HOUSING AND RURAL ENVIRONMENT
Year:2024 | Volume:43 | Issue:185|Papers Count:10

2The occurrence of recent droughts in Iran and the severity of the damages indicate the continued vulnerability of urban and rural areas. Reducing the vulnerability of rural and urban residents by increasing the level of resilience and promoting flexibility against natural consequences such as drought can be one of the features of management, planning and development, which is possible by identifying factors influencing resilience. Since the goal of resilience is to control and reduce the effects and consequences of hazards and also to use these threats as opportunities, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating and analyzing drought indicators in relation to local resilience in order to realize this issue. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of Qaleganj City of Kerman province is 74. 495 people. Based on Cochran's formula, the sample size was randomly estimated as 453 people and was divided among them according to the population of each section. Two library and field methods were used to collect the required data. In order to analyze the issue and prepare the questionnaire, a framework of drought indicators was selected and compiled in the form of 39 items and ten resilience indicators. The form and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the group of specialists and experts, as well as the construct validity of the exploratory factor analysis. The total reliability was estimated by Cronbach's alpha as 0. 89. The results show that human capital and social capital have the greatest impact on resilience against drought. Various socio-economic and social indicators are considered to be among the influencing factors on the local resilience of Qaleganj City. Dimensions of resilience with a rate of 0. 41 have an effect on sustainable development. The resilience of Qalaganj community has a favorable situation compared to the overall resilience. Therefore, it is necessary to address the various and basic aspects of drought in order to make the public more tolerant of these events.

2Today, one of the most important things in a successful educational system is to create a suitable environment for the realization of learning goals. Environmental knowledge, including architecture, plays a significant role in achieving effective learning with the proper foundation of the environment. In addition to formal education, one of the capabilities of universities is to provide a platform for informal education in open and closed spaces. The social life of students in all formal and informal spaces of the college can widely affect the learning process. The current research aims to investigate and analyze the qualitative components of the interaction between inside and outside space in the informal spaces of architecture schools. The relationship between open and closed space (outside and inside) not only creates a discourse for architectural space, but also commits to creating a discourse between students in informal learning spaces. How the informal spaces of architecture schools provide the necessary opportunities for the most effective form of learning by using the qualitative components of interaction between inside and outside space. The main goal is to provide effective spatial indicators for learning in informal spaces. The question raised in this research,What effect does paying attention to the principle of interaction between inside and outside in informal spaces have on the design of architecture schools? In order to answer the research question, while collecting the researchers' statements about the role of the built environment in informal learning, an attempt has been made to investigate the interaction between inside and outside (space open and closed) and influential environmental factors in facilitating or creating restrictions for informal learning. Then, according to the variables obtained in the qualitative analysis, a questionnaire was prepared according to the purpose of the research and 70 architecture students were asked to answer this questionnaire. Finally, quantitative analysis of findings was done using SPSS software. The results of the research have shown that in the architecture of the campus of fine arts, more attention is paid to visual-perceptual transparency and in the architecture of the high school of management, more attention is paid to semantic-conceptual transparency.

2Asbads are a sign of creativity, initiative and innovation of Iranians in the hot and dry climate and windy areas of eastern Iran. The 120 day winds have been the main factor and motivation for the invention of Asbads in Sistan region. Varmal Asbad is built inside a complex of residential buildings and from this point of view is unique. The purpose of this article is the interaction of Asbad Wormal architecture with the characteristics of the natural environment in terms of orientation with the 120-day winds of Sistan, emphasizing CFD computational fluid dynamics simulation. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on documentary studies and field surveys in the scope of the research. The volume of the architectural mass was designed with Revit software. Urba Wind-Meteodyn software was used for geometric preparation and Ansys Fluent software was used for simulation. Ansys Meshing software was used to generate grid independence, and WRPLOT View software was used to identify wind parameters. The results of CFD computational fluid dynamics simulation show how the wind flows based on the speeds of 3 and 6 meters per second, in the direction of the 120-day winds,The northwest wind creates more air flow in Asbad than the north wind, and as a result, it increases the air circulation for more functions of Asbad. The results shows that due to the location of Varmal Asbad within the complex of residential buildings, this particular type of Asbad has had more diverse functions than other Asbads in eastern Iran. In such a way that the proper use of the 120-day winds is an effective help in creating air circulation in the floors of the building and natural ventilation in the indoor spaces during the hot days of the year, and it shows the interaction of the architecture of Varmal Asbad with the natural environment. Therefore, apart from grain grinding, the applications of Varmal Asbad have been for natural ventilation and cooling.

