GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH
Year:2003 | Volume:18 | Issue:3(70)|Papers Count:11

Since the existence and development of Self-grown residential areas in the suburb of Tehran has caused many problems it Seems in dispensible to study the causes of their development. In this paper the causes of the development of pakdasht, as an example, are reviewed. Briefly explaining, the area, The auther talks about the population, social and economical situation there. He then discuses the factors contributed to the emerging and developing this area, including the population growth, economical problems, and employment. The study concludes factors such as cheap land, and rent for houses, and the presence of small industrial units in the region have had a great impact on the development of Pakdasht. Finally the reasons for migration of people and social growth in the area are discussed.

Although specialization and application of science have been recognized as most important development guidelines in the twentieth century, the logical relations among sciences, however, have regained necessity. Geography, due to the wide range of its scientific realm and because it is the only science with interactions between human society and natural millieu in a dialectical process and the locational - spatial reflection at micro and macro levels is the core of investigations, henceforth, has a significant role in such a renessanince. Meanwhile, social geography, considering the fundemental changes in local and global societies and in functional society as well, is considered as a manifestation of these interactions.

Temperature has a very important role in environmental and climatic conditions of each area and has been widly used by various studies related to climatic planning .Modeling and the simulation of the temperature behavior has been noticed by climatologists and geographers in recent years. One of the methods for accomplishing this purpose is monthly temperature modeling on the basis of Box-Jenkins ARIMA model.Therefore, the research was carried out by the analysis of average monthly temperature for 40 years in Tabriz from 1959 to 1998 on the basis of statistical autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation and studying normality of residuals as well as using Kolmogrov-Smirnov test. This is followed by comparing the Akaike Information Criterion Test Pattern ARIMA(1,1,3) (0,1,1)12 which is simply the combination of 2 parts of non-seasonal (p=1,d=1,q=3) and seasonal sections on the (SP=0,SD=1,SQ=1) and this model has been finally selected. On the basis of this pattern, the changes and monthly behavior of temperature in tabriz can be predicted and simulated for 12years.

we Studied the present planning model for the development of the rural different services in the south of ARDABIL province. To find the answer to the main question of the study, effective factors in the distrbution system of services have been surveyed, evaluated, and identified. The proposed pattern of presenting defferent services is based on the geographical and spacious hierarchy; so that,the village as the smallest and the area as the largest geographical unit were taken into account. The village system and sub-area are located between these two units. For the development of the villages any geograohical unit makes use of the infrastructure services. Although the main goal of this study is to present the optimum pattern for intTastructure services, for villages the most important step is to improve the economical situation of the villagers. The villagers do not get rid of their problems, unless the villagers as living places and human residence on one side and productive places on the other are taken into consideration.

During summer in south Asia a heat low which is inclined to the west is formed. This heat low has a curved axis in its vertical axis in normal condition. This curved axis is towards southeast and the rainfalls resulting from it are inclined more to the east toward Indian peninsula. But when (at the time) the curve is reduced, its effect in the southeast part of Iran is appeared in the shape of convection shower. This sever convection in warm season has more effects upon the region and when draught is dominant throughout the area causes filling the ponds and rivers, and provides water for irrigating farms. For this reason, these rains are vital for the southeast area of Iran. In this article the attempt is made to simulate the penetration of Pakistan heat low through the region and its influence on producing convection.

Developing urban areas in recent years and increasing the urban population, and conflicts e.g urban crimes and social pathology are current phenomena in the cites. However, throughout past periods the quantity and quality of criminal and deviated behaviour were not fixed and usually variable in social groups. Thus geographical distribution of social pathology is different in urban areas. The outher shows, relation of profesional groups and addiction in Babol districts from 1371-1375. With increasing of specialised or scientific jobs in urban districts, the percentage of addiction has decreased. On the other hand with increasing of unskilled jobs in urban districts, the percentage of addiction has increased.

Zayandeh Rud , the most important four-season river in the center of plteaue of Iran, originales from the kuhrang mountains in Bakhtiary state, some 260 kms. south west of Esfahan. At present its total discharge estimate is about 1.650 milion-m3 annually, out of which about 96000 m3million is to be used for the irrigation of an area about 95000 ha. Its down stream passes Esfahan, the most important city in the center of the plateaue of the country. Leaving Zayandeh-Rud and its flow, Esfahan as a city brodered by desert have never attained its position and expantion as it is now, becous, According to the traditional water management system of the river drought is expected every 3 or 7 years or at least every 20 to 30 years In any condition about 18 to 20 percent of its total discharge belong to Esfahan for irigating its farms and gardens (154 farms and gardens since about 60 years back) as well as circulaing all its area. In this paper, the author makes a description of Esfahan and Zayandeh Rud, its water management and the sever damages that are expected in Esfahan and its glorious patterns due to the ilmanagement of Zayandeh Rud flow system.

Khorassan province is in a dry part of Iran. Frequent droughts, especially during recent years, have shown that drought is a very significant phenomenon which must be considered in any development program. For this purpose, rainfall data of 11 synoptic meteorological stations in Khorasan were studied to see whether drought is possible to be predicted. First order Markoff chain model was used in this study. For each station, the probability of being in a wet, normal, or dry condition in the year 2004 was derived. Based on this study, Khorasan province has been zonned for states of normal, wet and dry situation. Related and appropriate map and tables have also been presented.

The eqution and models presented in this research are considered to estimate peak discharg in non-hydrometric stream gauging station in drainage basin of Zohreh River.Thus, following examining the all hydrometric stream-gauging stations, 12 stations have been selected which have essential conditions for regional analyses. Then between amounts of discharg with different return period in the mentioned stations and effective elements on flood in their upstream have been presented, following relations and models using simple multiple regression method and logaritmic, forward selection,backward deletion and step-wise selection that can be used for obtaining the amounts of discharge with different return period (QT1) in sub-basins not having station or any other place. QT2=AntiLog [-9.9611 + 1.0358Log A + 4.7754 LOgP24] QT5=Antilog [0.6423 Log A + 0.4774LogFVA] QT10=Antilog [-5.9149 + 0.8850LogA + 0.2905LogFVA + 2.8902Log P24] QT25= Antilog [-4.7504 + 0.8576LogA + 0.3060LogFVA+ 2.3683LogP24] QT50=Antilog[-0.0119+0.7460LogA + 0.4508LogFVA] QT100= AntiLog [0.0748 + 0.7426LogA + 0.4337LogFVA] QT200= AntiLog [0.1572 + 0.7386LogA + 0.4159LogFVA] Studing the suggested models shows that among other effective factors on flood, 3 factor of area (A), average of maximum daily rainfall (P24),and the percentage of area covered by forest (FVA), have more meaningfull impact on amounts of peak discharge in comparetive other factors. In addition, coefficient of multiple determination of all models is about 1 and shows nearly 100% of(QT1) determined by 3 above variables.

The Presence and Cansequences of informal jobs are among important social problems being experinced in Iranian cities these days. Among them are collecting, Separating, and recycling solid wasts. Attempts have so far been made to Organize and bring order to the activities of these people by some governmental departments. Since nothing is known about the Socio-economic status of these people as well as the hierarchical stracture of these activities, there attempts have ended in there jobs is becoming more and more day by day. The article mainly deals with the identification of this group of people in khorassan, their socio-economic position, and the roots of this problem in the society. It also aims to study their hierarchical structure and organization fToma socio-economic point of view.