Journal of Plant Production Research
Year:2024 | Volume:31 | Issue:1|Papers Count:11

AbstractBackground and objectives: Nowdays, because of human industrial activities, ozone layer depletion increases the amount of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation that reaches Earth’s surface; creating problems for living organisms. Since plants always need sunlight, the effects of UV radiation on plants are inescapable. The present study was conducted to evaluate the physiological, phytochemical and chlorophyll fluorescence responses and stomatal characteristics of three cornflower cultivars to UV radition in 2018. Materials and Methods: The experiment was performed as a split plot in a completely randomized design. Ultraviolet light was considered as the first factor in four levels (control, ultraviolet A, ultraviolet B and ultraviolet A + B) and three cornflower cultivars as the second factor. When seedlings had four real leaves, the UV treatments were started by ultraviolet lamps made by Q-Lab company of the USA. At the end of experiment, physiological and phytochemichal traits including relative water content, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid content, catalase and peroxidase activity, stomatal gurad cell length and width, stomatal index, stomatal density, chlorophyll fluorescence, phenol and flavonoid contents, anthocyanin, and antioxidant activity of extract were assayed. The analysis of variance was done using Minitab software according to the experimental desing. Mean comparison was performed using LSD test method at 0.05.Results: The results showed that the amount of malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakage and antioxidant enzymes activity was increased under UV-B radiation. UV-B radiation decreased leaf chlorophyll content, but increased carotenoids. UV A had no significant effect on chlorophyll, while, increased carotenoids. Maximum fluorescence, variable fluorescence and maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem ІІ were reduced under UV treatment. In contrast, UV radiation increased the minimum of fluorescence. UV-B and UV-A+B radiation increased width of stomatal gurad cell, and stomatal index and density, but decreased length of stomatal gurad cell in cornflower. The amount of flavonoids, total phenol, anthocyanin and antioxidant activity of cornflowers increased by UV radiation. Among the cornflower cultivars studied, Kornblume blau cultivar had shown the highest values of total phenol, total flavonoids and anthocyanins as well as antioxidant activity. Conclusion: In the present study, UV-B radiation and simultaneous UV-A+B radiation led to more extensive physiological and phytochemical responses in cornflower cultivars. Based on the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that UV-B has more destructive effects than UV-A on cornflower. In the comparison between cultivars, it was found that Kornblume blau cultivar is more suitable for medicinal use due to its higher phytochemical compounds and biological activity.

Background and objectives: The garden thyme plant (Thymus vulgaris L.) belongs to the mint family (Lamiaceae). Garden thyme is considered as a valuable, important and useful plant in the cosmetic and health, therapeutic and medical industries due to having a large amount of effective substances. The purpose of this study was to improve branch processing, produce quality seedlings and reduce the effects of intra-glass stresses such as high humidity, increasing Ethylene concentration in the micro-climate inside the glass and mechanical damage to the explant tissue. Also, limited studies have been done in relation to the in vitro propagation of this plant.Materials and methods: To investigate the effects of ventilation, silica and sucrose concentration on the in vitro growth and development of garden thyme (T. vulgaris), a research was carried out under a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design, where the first factor included ventilation at two different levels (with ventilation (0.4 micron head filters were used to carry out the ventilation treatment, which were installed in the lid of the planting containers) and without ventilation) The second factor included silica with four levels (0, 1.5, 3 and 6 mg/L), the third factor included sucrose with three levels (7.5, 15 and 30 g/L) and control (no ventilation). The culture medium used was Murashige and Skoog, which was supplemented with 1 mg/L of kinetin, 0.3 mg/L of gibberellic acid and 8 g/L of agar. The pH of the culture medium was adjusted to 5.8 before autoclaving. The explants used were single nodes of the stem, which were prepared from a growing mass. Traits include: number of branches, branch length, internode length, number of leaves, branch weight, branch dry weight, branch regeneration percentage, explant contamination percentage, root number, root length, root weight, root dry weight, root regeneration percentage, proline, antioxidant activity, plant pigments (chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin, flavonoid) and seedling survival percentage were measured and evaluated. Results: The results of the effects of ventilation, silica