GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH
Year:2013 | Volume:27 | Issue:4 (107)|Papers Count:12

Cultural norms state human-nature interaction by affecting individual and group values system. Ethical norms are the most important ones in which nature and its components become evaluated based on ethical views. There are different ethical normative views toward human-nature interaction. They have been currently categorized into three types of anthropocentric, bio centric and eco centric. Nevertheless, it seems as if these limited supposed categories need to be extended, because there are some other worldviews with regard to human-nature interaction. For example, we can refer to religious worldviews based on the traditions of religions with different evaluated views. Furthermore, there is a need to explore such normative views with respect to community culture and beliefs. Based on descriptive methodology and survey research, present research aimed to explore and indicate ethical normative of human-nature interaction. The research was done in three phases. The first and second were carried out at Shiraz University and the third was done at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Research population included B.A. university students. Multidimensional Scaling and Facet Theory were also used in exploratory and confirmatory stages respectively. Findings indicate that there are three normative views including anthropocentric, eco centric and theocentric toward human-nature ethical interaction. Furthermore, with confirming the proposed theory, a model or a scale obtained that can be used.

Statistical methods are one of the useful tools for climatic elements and their behaviors analysis, as well as, modeling and predicting them subtly. In this paper the behavior of time series of annual temperature of zanjan during 1956-2005 have been studied. So, based on autocorrelation, correlation coefficient, and Spearman and Mann- Kendall ways, the data trend was determined. The amount of the annual trend based on the least error squares have been estimated about -0.04°C, and based on line equation of regression the direction of the modeling of the trend has been shown. Based on spectrum analysis the significant harmonics of temperature through 95 percent of Interval Confidence have been examined. The cycles of 55 year that reflect trend and the cycles of 2.3- 2.7 years has been shown in temperature of Zanjan. To predicate annual temperature of Zanjan, ARIMA modeling has been used. Two initial models, ARIMA (0, 1, 1) and ARIMA (1, 1, 2) have been chosen. With regard to residue testing, as well as AIC criteria Model, the ARIMA (1, 1, 2), was found suitable. According to this model the temperature has been predicted for next 20 years. More over Markov chain model were applied on monthly temperature of Zanjan during 1956-2005. Monthly temperature data have followed the two- state Markov chain, so the probability occurrence of a warm month at Zanjan is 0.1607 and probability occurrence of cold months is 0.8393. The return period of warm months is about 6 months and return period of cold months is about one month.

In current world environmental and mainly urban wastes are originated mostly from massive human habitat areas, and have caused disturbance, uncomfortable landscape, environmental risks and dissatisfaction. Saqqez city with a population of 140000 is one of the largest cities in Kurdistan Province. Due to population increase, consumptions and changes in nutritional habits of people, the use of packaging materials besides imitating consuming pattern have all in recent decades increased the waste volume produced in the city. Despite this problem, there is not still an appropriate way to solid waste disposal in this city. The main goal of this study is applying the role of geomorphic agents in suitable site selecting of urban wastes landfilling. At first stage, operative factors were considered in site selection disposal place and finally by digitizing and weighting, thirteen layers categorized based on existing standards. These layers include: slope, erosion, fault, surface water, ground water, wells, protected area, airport, plant covers, communication lines, power lines, and distance from city and population centers. The above layers were entered to EDRISI and Arc GIS software and specific database formations were prepared for urban waste landfilling and Multi criteria decision making models such as Boolean logic and simple additive weighting method in layers were performed. Then Results indicated that Boolean method was not accurate enough in site selection in early and final stages in south of Saqqez, but simple additive weighting model was more useful at the early stages by introducing four places and a final location for disposal. Finally, overlap and ensemble of these models and subscription in Arc GIS environment, a final landfill site was introduced which has an area of 74 acres for accepting about 130 tons of waste per day for 20 years.

