JOURNAL OF DEFENSE POLICY
Year:2016 | Volume:24 | Issue:4 (96)|Papers Count:7

Using the image that exists of Pakistan and the activities carried out by Islamists and religious troops as well as the different fundamentalist movements that have grown in Pakistan, the present article have moved to study the grounds for the formation of extremism in Pakistan with emphasis on Al-Qaede. Therefore, the research question that would be raised is "in which social political background Pakistan, has Al-Qaeda extremism been formed? " The researchers hypothesis in is that al Qaeda have been able to perform the new process of so-called articulation in the regions under their rule using the principle of othering and also that of foregrounding. The analytical-descriptive research methodology has been based on Laclau & Mouffe Discourse Theory, with data collection method being in the basis of documentary method. The Salafi-Takfiri 's focal point has been opposition and othering against imperialism as well as foregrounding through which it has established bases and established a government-linked group in Pakistan. The data obtained showed that when discussing extremism, Pakistan is among the countries to which attention is paid. The religious and traditional structures in Pakistan, putting on an ethno-tribal appearance as well as the specific geopolitics in this country has caused extremist groups to be formed.

At present time, as the significance of regions, hegemonic system for military presence, supporting regional plans, preventing and countering various threats and deterrence system became important, military basing in the area of regions was considered necessary in order to exert power. America's military presence in various regions of the world including the West Asia (Middle East) is conceivable as an important and strategic region in the form of various military bases (ground, aerial and naval…etc.) Establishing these bases in the front line of the country's security and military efforts is aimed at dominating various regions of the world, and to remain in the strategic cycle of power as well. The September 11 attacks, the war on terrorism and the occupation of Iraq highlighted the role of American military bases' global network in protecting and advancing America's interests. In terms of hegemon power, Iran is a discontented polity, hence posing a major threat against America's interests in the West Asia. Therefore, Iran is exposed to America's direct threat, nevertheless countering the former's threats is considered as a fundamental necessity. As a part of this, the issue that matters is that of thinking over the deterrence of the Islamic republic of Iran. The question that is put forward is "What effect do America's various military bases have in the West Asia on IRI's deterrence model?"

Although most researchers in the area of nuclear proliferation consider anarchy in the international system and environmental threats as the major motivation on the part of the states to obtain weapons of mass destruction, we have no integral analytical framework to answer the question of "how do security threats affect states' decision to proliferate?" So the present article presents an analytical framework according to which three variables of the level of environmental threats are studied, where the relative strength of these three variables and their effects on the nuclear situation of the proliferating country are examined as well. In answering the question of "why do some countries, despite facing security threats, avoid acquiring nuclear capabilities?", the hypothesis raised is that the country that enjoys allied nuclear support, has no incentive to become nuclear, where the proposed analytical framework is tested using the historical models of nuclear development.

Turkmenistan's geopolitical situation and its specific geographical status has brought more challenge to bear on the Islamic Republic of Iran than benefits to the former. Therefore, this research sets out to study the above-mentioned country in geopolitical terms, as well as the crises that it might cause to the security of the Islamic Republic of Iran through its geographical location. Using analytical-descriptive methodology in an applied manner, and data collection in library and field form, the present article tries to take an effective step as a part of the objectives envisioned in this research and the process of answering the questions and supporting the hypothesis relating to the effect of the variable and fixed factors on Turkmenistan's geopolitics, which finally proved the negativity of this country's geopolitical effect on the security of the Islamic republic of Iran.

Sistan and Baluchistan Province is a border province in the East of Iran that employs a particular political, cultural, social and geopolitical context affected by geographical and environmental, political, cultural and security across the two sides of the border with protection and provocation on the part of regional and trans-regional aliens which affects the performance of ethnic and religious groups in this Province, instigating insecurities in these regions. Therefore, using an analytical-descriptive methodology, this article tries to analyze the factors that have an effect upon the performance religious-ethnic groups in Saravan County, a sensitive border county in this Province. The findings in this research indicate that from among various factors effective on the performance of religious-ethnic groups in the internal security of Saravan County, “the geographical and environmental factors” have higher average, with social-cultural factors (with emphasis on security conditions) having lower average. As for the extent to which these factors are effective in the internal security of Sistan and Baluchistan, the social and cultural factors (with emphasis on economic conditions), have higher average and the geographical and environmental factors have lower average in terms of having effects.

The main aim of this research is to study the effect of propaganda on enemy recognition across citizens in the city of Tehran. The methodology in this research is applied in terms of objective, descriptive-correlational in terms of type and based on structural equations as well, and survey-based (field) in terms of information collection. The statistical population in the present research comprise the Citizens in the city of Tehran Where a number of 384 people were selected using Cochrane formula On the basis of cluster sampling methodology. Standard questionnaire constitutes a tool for collecting information whose validity and reliability were supported by elite experts using Cronbach alpha coefficient. Structural equations were used using LISREL software to analyze the data gathered. The results showed that environmental propaganda, media propaganda and viral propaganda will be having a meaningful effect on enemy recognition among the citizens in the city of Tehran. Also environmental propaganda with effect coefficient (82%) Will have the most effect on enemy recognition.

An analysis of the defense limitations and capabilities of the geomorphic, despite many types of geomorphic landforms and features in the very geomorphic landforms and features in the strategic and sensitive area of the North of Hormoz Strait has always been important in terms of military studies. This can create specific capabilities for defenders in which depending on environmental capabilities especially geomorphic limitations and capabilities in the region in crafting defense plans is a necessary issue. Doubtlessly, some landforms can act as defense limitations for defenders due to their geographical conditions as well as enemy's particular capabilities where understanding the limitations and advantages of each of the features has been the aim of this research before entering a military battlefield. In this research, plans for produced employing an fuzzy APH model by considering the specific features of landforms in defense-related considerations including distance from and proximity to where conflicts take place (roads), slopes, range and visibility, geological characteristics and …, where valuable arenas were determined for defense plannings. Therefore, the research's findings can be considered as a guide for employing geomorphic features of the region for formations, and qualifies military organizations in the area of decision-making and implementation.