and different concentrations of sucrose on the evaluated traits It showed that in the simple effects of root male weight, explant contamination percentage and seedling survival percentage in sucrose treatment and antioxidant trait in conditioning treatment and in double effects of root number, root regeneration percentage, root fresh weight, branch length , the number of stomata, flavonoid and chlorophyll b and in the triple effects of root dry weight, proline and chlorophyll a were significant at the 5% probability level. The results of variance analysis of the data showed that the treatments of ventilation, silica and sucrose concentration were not significant at the probability level of 5% in simple effects, but the double and triple effects of these factors had a significant effect on nitrogen (The treatment with 7.5 gr/L of sucrose and ventilation increased the percentage of nitrogen to 1.23).Conclusion: The present research showed that the effects of ventilation, silica and sucrose concentration on the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of garden thyme plant are different. The treatment of 15 gr/L of sucrose and 1.5 mg of silica along with no ventilation increased the growth parameters of garden thyme plant and branch length. Therefore, according to the obtained results, the use of silica can be considered economical compared to ventilation and it can be suggested as a combination to the culture solution to increase the yield and growth of T. vulgaris.

Background and purpose: Increasing need for wood and the other hand declinig wood resources have coused desire for afforestation with fast gowing species such as poplars, but weter deficit and cytosporal cankers on poplar species have become to important limiting factors of poplar cultivation in some parts of Iran. Ectomycorrhizal fungi have significant effect in improving the water status of plants, increasing the survival and growth of plants under stress.. The purpose of this research is investigation the effect of Laccaria bicolor on some morphological and physiological characteristics of poplar seedlings under drought stress and cytosporal canker.Materials and methods: This research was done in factorial form in a completely randomized design with 5 replications. The test factors included the biological factor in two levels (without mycorrhiza and with mycorrhiza) and the stress factor in three levels (no stress, drought stress and Cytospora stress). Inoculation of ectomycorrhizal fungus to poplar seedlings was done 14 weeks after the cuttings were cultivated in the pot and height of the seedlings reached to 50 cm.. Isolation and identification of the fungus causing cytosporal canker was done morphologically and molecularly and it was inoculated into poplar seedlings( after ectomycorrhizal establishment). Drought stress was done by reducing irrigation water based on the agricultural capacity of plants. Measurement of growth characteristics, physiological and enzymatic reactions of plants under stress and non-estress conditions were evaluated in different treatments.Results: The level of catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase significantly increased in mycorrhizae- drought and mycorrhizae – Cytospora seedlings and had a significant difference of 1% with control seedlings under stress. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the mycorrhizal seedlings under stress increased less than the control seedlings under stress and they have a significant difference with each other at the 1% level. Using of ectomycorrhizal fungus L. bicolor improves the growth characteristics of poplar seedlings, the amount of leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight, stem fresh and dry weight and stem height have significant differences with seedlings without symbiosis. The stem diameter in symbiosis seedlings with and the control treatment had no significant difference. Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis has led to an increase in photosynthesis, stomata conductance, intercellular carbon dioxide and transpiration in the symbiotic seedlings compared to the control treatment. In the drought and cytospora stress, plants without symbiosis had a lower performance in photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance, which led to a decrease in growth in these treatments. Conclusion: In this study, Cytospora chrysosperma was identified as the causative agent of cytosporal canker. Findings of this research showed that the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor was able to create symbiosis with P.alba in greenhouse conditions. This symbiosis has increased growth, improved plant physiology, and increased plant resistance in plants with symbiosis compared to seedlings without symbiosis under drought and cytospora canker. Therefore, considering the improvement of the water condition, increase growth and biomass, and modification of the physiological characteristics of the inoculated plants with ectomycorrhizal fungi compared to the control, Establishing this ectomycorrhizal interaction can be introduced as a new strategy to increase success of seedlings in poplar plantations for wood cultivation.