The (Mal- Amir) is the city with vicissitudes (up and down) through the history, this city has located in the south western of Iran which was ruled by Eilamis. The inscriptions remained from Eilami period such as: Eshkaft- salman, and kool- ferah proven this fact in that area. After Eilami's ruling, Mal Amir has been governed by Madha, Hekhamanesian, Ashkanian and Sassanian as one of their great cities with great economical, political evolution in that area. Muslims Arab captured Mal Amir in seventeenth year of Hejri and they paid attention to the city after that. In the Islamic time and with Iranian government ships, it was under Daylamian, Alziar and Al Boyeh dominations. Then in the half-second of sixth century till 827 Hejri- Ghamari years, Mal Amir was chosen as center of the local governing of Atabakan lor- Bozarg. This article has been organized for introducing and analyzes the Mal Amir historical geography, recognizing and introducing its historical background, and its state during the Atabakan Lor- Bozorg government. This research is based on library sources, and analytical descriptive Methods. The results are taken after historical data evaluation and analyzing them.

In recent years, dust storm in western part of Iran, especially Fars province, caused various problems for people. The aim of this research is the identification of circulation patterns producing dust storms over Fars province. For this purpose, firstly the Code number 6 of current weather at 12 GMT belongs to 8 synoptic stations during the statistical period of 1992-2003 has been extracted. This code shows dust with sources out of meteorology station. Then the relationship between 500 Hpa circulation patterns in Middle East and dust days at chosen stations were studied by circulation-to-environmental method. For the 500 Hpa circulation patterns data, Masoodian circulation patterns calendar was used. The results of the research showed a significant correlation between 500 Hpa circulation patterns in Middle East and dust days over Fars province. So that, Circulation patterns numbers 5, 6, 3-6 and 8 have the most relationship with dust days over Fars province. Totally, the circulation pattern number 5 was the dominant circulation pattern and circulation number 6 was subdominant circulation pattern over Fars province in that period. These two circulation patterns are active in warm seasons. The circulation pattern number 3-5 has the least correlation with dust days over Fars province. The station of Lar has reported the highest amount during the dominant circulation patterns.

One of the techniques that has been used in different areas of sciences, and probably would be able to simulate complicated process of rainfall-run off is artificial neural network (ANN). The purpose of this research is to evaluate the applicability of ANN in rainfall- run off simulation and the comparison of the results to those produced by HEC-HMS model in Azam river basin of Herat in Yazd province. The data used in this study are daily rainfall and daily discharge as well as instantaneous peak discharge measured in a time period of 24 years (1982-2006). At first, preparation of rainfall data and the related run off hydrographs of some events was the basic of work, then artificial neural network with error back propagation algorithm and the sigmoid transfer function was trained using the prepared data. The criterion to select and set the network parameters was the production of the least amount (RMSE) value between outputs. HMS model using SCS suggestive procedure (using CN) was also calibrated and used. To evaluate the efficiency of the models, observations and models outputs related to whole flow data, run off volume, the time to peak, and the peak discharge were compared. Findings of this research show that the correlation coefficient (r) between measured and estimated flow data is 0.978 and 0.823 respectively for ANN and HEC-RAS models, showing higher accuracy of ANN outputs. About the run off volume and peak discharge, r obtained respectively 0.986 and 0.981 for ANN where for the HEC-HMS model these are respectively 0.979 and 0.972.Comparing the estimated time to peak to the observed values shows more efficiency of ANN model over the HEC-HMS model as the r for outputs of these to models are respectively 0.833 and 0.491. In overall, comparing the application of ANN and HEC-HMS models indicates that for all evaluated parameters the efficiency of ANN is higher than HEC-HMS. However, using t-test it was observed that statistically there is no meaningful difference between the observed and estimated values at the levels of 99 and 95 percents for all parameters.