Among the most important factors affecting the efficiency of users of educational spaces, especially students, is the quality of light because the intensity and excessive amount of light in the space leads to impaired visual comfort in students and this leads to problems such as lack of concentration, distraction, headache and other physiological disorders. In the present study, the visual comfort and light performance of a sample of three rural classes in hot and semi-humid climate were evaluated. The purpose of this research is evaluation of daylight indices (DLA) and (UDI) and dazzled state (DGP) indexes in school sample classes and comparing the performance of daylight and glare criteria proposed with orientation and window-to-wall ratio (WWR) in order to provide the required light, while providing solutions to improve daylight performance in this space. If the evaluation is given according to the schedule of the students ' attendance at the classroom and the minimum of the luxury required by the standards, it is considered as the standard 300 luxury. Visual comfort conditions are evaluated for four different locations of students with respect to window in sitting position in all three classes. Now, after defining the daylight and glare indicators, these indicators have been analyzed using Rhino7 software and Grasshopper, Ladybug (Ver 0. 0. 68) and Honeybee (Ver 0. 0. 65) plugins. According to the evaluations done, the north-east class, which the window-to-wall ratio is %20. 49, has a better visual comfort and daylight performance than the other methods for improving the performance of daylight received in this class. according to the proposed solutions, the values related to the DLA and UDIuseful indices are %65. 48 and %6. 22 respectively compared to the current situation studied for the north-east class, despite the visual comfort conditions. therefore, if the required light is not provided in the space, by changing the reflection of the inner surfaces up to about %6. 30, by changing the light transmission coefficient from glass up to 56 / 56 percent and by increasing the ratio of openings to the wall surface up to about %11. 56, it can add up to about %47. 62 improvement in daylight performance in the interior.

2In recent decades, the growth and development process of cities, especially megacities, has gained a very high speed. This issue has been accompanied by a significant increase in population and activity in these cities. The excessive growth of the population in the metropolises has affected the physical development of the cities and their surrounding areas and has caused major changes and transformations in the rural settlements located around them. Among these challenges are the lack of services and facilities needed by the residents, the physical disorder of the settlements, unauthorized and unprincipled constructions, encroachment on national lands and natural resources and land use change, land and housing stock exchange, as well as social-cultural issues and problems in rural settlements within the city limits. Tehran pointed out that the main reason for these issues is the lack of a coherent and efficient management system. For this reason, in the current research, the integrated management model of the peripheral villages of Tehran has been studied as an efficient and alternative approach to the traditional approaches for managing the peripheral villages of Tehran city. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to explain the integrated management model of the peripheral villages of Tehran city. The statistical population of this research is the number of 34 rural settlements located in the metropolitan area of ​​Tehran, all of which have been studied as samples. The target community of the research included experts of executive bodies (national headquarters, province and city), local managers (villagers and members of the Islamic council of villages) and local knowledgeable people. The main tool for collecting data is a questionnaire and a total of 350 questionnaires have been distributed and completed. Indeed, statistical tests (chi-square, one-sample t-test, linear regression, and path analysis) were used to analyze the data. The study's findings indicate that the among these factors, the policy and planning factor has the most effect. And after that, institutional-executive, social-cultural factors, laws and regulations, economic and financial resources, and spatial factors have the greatest effect.