Background and objectives: Background and objectives: Agriculture has always struggled with weeds throughout history and has achieved considerable progress in this regard. Weeds compete with agricultural plants to receive nutrients, soil moisture and sunlight and lead to a decrease in the yield of agricultural plants. Due to its slow growth in the rosette stage, the safflower plant is very vulnerable to the competition of weeds, and weeds can severely reduce the yield of safflower and even cause the loss of the entire crop. Therefore, eliminating the competition of weeds is effective in increasing its performance. Manual weed control is time-consuming and expensive. Chemical weed control method is one of the important methods used in weed control. but these herbicides can have a serious impact on the environment. Non-chemical weed control such as the use of mulch and cover plants are the preferred methods for weed control. Considering the importance of weed control and the existence of few studies on the comparison of different safflower weed control methods, this experiment was conducted with the aim of comparing the effect of different weed control methods in safflower fields.Materials and methods: In order to investigate the effect of different weed control methods on oil percentage and yield in safflower plant, an experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and four replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Tabriz University located in the Khilat Pushan research station in the area near Basmanj. Preparation and planting of safflower seeds was done in the middle of April. Weed control operations were carried out according to different weed control treatments. After the physiological treatment, the harvesting operation started and after removing the side rows of each plot, 10 samples were taken from the middle row by removing 0.5 meters from the margins and separately for each plot, they were taken to the laboratory for the necessary measurements. Results: In this research, V. ervilia had an increase of 33.5 and 40.5 percent on the dry weight of the stem of safflower. Also, in the two treatments of manual weeding twice before the stem lengthening and complete manual control of weeds, the length of the secondary branches of safflower‏ (C. tinctorius) was 35 and 35.5 cm, respectively, which is 38.6 and 32.6 percent compared to the absence of weed control. In this research, in the treatments of V. ervilia cover plant, V. ervilia cover plant and a combination of V. ervilia cover plant and V. ervilia cover plant, biomass produced 1.69, 1.73 and 2.32 tons, respectively, which can in addition to control Weeds and improving safflower yield are of economic importance. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the control of weeds in the safflower field in the early stages of growth is more effective than in the more advanced stages, and it can indicate the sensitivity of safflower to the competition of weeds in the early stages of safflower growth. In addition to that, the treatments of V. ervilia, V. ervilia and V. villosa, the use of trifluralin herbicide, trifluralin + phenmedipham herbicide, trifluralin + Haloxyfop-R-methyl and two manual weeding before the stem elongation also had a significant increasing effect on the harvest index and this trait compared to the control, it increased significantly.

Background and objectives: Gladiolus (Gladiolus spp.) is used as a cut flower, garden ornamental plant and potted plant. Iran is one of the distribution centers of this ornamental plant. In breeding and release of new cultivars, access to diverse germplasm is a vital and essential resource for the production of new genotypes with desirable characteristics, that fortunately, the favorable distribution of Gladiolus in Iran has provided the basis for its breeding. Considering that sufficient knowledge about the amount and pattern of genetic diversity of Iran Gladiolus is necessary to understand the genetic differentiation of diverse populations, in the present research, ISSR and IRAP markers were used to evaluate genetic diversity and determine the degree of relatedness among native Gladiolus samples of Iran.Materials and methods: In order to conduct the research, 76 samples of Gladiolus belonging to 14 populations were collected from the provinces of Ilam, Kermanshah, Hamedan and Kurdistan in the spring of 2019. The collected samples were related to two species, G. atroviolaceus and G. segetum. In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of the samples, five ISSR primers and three IRAP primers were used. After recording the genetic data, genetic diversity statistics, molecular variance analysis, cluster analysis and structure analysis were performed. Results: Based on the results, the average of polymorphic information content (PIC), it was estimated to be 0.38 and 0.34 for ISSR and IRAP markers, respectively, and in the comparison between the used primers, ISSR5 and IRAP3 were able to show a higher potential in diversity. For the investigated populations, the Nei’s gene diversity index and Shannon's information index were 0.166 and 0.25, respectively, which showed that the populations have relatively high genetic diversity. The results of the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the diversity within the populations (81%) is more than the diversity between the Gladiolus populations (19%). Cluster analysis based on NJ (Nearest Neighbor) method and Jaccard similarity matrix assigned 76 Gladiolus samples into five separate groups. Also, based on structure analysis, Gladiolus samples were divided into two subpopulations.Conclusion: The present study showed that the used markers despite were not able to separate two species from each other and there was no perfect match between genetic diversity and geographic diversity, had a significant potential in genetic differentiation of the samples. Among the primers, ISSR5 and IRAP3 showed higher efficiency based on all genetic diversity indices and are recommended for use in study and differentiating different Gladiolus samples. Also, due to the existence of significant genetic diversity within the populations, selection from within the populations is more desirable to perform crosses and achieve heterosis and is recommended for use in breeding programs.

