GEOGRAPHICAL URBAN PLANNING RESEARCH
Year:2018 | Volume:6 | Issue:3 |Papers Count:9

Urbanization has been manifested as a profound transformation in the economic and social life of mankind centuries ago. One of these, is the theory of urban decline theory of Berg et al. that Introduced in 1982 which is defined in four stages (urbanization, suburbanization, anti-urbanization and re-urbanization). Tehran Metropolitan Region is the study area in this research. In this research, the process of the explosion of the metropolis and the emergence of urban decline in the main city (Tehran) and urban sprawl have been studied as an objective reflection of the development of the periphery during the years 1355-1959. This research is based on Retroductive strategy, in terms of purpose is based on fundamental researches and in terms of its method, is based on analytical research. Also, the research is carried out in a meta-analysis and based on secondary population data of the Center of Statistics as a measure of scale and information of outreach schemes, and has used the traditions of quantitative and qualitative research methodology. For analyzing the data, the Directional Trends the Moran Spatial Correlation model, Getis-Ord Gi, and for measuring the growth of the city in the studied periods, were used from the Shanon and Holdren entropy models in the ArcGis10. 3 statistical software. The research findings indicate that "Tehran Metropolitan region" has begun its suburban stage since the 50s Shamsi and after the 70s Shamsi it faced the process of urbanization (decline). The spatial representation of these two processes has been manifested in a sprawl form.

Introduction Cities accept different roles and functions based on their characteristics with different power and influences. More attention is paid to some cities. This leads to reduction of the importance of other cities and finally, this leads to development of urban primacy phenomenon. Urban hierarchy as one of important subjects in urban studies includes several topics such as stair system of urban hierarchy. Along with development of urban primacy in this system, a kind of internal order is developed among the cities and a hierarchical system is created. These groups are formed via population gap on a linear curve. This urban hierarchy system is faced with some questions on the relationship between spatial pattern of urban groups, pervasiveness of the stair system, the number of cities, the number of urban population, the urban primacy coefficient and the number of urban groups. This paper investigates these issues in Iranian urban hierarchical system. Methodology The present article is conducted via descriptive analytical method with documentary and library studies. In order to answer the research questions, first of all the status of the cities in urban hierarchy was examined using rank-size model and then the stair system in national and regional scale. In the next phase, spatial dispersion of the cities was displayed using the GIS to investigate the relationship among the cities in a group and their spatial dispersal. Census studies were also carried out by Iran's Statistical Center in 2010. Finally, the aim of this research is based on spatial distribution analysis of cities in stair system of urban hierarchy, the average of nearest neighborhood, multi-distance spatial cluster analysis and standard deviational ellipse methods. At the end of the research, Spearman test was used to understand the relationship between the numbers of urban population with the number of groups in the stair system. The statistical population of the present study is all the cities of the country at national and regional scale. Out of 30 provinces, 10 provinces were studied as the research sample. Results and discussion Findings showed that different regions of Iran are very different in terms of the number of cities and population. Among them, Khorasan Razavi province has the greatest number of cities (72 cities) and Yazd Province has the lowest number of cities. In terms of population, the urban population in different regions has fluctuated from 800 thousands to more than 11 million people; as Tehran and Khorasan Razavi have had the highest number of population and Hormozgan and Yazd have had the lowest number of population in the sample. On the other hand, based on the studies, West Azerbaijan with 9 groups and Chaharmahal-o-bakhtyari with 5 groups, have been ranked as the first and the last of urban groups in regional scale, respectively. It is interesting that the lowest number of urban groups is seen in the national scale. Based on the above mentioned cases, urban system in Iran at both national and regional level is faced with stair system of urban hierarchy. This characteristic comes from the urban primacy. On the other hand, the group-mate cities in this system, not only are not in the same area, but also they are dispersed in the region without any specified pattern. Group-mate cities don’ t create isochromatic zones in the region based on urban groups' dispersion map. Accordingly, it is not possible to determine a border for group-mate cities. Therefore, cities contrary to the stair system on the diagram don’ t follow any order geographically. There are significant differences in this field between urban groups. Most important of them are stair system is not visible in low population urban groups in some regions (Yazd and Mazandaran). In some regions urban groups have very low members (2-3 members), some regions in terms of the number of groups and city frequency are in balance and the provincial capitals are the most regular. Results show that there is no relation between dependent variables including number of cities, number of urban population, urban primacy coefficient) and independent variables, number of urban groups. This means that the increase or decrease in the dependent variables have no effect on the number of city groups as independent variable. Conclusion Investigation about urban network of Iran in both national and regional level shows that there is no harmony with rank-size model in urban hierarchy. This indicates undesired relations between cities. Thus, urban primacy is a dominated phenomenon in Iranian urban system. However, this phenomenon appears in different patterns named as stair hierarchy. Study of urban system in Iran confirms the existence of stair system in urban hierarchy at both national and regional levels. This system divides the urban hierarchy into several urban groups. The group-mate cities are separated from upper and lower level cities due to the population gap. It seems that they make a new form of urban hierarchy. In this system, the cities could be classified into several groups and each of them developed more homogenous hierarchy system compared with the whole urban system in the region. One of the most important issues in this area is identification of the main factors, because the variables have been studied in this research are not the main factors in the development of the stair system. Study of this system and mechanism of its function can lead to the identification of new dimensions of urban hierarchy system at the other scales. This research can achieve better results, provided that it is done as a comparative study at different scales ranging from regional, trans-regional and international scales.

