI100)), subplots included foliar and non-foliar spraying of spermidine and sub-sub-plots consisted five intercropping pattern (maize monoculture (Z), bean monoculture (F), intercropping of 50% maize: 50% bean, (Z %50: F %50), 80% maize: 60% bean (Z %80: F %60) and 80% maize: 40% bean (Z %80: F %40). It was carried out in the research farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of the University of Tehran in the 2009-2010 year.Results: the result showed that the experimental treatments was significant on maize Fresh and dry forage yield, bean grain and biological yield, bean and maize leaf area index. Due to the higher planting area in bean and maize monoculture treatments, the highest bean grain yield (2.62 t/ha) and fresh yield of maize (66.53 t/ha) were related to monoculture under normal irrigation and spraying treatments, Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) in all intercropping patterns was more than one, indicating their superiority over monoculture treatments that indicated higher ground productivity in intercropping pattern than in monoculture of crops all levels of irrigation. Deficit irrigation up to 80 mm, decreased maize Fresh and dry forage yield, bean grain and biological yield less than 10 percent and spermidine increased all traits values. The lowest bean grain yield (0.56 t/ha) and fresh yield of maize (29.92 t/ha) were obtained from 80%: 40% and 50%: 50% under the lowest irrigation rate and non-foliar spraying, respectively.Conclusion: the result showed that intercropping pattern and spraying treatments is usefulness. Due to the slight decrease in forage maize yield in 80 mm evaporation and additive intercropping patterns (less than 6 and 20%, respectively, compared to monoculture under normal irrigation and non- foliar spraying), if the goal is to produce forage maize, deficit irrigation up to 80 mm evaporation from the pan and additive intercropping along with spermidine foliar application is recommended for maize and bean cultivation to increase the sustainability and forage production in karaj area.

Background and objectives: Bean is one of the most important legumes worldwide for direct human consumption and is a rich source of protein and carbohydrates. Bean is weak to compete with weed because of the slow growth at the early stages. Therefore, competition with weeds causes a significant reduction in grain yield at the end of the growing season. Weed competition is a kind of nonliving stress, which effect on plant yield. Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars, with different morphological and genetic characteristics, show different responses in the presence of weeds, which may ultimately result in possible difference in yield. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of different chemical and non-chemical weed control managements on the yield of determinate and indeterminate bean varieties.Material and methods: A field experiment was carried out in Behshahr, Mazandaran, in 2021. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor: different weed control methods: (1) trifluralin herbicide as pre-sowing 2.5 liters per hectare; (2) Trifluralin herbicide 2.5 liters per hectare + one weeding stage; (3) wheat mulch in the amount of two tons per hectare; (4) bentazon 50% of the recommended dose; (5) bentazon 75% of the recommended dose; (6) bentazon 100% of the recommended dose; (7) weed-free control; (8) control with weed and the second factor includes bean cultivars: (1) Sadri variety (indeterminate growth type) and (2) Negin variety (determinate growth type). In the final harvesting stage, the type of weed species, density, and dry weight of weeds were measured. Also, SPAD value, height, number of pods per plant, number of sub-branches, number of leaves per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100 seeds, seed yield and biological yield of pinto beans were investigated.Results: The results showed that Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Portulaca oleracea L. had the highest relative frequency in the field. The highest density and dry weight of weeds were observed in the weed infestation control treatment, and among the weed management treatments, mulch and bentazon 100% of the recommended dose treatments caused a decrease in the density and dry weight of weeds in Negin and Sadri cultivars. Among the weed management treatments, the highest height, number of leaves, number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield and biological yield were observed in mulch and bentazon 100% of the recommended dose treatment. The use of trifluralin and bentazon 50% treatments had the least effect in controlling weeds. The highest amount of seed yield of Sadri variety (2426.01 kg.ha-1) and Negin variety (1957.11 kg.ha-1) was observed in the weed-free control treatment. Sadri variety with indeterminate growth has higher competitive ability with weeds and had higher yield than Negin variety.Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that the Sadri cultivar with higher competitive ability and having morphological and physiological characteristics had performed better against the weed than the Negin cultivar and also, among the weed management treatments, the non-chemical treatment of mulch and the chemical treatment of bentazon 100% of the recommended dose had better performance.