Background and objectives: Acquired morphological traits of seedlings in nurseries are as influential as their originality in their performance and vigor. The evaluation of these traits, including the Dickson quality index (DQI) is considered an efficient method for considering the vigor of various kinds of seedlings, including fruit and forest seedlings. The magnitude of this index for seedlings is a function of the amount and the distribution of dry mass, height, and diameter. Therefore, it is a destructive and time-consuming method for predicting seedling quality in nurseries. Consequently, in order to rank the morphological traits that determine the quality of apricot seedlings, this project was conducted to evaluate the correlation relations between such traits of apricot seedlings of the most important commercial varieties produced in different regions of Iran, based on path analysis and multiple linear regression analysis.Materials and methods: To evaluate the relationship between the morphological indicators in apricot seedlings, bare-root seedlings of 12 commercial cultivars with three replicates from 8 nurseries in four provinces were lifted during the transplanting seasons of 2020-2021. Sapling height, diameter above grafting line (DAGL), root length, number of roots and branches, shoot and root fresh and dry weights, height to diameter ratio, and DQI were evaluated, and simple correlations between them were estimated. The correlation coefficients were broken down into direct and indirect effects through path analysis, with DQI as the dependent variable.Results: The indices representing apricot seedling vigor, including DQI and some of its components containing DAGL, total dry mass, height to diameter ratio and shoot to root dry mass ratio were a function of the accumulated growth degree-days (AGDD) in different regions. So that by increasing AGDD from 2700 to about 4500 degree, the average DQI, DAGL and total dry mass were increased and height to diameter ratio was decreased. The shoot to root dry weight ratio of seedlings was also decreased in nurseries located in regions with more than 3400 growth degree days. Among the traits which can be evaluated at the nursery site through non-destructive methods, DAGL had a higher correlation with vigor and the other morphological traits, leading to being considered the most important index in the qualitative evaluation of apricot seedlings, followed by shoot and root dry weights. Although later can be evaluated by destructive methods, they had the highest correlations with seedling vigor. The shoot number, height, sturdiness quotient had the weakest correlations with vigor and other morphological traits. Conclusion: DAGL is considered the most efficient index in the quality assessment of the apricot seedlings due to having the highest correlation with the DQI and other morphological traits.