The issue of the safety of parks is of great importance as a place for peace, comfort and recreation of citizens. On the other hand, the lack of security in a park has been accompanied by a reduction in the number of visits, which makes parks becoming a dead space. The present study was carried out with the aim of evaluating and analyzing the spatial security of parks in Tehran. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the research is 41 Tehran city parks in 2014. To determine the importance of each indicator from the ANP, to analyze the data from the V PROMETHEE model, In order to provide the map of the most insecure parks, the interpolation model estimates the kernel density estimation and finally, to show the distribution of the standard deviation oval. The results show that Sahand, al-Ghadir, Saadat-Abad, Cestagh, Aurora and 22 Bahman high-security arenas, artists, Niavaran, thought, Miyad, Flight, Bahman, Shariati, Jamshidieh, Saeed, Razi, Narges, Fadak, Basij, Darband, Ghaem, Koohsar, Knowledge, Mahdi and Darabad. Medium Security, Baharan, Behesht, Mellat, Park City, Derek, Resort, Tulip, Persian Gulf and Nahjolbalagheh Low, Azadegan, Student, Provincial, and Police. Very low security. And Lovzan, Chitgar, Sorkha Hesar are lacking in security. One of the insecurity factors of Sorkheh Fesar Park is the arrest of a deceiver, the arrest of a force majeurer, the arrest of thugs, and the arrest of a sale CD is illegal.

The emergence of changes in national and international economies in the last two decades of the twentieth century, as well as the need to modulate urbanization interventions based on local needs, have challenging traditional tools to rebuild cities. The rotation of views from large-scale, project-driven, and state-centered interventions to local rehabilitation, the process-oriented, based on internal capacities and participatory-oriented, is a central feature of urban regeneration. Cultural tourism has become a catalyst for urban regeneration as an efficient and sustainable approach. The main purpose of this paper is to explain the relationship between them using the methodology / analysis of decision areas in the development of cultural tourism in the Zahir Abad, one of the historical district of Tehran 20th municipality. The research method is qualitative and the research has used a questionnaire tool for collecting data. The results show that this method / technique has the ability to broadly connect with a range of factors that influence the process of rebuilding and that the economic strengthening and management structures of the neighborhood which are in the top priority for initiating the rehabilitation planning of the neighborhood.

The issues of citizenship in the contemporary world are of general interest and attracted the attention of many social and political scientists in different fields. The structural and functional developments of social and political systems and the creation of different platforms in the management of urban affairs, on the one hand, and The Islamic nature of the Iranian laws on the other hand has created different attitudes towards the rights and duties of citizenship. The purpose of this research is "The Effect of Different Components of Citizenship Rights on Urban Management in Ilam City". The research method used in this research was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this research is citizens of Ilam city. For statistical sample 200 people were selected. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire that was designed according to the research objectives. Its reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha for the citizenship rights questionnaire (75%) and urban management (74%). In order to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, face validity has also been used. Which indicates confirmation of the reliability of the questionnaire. Finally, the data set was analyzed using SPSS software. The results of the research hypothesis test using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, regression and T-test showed that citizenship rights are not understandable and meaningful for a significant proportion of people, and knowledge of citizenship rights can affect citizen's urban management

