Military Caring Sciences
Year:2018 | Volume:4 | Issue:4 (14) |Papers Count:8

Introduction: Cardiac arrest is one of the most common causes of mortality in Iran. The reaction of the first persons who deal with such patients in the first minutes of incidence is of great importance in the prognosis of the disease as well as death or survival of the patient.Objective: the current study aimed at examining the effect of basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation training by the presentation method on soldiers’ performance.Materials and Methods: In the current experimental study conducted in 2017, two military units were randomly selected. A total of 28 soldiers were randomly selected from each unit and allocated into the intervention and control groups. A pre-test was conducted on both groups in order to evaluate the validity and reliability of the researcher-made performance checklist. Then, the intervention group was trained by the researcher using presentation method and the control group received the previously employed educations. After 1 week, the post-test was performed on both groups. Finally, the data were analyzed using Fisher statistical exact test, t test, and paired t test with SPSS version16.Results: There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of demographic characteristics (P>0.05). The mean performance score before and after the intervention were 2.56 ± 1.68 and 2.08 ± 1.70 in the intervention group (P>0.05), while 20.16 ± 2.17 and 1.48 ± 2.16 in the control group, respectively. Independent t test showed a significant difference between the groups in terms of the post-test scores (P<0.001). Paired t test showed a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the intervention group (P<0.001), but the difference between the pretest and posttest scores of the control group was insignificant (P<0.05).Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed the effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in the intervention group. Consequently, due to the remarkable effect of such trainings on soldiers by the presentation method, it is recommended to hold basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation training workshops by the same method for the army task force in order to improve their performance.

Introduction: In Iran, a large number of veterans have post-traumatic stress disorder and many attempts were made to assess a variety of psychological treatments in this regard; the mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention is one of the methods that might be helpful.Objective: The current study aimed at investigating the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention on psychological flexibility, distress tolerance, and re-experiencing the trauma in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder.Methods and Material: The current semi-experimental study was conducted in 2016 using pretest and posttest, and a control group. The study population included the veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder referred to Rajaei Hospital of Najafabad, Isfahan Province, Iran. A sample of 40 veterans were selected and randomly divided into the 2 groups of experimental and control. The data collection instruments were the acceptance and action questionnaire, distress tolerance scale, and secondary traumatic stress scale; both groups filled out the questionnaires in pretest. The experimental group was exposed to the mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy. Then, both group refilled out the same questionnaires in posttest.Results: The data were analyzed with MANCOVA. The results revealed that the mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy had positive effects on distress tolerance (F=4.16, P<0.05) and re-experiencing the trauma (F=10.92, P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in psychological flexibility between the groups (F=2.14, P>0.05). The effectiveness in the subscale of distress tolerance (tolerance, absorption, evaluation, and set) and secondary traumatic stress (intrusion, avoidance, and arousal) was significant. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) of flexibility scores in pretest and posttest in the experimental group was 33.21±4.08 and 36.32±3.34, and in the control group was 33.48±5.83 and 33.17±5.57, respectively. Regarding distress tolerance in the experimental group the mean ± SD was 32.62±7.68 and 39.87±8.05, and in the control group was 34.77±9.66 and 9.66±10.00 in the pretest and posttest, respectively. About re-experiencing the trauma, the mean ± SD in the experimental group was 62.86±7.47 and 57.24±10.64, and in the control group was 57.24±10.64 and 54.76±12.52 in the pretest and posttest, respectively.Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed a significant positive effect of the mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy on the increase of distress tolerance and decrease of post-traumatic stress disorder. Mindfulness training enables the individuals to merely observe and accept their emotional experiences and there is no need for making any changes. The result obtained from the analysis of psychological flexibility was probably due to small sample size of the current study.