Statistical models for non-destructive prediction of onion (Allium cepa L.) leaf area Background and objectives: The importance of rapid, non-destructive, and accurate estimation of leaf area (LA) in agronomic and physiological studies is well known. The need for such estimates of leaf area in particular for leaves with unusual shapes has led to studies relating leaf dimensions and leaf area. However, a search of literature revealed that little information is available for short day onion (Allium cepa L.). The objective of this study was to develop a statistically validated regression model for leaf area prediction from simple non-destructive measurements for onion cultivated in the South of Iran. Materials and methods: In order to prepare the required plant samples to measure leaf area parameters, an experiment was conducted in the cropping year 2020-2021 in a field of 300 square meters located in Hormozgan province-Rahdad district. The short-day cultivar Takii was used because of its wide planting area in the province. 40 leaves were chosen at random from plants growing in the farm, half were left for validation of the model and the other 20 leaves were subjected to measurement and calibration. The standard method (LICOR LI-3000C) was used for measuring the actual areas of the leaves. Before measuring the leaf area, two main parameters related to leaf length and width were accurately determined for each leaf. To select the best variables and the regression model for estimating leaf area, the fitted simple and multiple linear regression were subjected to the stepwise elimination method. Finally, the accuracy of the selected models was validated using the root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2).Results: All linear models for estimation of leaf area with width (W) and length (L) as well as models including both variables were subjected to regression analysis. The results indicated that leaf length (L) is more appropriate variable for estimating onion leaf area and leaf width (W) was not able to properly describe leaf area. Based on the findings of this research leaf area estimation model with both W and L had the best prediction, with RMSE% = 8.64, RMSE= 1.76 and R2= 0.91. (Area= 0.121 + 0.01537 L2 + 0.3225 L×W).Conclusion: As the understanding of plant growth and development has been increasing, such mathematical models will be very useful tools for the prediction of leaf area for many plants without the use of expensive devices. Thus, the models from the present study will enable researchers of plant growth modeling to predict leaf area non-destructively with the equations developed.Keywords: Leaf Area, Leaf Length, Leaf Width, Regression, Coefficient of determination.

Background and Objectives: Magnesium is an essential element for plant growth. Additionally, magnesium plays an important role in carbohydrate partitioning and dry matter production between the root and shoot. One of the main challenges facing vegetable producers in greenhouses in southern Iran is magnesium deficiency, especially in the middle of the growing season, due to various reasons such as poor water quality and excessive use and irrational consumption of potassium fertilizers in the reproductive phase. Therefore, finding practical solutions that help reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, production costs, environmental risks, increase efficiency, performance, and improve food security and sustainable agriculture is essential. The present study aims to propose a practical solution for improving the growth and quality of greenhouse cucumbers under conditions of reduced magnesium in the nutrient solution, while reducing fertilizer consumption, by using magnesium amino chelates and native seaweed extracts from the Persian Gulf.Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted in the autumn and winter of 2022-2023 in the educational-research greenhouse in Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, in a split-plot design as a basic block with complete randomization and three replicates. The experimental treatments included foliar application of different concentrations of magnesium aminochelate (0, 2.5, and 5 ml/L) and seaweed extract of Sargassum angustifolium (0, 1.5, and 3 g/L). The foliar application of magnesium aminochelate and seaweed extract started two weeks after transplanting and continued once a week until one week before harvest (a total of 8 weeks out of 11 weeks). During the growing season and after the treatment effects, growth and quantitative factors such as root, stem, and leaf fresh and dry weight, leaf number and area, fruit fresh weight, fruit length and diameter, and qualitative factors such as TSS, pH, and EC of fruit juice, titratable acidity, fruit firmness, and fruit dry matter percentage were measured in cucumber plants.Results: The results of the interaction between different concentrations of magnesium aminochelate and seaweed extract showed that with increasing magnesium concentration up to 5 ml/L and seaweed extract up to 3 g/L, there was a significant increase in root, stem, and leaf fresh and dry weight, leaf number and area, and fruit fresh weight. The Mg3×S3 treatment (5 ml/L of magnesium aminochelate and 3 g per liter of seaweed extract) and the control treatment (Mg1×S1) (zero ml/L of magnesium aminochlate and zero g/L of algal extract) had the highest and lowest values of growth indices, respectively. Increasing the levels of seaweed extract up to the 3 g/L and concentration of magnesium aminochlate up to the level of 5 ml/L led to a twofold increase in fruit fresh weight. The highest TSS of fruit juice was observed in the Mg3×S3 treatment (4.73%) and the lowest in the control treatment (Mg1×S1) (2.13%). The results of this study showed that in the reduced magnesium solution, simultaneous increase in seaweed extract and magnesium aminochelate led to an increase in cucumber fruit dry matter percentage. The lowest fruit dry matter percentage was observed in the Mg1×S1 treatment (2.27%), while the highest was observed in the Mg3×S3 treatment (4.78%).Conclusion: The findings of this experiment showed that the use of magnesium aminochelate probably increases chlorophyll production and seaweed extract through biomass improvement and growth stimulation ameliorates the growth, yield, and quality characteristics of cucumber fruit. Based on the results of this study, the use of 5 ml/L of magnesium aminochelate and 3 g/L of seaweed extract is recommended to improve the growth, yield, and quality indices of greenhouse cucumber under magnesium deficiency conditions.