This research aims to investigate the spatial-temporal changes of land use and urban expansion and its impact on land surface temperature (LST) increase. Accordingly, changes in land use inputs that produce the most LST changes are identified for better management of the negative effects caused by the increase in LST. For this purpose, Landsat satellite data related to a period of 23 years (from 1992 to 2015) was used to extract land use maps and its changes as well as LST. After selecting the optimal bands, the satellite image Optimum Index Factor was classified by Support Vector Machine, and the mono-window algorithm was used to restore the LST. A survey carried out by categorizing images and extracting statistical information from each class indicates a strong relationship between the type of land use and the LST. So, the relationship between NDVI and LST shows correlation and regression analysis of the effective role of vegetation in LST premature modulation. User fallow significantly higher temperature than is the built-up, because the built-up areas have a non-uniform combination of buildings, lawns and plants. The results of the study of the relationship between land use changes and LST changes show that the change in LST occurs when the green area is changed to the LST. Other results of the research are the reduction of very cold and cold temperatures, and the increase of normal and warm temperatures, the most important of which is the increase in the area of use made and fading.

The purpose of this study was to measure the level of confidentiality in old and new home-houses in Yazd and compare their comparative approach in order to formulate strategies for moving towards the pattern of Islamic life in urban areas. According to the research objectives and the components studied, the type of research is applied and its method is descriptive-analytic. Research indicators are house forms in old and new textures. In this regard, 15 home forms based on random sampling. In order to analyze the data and also to connect the variables, inferential statistics such as multi-regression coefficient and variance analysis have been used. The findings show that in most old houses in Yazd, all the principles of confidentiality have been taken into account, so that the main private, semi-private and public spaces are clearly clear, but these principles are influenced by the residential patterns of foreigners in new neighborhoods. In spite of the lack of consideration of the principles of Islamic housing in the new context of Yazd, the visual, audio, access, smell and social interactions of residential units have been greatly forgotten in the patterns of new homes. In this regard, the most important strategies in this regard are the implementation guarantee in applying the principle of confidentiality in new construction, paying attention to the hierarchy of spatial inputs of homes, increasing the per capita of interior spaces of houses in new structures.

The quick growth of urbanism without planning and policies would lead to irreparable consequences in the area of country’ s spatial balance, therefore the aim of represented research is to explain the urbanism spatial pattern and also evaluate the relationship between urbanism with various industrial, economic, social and cultural, infrastructural, services and facilities, Health & Therapy and agricultural development factors. The Moran and Gary models and also the hotspots analysis method in ARC GIS software have been utilized to evaluate the urbanism spatial pattern in the country and also the Pierson Correlation Coefficient Test in SPSS software has been used to evaluate the relationship between the urbanism and mentioned factors. The results from Moran and Gary showed that the urbanism spatial pattern in 1996 to 2012 in the country have had a centralized and cluster state which has been increasing evidently. Also it turned out that the urbanism pattern has a great conformity to the industrial development pattern in the country. The results obtained from Pierson Correlation Coefficient shows evident of the existence of a meaningful and positive relationship between urbanism growth with economic, social, cultural and infrastructural however there is none between the growth of urbanism and services and facilities, Heath and Therapy and agricultural development. Therefore, despite of the positive aspects of urbanism in some of the economic, social-cultural and infrastructural indicators, the noticeable problems and failures in the status of services and facilities, health and therapy in the cities should not be neglected.

The use of public parking lots is one of the essential uses in cities which its proper locating leads to citizens’ traffic and welfare. Paying attention to building just more public parking lots and not considering neighboring land uses and other vital factors in their locating result in reducing the quality of parking lot efficiency in relation to on-time traffic. The most important problems in giving services to public parking lots are the improper distribution of them and limitations of their action. Ilam City is surrounded by the mountains from three geographical directions so it does not have much potential to develop. In addition to high concentration of population in central areas in Ilam City, there is lack of good planning in decentralizing the economic, educational, recreation and health areas. Hence there is heavy traffic in Ilam City. In modern urban contexts and areas, the volume of traffic and congestion has been very low, the width of sidewalks has been very narrow and the number of parking areas alongside the sidewalks has been very small. As a consequence, proper locating of appropriate parking lots is of high importance in Ilam City and the present study will be notable. So the aim of this paper is to investigate the analysis and locating the proper areas to build public parking lots in Ilam City