2In this article, taking into account that every year in Iran, we are faced with the occurrence of natural hazards such as floods, earthquakes, landslides, subsidence, etc. Rural settlements and how to choose new sites based on the occurrence of possible natural hazards have been discussed. Investigations according to field observations of 9 new sites of relocated villages in different provinces of the country and natural and geotechnical hazards in new sites and shortcomings in locating, how to choose and build new sites, including the new site of the villages of Qazal Ataq, Agtageh, Khojaler, Kuruk, Chatal, Upper Qapan, Lower Qapan, Pashai, Arazali Sheikh and Qara Said of Kalaleh city, Qara Chai of Maneh city and Samalqan, Arab of Bojnord city, Aliabad and Ekojan of Qazvin city, Sharb Ma'a and Sulaimanabad of Faryab city and Khalj of Mahenshan city. Investigations according to field observations of 9 new sites of relocated villages in different provinces of the country and natural and geotechnical hazards in new sites and shortcomings in locating, how to choose and build new sites, including the new site of the villages of Qazal Ataq, Agtageh, Khojaler, Kuruk, Chatal, Upper Qapan, Lower Qapan, Pashai, Arazali Sheikh and Qara Said of Kalaleh city, Qara Chai of Maneh city and Samalqan, Arab of Bojnord city, Aliabad and Ekojan of Qazvin city, Sharb Ma'a and Sulaimanabad of Faryab city and Khalj of Mahenshan city. According to the investigations carried out in some new sites of relocated villages in the country, it was found that the hasty selection of the new site, incorrect location, not paying attention to the dangers of the selected site and not conducting geotechnical studies have caused damage to the newly built rural settlements. Therefore, conducting environmental surveys and identifying natural hazards threatening new sites and complying with technical requirements in order to reduce the vulnerability and effects of natural disasters and doing things such as not making hasty decisions, optimal location studies and choosing the right site, and general investigation of natural hazards, investigation of site threats Selected including earthquakes (distance from active faults), floods, landslides, creeping, mudslides, subsidence and sinkholes, quicksands, falling rocks according to the related checklists and the final summary of risks threatening the site and providing solutions to reduce vulnerability, geotechnical excavations and field tests and A laboratory that meets the needs of each site and in accordance with the geotechnical conditions of each site and stabilization and safety studies are necessary. These actions ultimately lead to the satisfaction of the residents of the new site and the successful relocation.

2One of the policies adopted at the national level to provide housing for low-income groups was The Mehr Housing. this article attempts to investigate the social and economic characteristics of the primary and present inhabitants of mehr residential complexes in two cities of ardabil and qom , to identify the causes and factors that caused the displacement of the first residents of mehr housing in these two cities . to achieve the objectives of the study , 378 households were selected from mehr residential complexes in two cities of ardabil and qom and completion of questionnaires was carried out by households living in these complexes and also in deep interviews with 14 experts and experts related to mehr housing projects . the results of this study show that most of the primary households of mehr housing belong to low - income brackets of the society , but these households have been forced to dispose of their mehr housing for several reasons and transferred it to households with more income ( decile 6 in ardabil city and decile in qom city ) including the added value added , housing prices , various factors ( political , economic and government change ) , the impossibility of repayment of mortgage payments , lack of infrastructure in some mehr housing projects , and the length of project completion time. Also, the current residents of Mehr housing express their satisfaction with the process of receiving loans, the loan amount and the amount of installments of Mehr housing loans. it can be concluded that most of the current households in mehr housing projects in ardabil and qom are not the low - income people .

2in the past, the yard in villa houses would allow residents to perform various activities and to communicate with nature. but today lifestyle change and building of apartments such as mehr housing projects such as social isolation, interruption of relation with nature, has been placed on the physical and mental health of the residents. in this case, appropriate design of intermediate spaces in mehr housing projects can replace the yard and open space in the past. the purpose of this paper is to identify intermediate spaces and provide a method for spatial planning using AIDA model to improve the quality of the environment. to achieve this goal, the main question is what factors in the excellence of the environment are effective in the quality of residential environment and what strategies can be used to improve the quality of the environment? in order to answer these questions, the capabilities of intermediate spaces in 10 levels were determined and in the mehr imam reza (peace be upon him ), sadra was evaluated and evaluated. the nature of this research is combination of qualitative and quantitative methods and data collection is done by survey questionnaire. the case study in the residential complex of imam reza, the new town of sadra, has been selected by random sampling and the question has been about 82 residents of this complex. to evaluate the factors, multiple regression and t-test were used. based on the results of the quality and use of AIDA, strategies for improving the quality of the environment were developed. the results obtained from the quality assessment in the selected set indicate the dissatisfaction of important urban use indicators, green space, and security in the neighborhood level, green space, children 's game space, and the accessibility to residential complex and residential and environmental cleanliness at the residential unit level. then, using the technique of decision-making, different scenarios of quality improvement were presented. after evaluation, the best scenario with improved security, green space development, intensive development of important land uses, network expansion, development of the quality of housing, creation of environmental cleanliness infrastructure and considering children 's play space were selected.