Background and Objectives: Although sesame has traditionally been grown in southern Iran's warm and arid regions, its desirable agronomic traits and economic profitability have led to increased interest in cultivating this crop in the northern regions. However, sesame often exhibits low performance due to poor agronomic management, environmental stress, and limited use of improved varieties. Therefore, the use of improved sesame varieties, mainly those resistant to shattering, along with proper agronomic management, maybe the key to successful cultivation in various parts of the country. The seed of a non-dehiscent sesame genotype (S29) was imported into the country in 2016. Several years of studies related to this genotype confirm that it is resistant to seed shattering. In this regard, the present study was designed and conducted to investigate the effects of planting arrangement and plant density on the performance of a non-dehiscent sesame genotype.Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in research fields located in Mazandaran (Sari) and Ardabil (Moghan) in 2020 and 2021. The effects of three planting row distances (30 cm, 45 cm, and 60 cm) and four plant spacing on the rows (5 cm, 8 cm, 11 cm, and 14 cm), with a minimum density of 12 plants per square meter to a maximum density of 67 plants per square meter, were evaluated in terms of plant height, number of branches, yield components, seed yield and oil percentage of the shattering-resistant sesame genotype. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with split-plot arrangements and three replications in each location.Results: The results showed that the highest plant height in both regions was achieved with a row distance of 45 cm and a plant spacing of 8 cm. Additionally, increasing plant density up to 45 plants per square meter resulted in increased plant height, but further increase in density decreased plant height. Decreasing the distance between planting rows and plant spacing, equivalent to increasing planting density, reduced the number of branches, capsules per plant, and seeds per capsule in both regions. The maximum seed yield in the Moghan region (1465 kg/ha) was obtained from the 45×8 cm arrangement. However, there was no significant difference compared to the yield obtained from the 45×5 cm planting arrangement. In contrast, the highest seed yield in the Sari region (824 kg/ha) was achieved with the planting arrangement of 30×14 cm. Based on regression analysis of seed yield, the optimum density was estimated to be 23 plants per square meter for the Moghan region and 31 plants per square meter for the Sari region.Conclusion: The results indicated that the imported non-shattering sesame genotype did not exhibit desirable potential for cultivation in the Sari region due to its lower average yield than the regional average. However, in the Moghan region, this genotype showed a comparable average yield and even higher maximum yield (250 kg/ha) than the regional average, with the highest yield obtained from the 45×8 cm planting arrangement. Therefore, due to its suitable seed yield performance and the potential for mechanized harvesting, this genotype holds promise for cultivation in the Moghan region.