Introduction: Ethics education can affect moral sensitivity. More objective-structured and evidence-based education using teaching aids, more moral sensitivity.Objective: The current study aimed at investigating the effect of moral motivation training on moral sensitivity in nurses of Mashhad military hospitals, Iran.Materials and Method: The current semi-experimental study was conducted in 2017. Two hospitals were selected in Mashhad using the non-random sampling method, and 20 nurses were selected from each hospital using the simple random sampling method. The demographic and the Han moral sensitivity questionnaires were completed by nurses before intervention, as well as immediately and 1 month after the intervention. Moral motivation training sessions were held over 2 consecutive days for the experimental group and the control group received no trainings. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 16 using descriptive statistical tests (mean, standard deviation, relative frequency, and absolute frequency) and analytical statistics (independent t test, t test, the Fisher exact test, the Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square, and duplicate sizes).Results: The mean score of moral sensitivity before intervention in the experimental and control groups were 60.66±10.34 and 59.65 ± 14.87, respectively out of the total score of 100 (P=0.178). The mean score of moral sensitivity in the experimental and control groups, immediately after the intervention, were 75.80 ± 5.606 and 60.40 ± 14.25, respectively; a significant difference was observed between the groups (P<0.001). the mean score of moral sensitivity in the experimental and control groups, 1 month after the intervention, were 73.85 ± 6.21 and 60.10 ± 14.19, respectively; a significant difference was observed between the groups (P=0.001). There were significant differences between the mean scores of moral sensitivity in the intervention group in the 3 intervals (P<0.0001), while the mean scores of moral sensitivity in the same intervals showed no significant difference in the control group (P=0.290).Discussion and Conclusion: The present study showed that the moral motivation training, a combination of speech, group discussion, video presentation, and role play, was effective on nurses’ moral sensitivity. Therefore, researchers suggested including ethics training programs in nursing curriculums.

Introduction: Suicide is not a sudden event among soldiers and happens as a result of a period of thoughts, circumstances, and interpersonal relationships. Suicidal ideation, as one of the most common suicidal behaviors, is an important predictor for completed suicide.Objective: the current study aimed at evaluating the relationship between personality traits and prevalence of suicidal ideation in soldiers.Material and Methods: The current correlational, descriptive study was conducted on 88 soldiers spending their term of military services in a military barrack in 2017. Data collection tools were the demographic characteristics questionnaire, NEO personality characteristics questionnaire, the Beck scale for suicidal intention, and the Goldberg general health questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaires was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha and the split half method. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (frequency table, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient) were used.Results: The results of the current study showed that the Beck scale for suicidal intention could detect suicidal ideation in soldiers; a significant correlation was observed between the simultaneous validity of the Beck scale for suicidal intension, and personality traits and the Goldberg general health questionnaire. Hence, the correlation coefficient between neuroticism and the Beck scale was r=0.65 (P=0.001), while the correlation coefficient and level of significance of the Beck scale with openness were P=0.018, r=-0.24, extroversion P=0.002, r=-0.52, conscientious P=0.013, r=-0.43, and consent P=0.001, r=-0.58. Also, there was a negative correlation between the Beck scale for suicidal intention and the Goldberg general health questionnaire, while r=-0.57 and P=0.014.Discussion and Conclusion: According to the research findings, it can be concluded that with increasing neuroticism, suicidal thoughts increases and with increasing general health, openness, extraversion, conscientiousness, and consent, the suicide intention decreases. Positive personality traits and high general health improve thoughts, while negative personality traits and lower general health have a direct negative impact on suicidal thoughts. Owing to the obtained background factors, soldiers should be screened for mental health on arrival at military environments as well as certain intervals. Preventive interventions such as training, consultation, and psychotherapy should be also considered.

Introduction: Eye is the main organ to communicate with outside world and is of great importance accordingly. Eye injuries are the major causes of visual impairment and blindness worldwide.Objective: The current study aimed at determining the prevalence and causes of ocular trauma in military victims referred to the eye specialist military hospitals in Tehran and Kermanshah from 2005 to 2015.Material and Methods: The current descriptive, cross sectional study was conducted on 153 reports (110 from Tehran and 43 from Kermanshah) for the military eye injuries referred to the eye specialist military hospitals in Kermanshah and Tehran, Iran, from 2005 to 2015. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire consisted of demographic information and questions related to ocular trauma. Since the instrument measures the individuals’ characteristics, its reliability was not applicable; data were analyzed with SPSS version 16 using statistical tests such as frequency tables and percent of queries. The chi-square and Fisher exact tests were also employed; P-value ≤0.005 was considered the level of significance.Results: The age of the subjects ranged 18 to 72 years; mean 206.10 ± 85.25. All the victims were male (100%), 71.9% single, 62.1% conscript. Moreover, 48.4% of the clients were admitted to the hospital 1-12 hours after the incidence of trauma. Most of the cases were penetrating trauma (66%) occurred unintentionally (86.3%). Most often happened by sharp tools (63.35%), in garrison (50.3%), and during the morning (41.2%). Most of the cases had no a history of ocular trauma (87.6%); multiple damages was reported in 66.2% of the cases. In 56.2% of the subjects, damage occurred to the left eye and the hospital stay due to damage was a day in 88.9% of them. Most of the victims (66.7%) had undergone surgery in the military hospitals. No significant relationship was observed between demographic information and incidence of ocular trauma in the subjects.Discussion and Conclusion: The study results showed that eye trauma in the barracks and workplaces mostly occur in the lower ages. In spite of strategies and trainings on employees’ safety, ocular traumas still threat them. To manage employee safety, accurate statistics of eye trauma is required, which, in turn, emphasizes the need for a reliable recording system.