2Coping with natural hazards and preventing their resulting damages is one of the most significant challenges in all countries, particularly those that are more exposed to geographical risks. Countries are constantly seeking ways to enhance their response and prevention strategies for these hazards. This research aims to examine the impact of knowledge and technology development in reducing earthquake vulnerability on crisis management. It utilizes library-based methods and field (using a questionnaire) to explore this relationship. The study begins with an introduction discussing vulnerability, followed by definitions of variables and theoretical foundations related to crisis management, vulnerability, and influential factors affecting vulnerability. In the following section, the background, differences, and similarities between previous research and the current study will be examined. Subsequently, the main and secondary hypotheses of the research will be analyzed and evaluated using regression analysis. In conclusion, it can be inferred that the development of knowledge and technology in reducing vulnerability can elevate the level and quality of crisis management and enhance resilience against earthquake damages. Furthermore, the development of vulnerability helps prevent the occurrence of crises during earthquakes, leading to a reduction in human casualties and financial losses. The results obtained from the analysis of the first secondary hypothesis indicate that the development of knowledge and technology in reducing vulnerability leads to better and enhanced preparedness against earthquakes, as well as quicker awareness of earthquake occurrences. Similarly, the analysis of the second secondary hypothesis reveals that the development of knowledge and technology in reducing vulnerability results in better response during earthquake events, preventing them from escalating into crises, and also reducing casualties while improving the effectiveness of rescue teams. Furthermore, the analysis of the third secondary hypothesis demonstrates that the development of knowledge and technology in reducing earthquake vulnerability leads to an improvement in the quality of reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts, as well as an accelerated return of the community to its pre-disaster state.

2Climate Change has revealed the necessity of attention to the issue of water in different fields such as architecture. Water use management in arid and semi-arid climates of Iran has long been considered by the scientific and executive community of the country, but these considerations are not considered in humid regions, especially the Caspian Sea. This lack of attention to the subject of water in the studies of Rural Architecture in the area of Mazandaran is under conditions that the structures of buildings are shaped by water. The purpose of this paper is to analyze feasibility of developing rainwater harvesting systems in rural housing of Mazandaran province according to the compatibility in three dimensions of social, physical and institutional. This paper is an applied and quantitative research. the data were classified into three groups: physical, social and technical. This paper is an applied and quantitative research. The data were classified into three groups of physical, social and technical. Quantitative data analysis was done by Delphi method and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test by SPSS. 24 software.  The study area is the villages of Mazandaran province (Parsi, Shaneshar, Diva, Kabarakla, Kotna and Varki villages) which are divided into three groups of "mountainous", "foothill" and "plain". The results show that participation in the development of rainwater harvesting in mountain and foothill regions of the province is close to each other, but in plain villages, social adjustment is lower than average. In the physical dimension, the adaptation of rural architecture is above average and this consistency in all three types of villages is almost close to each other. the results show that participation in the development of rainwater harvesting in mountain and foothill regions of the province is close to each other, but in plain villages, social adjustment is lower than average. In the physical dimension, the adaptation of rural architecture is above average and this consistency in all three types of villages is almost close to each other. Therefore, the physical structure and architecture of rural housing of Mazandaran have the potential to develop rainwater harvesting systems,But in the institutional dimension, Rural Management capacities are more than average and can prevent the development of rainwater harvesting systems in the villages of Mazandaran.