Background and objectives: Parsley (Tagetes erecta) is an important bedding plant of asteraceae family. Environmental stresses, especially salinity stress in agricultural soils are increasing. Therefore, it seems necessary to find a suitable solution to reduce the effects of soil salinity and the possibility of cultivation in these types of soils. Meanwhile, growth-promoting bacteria are one of the important options as a factor to deal with these stresses. This research was carried out with the aim of the effect of growth stimulating bacteria as biofertilizers in making parsley plant resistant to salt stress.Materials and methods: In order to investigate the effect of the application of growth-stimulating bacteria on reducing the effects of salinity stress in orange parsley, a research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of Zanjan University in 2022. This research was conducted as a factorial experiment in the form of a completely randomized design with treatments, three levels of salinity stress (0, 4 and 8 decisiemens) and three levels of Bacillus bacteria (control, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus velezensis) in three replications, which in total It formed 27 experimental units. Morpho - physiologycal traits include: plant height, flower diameter, number of flowers, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, total chlorophyll, antioxidant, ion leakage percentage, peroxidase enzyme, proline, sodium, potassium and The ratio of sodium to potassium was calculated.Results. The results of this research showed that the effect of salinity stress as well as the effect of bacteria on all traits was significant. The interaction effect of salinity in bacteria was significant in some traits such as fresh and dry weight of roots, diameter and number of flowers, leaf ion leakage percentage, total chlorophyll, peroxidase enzyme, proline, sodium and potassium percentage and sodium to potassium ratio. Based on the results of the comparison of averages, due to salinity stress, plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, diameter and number of flowers, chlorophyll, potassium percentage decreased significantly and in contrast to the characteristics of flower ion leakage percentage, peroxidase enzyme level, Proline, anthocyanin and antioxidants, sodium and the ratio of sodium to potassium increased. Also, the use of bacteria moderated the negative effects of salinity stress and by increasing the amount of proline, anthocyanin, antioxidant and increasing the amount of potassium, it led to the improvement of growth conditions in 8 and 4 deci siemens per meter salinity stress. Among the bacteria that were used, Bacillus subtilis showed a better response than Bacillus velezensis in ornamental parsley and reduced the effect of salt stress.Conclusion: The results of this research showed that salinity induced negative effects on the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of ornamental cabbage. Growth promoting bacteria reduced the negative effects of salinity stress through direct and indirect mechanisms. Among the bacteria that were used, Bacillus subtilis showed a better response than Bacillus velezensis in ornamental parsley and reduced the effect of salt stress. In other words, at high levels of salinity stress, the damage caused by salinity stress can be prevented by using growth-promoting bacteria.

Background and objectives: Abiotic stresses, such as salinity, are recognized as one of the foremost threats to agricultural security. Given the strategic significance of pistachios as a valuable crop and the notable rise in soil salinity levels in Iran, this research aims to examine the impact of salinity stress induced by sodium chloride on antioxidant enzymes and various morphophysiological traits. Specifically, the study compares two interspecific and promising pistachio hybrids, Arota 1 and Arota 2, with their parent species Atlantica (P. atlantica) and Integerrima (P. integerrima).Materials and methods: The experiment was conducted in the year 2021 at the research greenhouse of the Agricultural Organization in Shahrood city and the laboratory of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. It followed a factorial experiment in frame of a completely randomized design with three replications on one-year-old seedlings. The first factor involved salinity stress at three levels (zero, 100, and 200 mM sodium chloride), while the second factor consisted of four different rootstocks (Arota 1, Arota 2, Atlantica, and Integerrima). The Arota rootstocks were obtained through controlled crossbreeding, with Atlantica serving as the female parent and Integerrima as the male parent. Salt stress was applied for a duration of 90 days, after which antioxidant enzymes and morphophysiological traits were measured.Results: The findings demonstrate that salinity stress leads to a decrease in rootstock height, with Arota 2 exhibiting the lowest percentage of decline. The sodium content of all four rootstocks increased as salinity levels rose, with Arota 2 recording the lowest concentration of sodium (5.06 mg g-1 of DW) in the control treatment. The highest potassium content (21.77 mg g-1 DW) was observed in the control and in Arota 1. The highest concentrations of total anthocyanin and total phenol were recorded at salinity levels of 200 µM and in Arota 1 and 2. The highest amount of leaf proline (5.07 µg g-1 FW) was observed at a salinity level of 200 µM and in Arota 1. Antioxidant enzyme activity was more pronounced in Arota genotypes under extreme stress conditions, with Arota 2 exhibiting the lowest malondialdehyde level (31.13 nmol g-1 FW) in stress conditions.Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings of this study indicated that the Atlantic rootstock displayed susceptibility and performed poorly under stress conditions, as evidenced by various traits. On the other hand, the promising genotypes of Arota exhibited superior performance in most traits compared to their parent species, demonstrating their resilience in stressful conditions. The Arota rootstocks emerged as the most tolerant genotypes to salinity stress, underscoring the significance of identifying and utilizing tolerant genotypes to mitigate the impact of abiotic stresses, such as salinity, on sustainable agricultural production.