Introduction: Based on the results of different studies on inmate populations, the prevalence of mental disorders among male prisoners was 2-3 times higher than the general population.Objective: The current study aimed at determining the prevalence of mental disorders among male prisoners referred to the clinic of Central Prison of Hamedan, Iran.Material and Methods: The study was carried out on 446 male prisoners referred to the clinic of Central Prison of Hamadan. The participants were selected using the purposive sampling method; they mostly complained of their mental status during the last year. The initial screening test was performed for the participants by a physician. The subjects completed the syndrome checklist questionnaire (SCL90) and the ones with cutoff point>2.5 for clinical syndrome underwent structured interviews with a psychologist and a psychiatrist.Results: Based on the obtained data, 45% of the subjects were married, 45% single, and 10% divorced. Most of them had primary school education (34%), followed by middle school (35%). Mental disorders were mostly common in the subjects within the age range of 26 to 35 years (50%); also, 96% (n=427) of them were diagnosed with at least 1 disorder. Based on the data analysis results, depression (41%), bipolar disorder (19%), trauma- and stress-related disorders (9%), anxiety disorders (8.8%), and substance-related disorders (8 percent) had the highest frequencies among the subjects, respectively. The comorbidity of 2 or more mental disorders was observed in more than 50% of the studied inmates.Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of the current study, the prevalence of mental disorders, particularly mood disorders (depression, bipolar), among prisoners is significantly higher than the general population.

Introduction: Moral intelligence is the ability to distinguish true from false, choose appropriately, and ultimately show ethical behavior. Moral intelligence is considered as an effective factor in increasing commitment, accountability, desirable performance, and achieving the goals of the organization. Based on the results of the study by Lennick and Kiel, moral intelligence is comprised of 4 main components including integrity, responsibility, forgiveness, and compassion that are essential for the continuation of organizational and personal success. Therefore, there is a harmony between the values and beliefs in people with high moral intelligence; they have high performance and always link their actions with moral principles. Nurses are also responsible for their actions due to their highlighted role in health care practices and taking huge responsibilities. Objectives: The current study aimed at investigating the relationship between moral intelligence and some demographic characteristics in nurses of the intensive care units (ICUs).Materials and Methods: The current cross sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 267 nurses working in the ICUs in Tehran in 2013 selected by the convenience sampling method and examined for moral intelligence. Persian version of the Lennick and Kiel moral intelligence, which its reliability and validity was confirmed previously, was used for data collection. Then, data were analyzed with SPSS version 18 using descriptive and analytical statistics. A P-value<0.05 was considered as significance level.Results: The total number of samples was 267 in the age range of 20-50 years, of which 65.54% were female; the majority of study participants was married (73.78%) and had undergraduate education (80.52%). Statistical tests showed that the moral intelligence of most nurses (n=168; 62.9%) was moderate. Also, there was a significant relationship between the gender-dependent variables (P=0.006), level of education (P=0.004), overtime hours (P=0.004), and moral intelligence of nurses in ICUs. There was no significant relationship among age (P=0.1), work experience (P= 0.09) and marital status (P=0.3).Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the nature of nursing profession and relying on the findings of the current research, it is suggested to develop strategic plans, hold in-service ethics workshops, hire qualified nurses, and conduct interventional studies in the same field to enhance moral intelligence and consequently efficiency of health system.

Introduction: In recent years, the attitude of medical students toward learning and evaluation processes is changed. In this regard, new methods of learning and evaluation should be used to actively involve them in such processes.Objectives: The current study investigated the effect of portfolio on the motivation and academic achievement of students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Material and Methods: The current survey of the six-year medical students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences was conducted on 20 subjects selected by the simple sampling method. The data collection tool was a valid and reliable questionnaire with Cronbach’s alpha=0.8. The questionnaire consisted of 2 parts, the impact of portfolio on learning and evaluation. The data were analyzed with SPSS version 14 using statistical tests.Results: About 80% of the students were within the age range of 23 to 26 years, and 70% were not familiar with the portfolio. Most students believed that the portfolio increased their motivation to learn and participate in group discussions, and enhanced the quality of learning and learning sustain ability. Also, 83.3% of the participants believed that using portfolio can provide opportunities to attempt self-evaluation. Using the Spearman test, a significant difference was observed between the gender, and motivational learning and deep learning (P<0.05).Discussion and Conclusion: Portfolio is a self-evaluation tool using to modify or improve the learning process. Hence, it can be used as a powerful tool in learning and evaluation of students.