Variation of climatic elements could be estimated by standard deviation, coefficients of variation and so on. In Iranian climatological literature, variations of climatic elements have main attention during last decades. Meanwhile worldwide climatologist desired to study the characteristics of variations as well as the distribution of frequency average of these elements. In this paper, a useful pattern is presented for studying the variation characters and its trend, absolute and relative variation characters and frequency distribution of daily precipitation of Zanjan city have been analyzed for statistical period of 1961-2006. However there is significant relation between the precipitation and its characters, in spite of a limited variation in the amount of raining, but the character of frequency distribution of precipitation is not decreased. This means that every day have significant decreasing trend. Therefore, in total studying of the precipitation there is no significant variation.

Shah jahan, based on structural zone is located in south of kapedagh and in eastern side of Aladagh mountains in 37° till 37° 25’ northern latitude and 57° 30' till 58° 30' eastern longitude of northeastern part of Iran. Geomorphologic and tectonic elements show that this area is partly young and mountains can be affected highly by geomorphologic and hydrologic elements. Rivers branches are parallel and relatively condense placement of them in equal spaces, disordered zone roughness and for getting to their main drain (Atrac River), they have cut different types of stratum, tectonic construction and various structures. The goal of this research is identification of reasons and phenomena that have caused hydrographic systems of adaptation or no adaptation with the land and lithological structure of the area. To do that the geological plans, typography, satellite pictures and field observations were used. After studying the elements of affecting the adaptation or no adaptation the results show that approximately, 1554.11 km (78.56 percent) waterway have structural adaptation, and 34.54 km (17.46 percent) have no structural adaption, 30.49 Km (1.54 percent) have lithological adaptation and 48.15 (2.43 percent) have no lithological adaptation, 223.65 km (98.46 percent) have fault adaptation (tectonic) and 30.40km (1.54) have no adaption to the tectonic structure. Also, waterway's length, valley's width and the landscape's width below the adaption systems are more than no adaption whereas; no adaption systems have more depth than adaption systems 91.32 times).

Cloudiness and precipitation are the most important variable in the climate of the southern coasts of Caspian Sea. Spreading of Caspian Sea in length of latitude in the North, the existence of Elborze Mountain in the South, are caused that when low pressure pass from area or high pressures are located in the around of Caspian Sea, suitable conditions get ready for generating heavier precipitation in the southern Caspian Sea. The aim of this research is investigation on Air-Sea interaction to produce heavy and super heavy with convective and non-convective sources in the southern coasts of Caspian Sea using SST and 2m air temperature. Based on daily precipitation in seven synoptic stations, super heavy and heavy precipitation events database was formed with regards of 25% and 50% probability (1982 to 2003). These Precipitations were divided into two groups including convective and non-convective on the basis of synoptic codes of clouds. Maximum, mean and coverage area of each precipitation event was calculated based on daily rain maps for each 4 groups. In the other hands, SST and 2m air temperature database has been gotten from www.ncdc.noaa.gov and www.dss.ucar.edu for 719 points on Caspian Sea in 0.25 grid points. Mean of "2m air temperature-SST" called humidity absorption Index. The relationships between this index and SST and precipitation were studied. The results show that there are 3 conditions for generating of heavier precipitation events including Increasing of SST along with good organized SST and gradients from north to south of Caspian Sea, increasing mean SST all over the Sea and increasing of mean of "2m air temperature-SST" (moisture absorption index). This index that is the most important variable has less amount in non-convective than convective events and in super heavy than heavy precipitation events.

Urban neighborhoods are as the smallest unit of spatial organization in the city to urban stability. Neighborhoods development will be considered one of the main goals of planning the urban stability development and, it is key action to achieve stable development. Stable community development perspective, will strengthen the new approach, that the solving of the urban problems is perceived back to the concept of neighborhood. In this paper, the stability indicators in Mamuniyeh city neighborhoods' level and accessing to the neighborhoods' levels of inequality has been reviewed and analyzed till by emphasizing on stable development representatives, the levels of stability are analyzed in Mamuniyeh city neighborhoods. Research method is descriptive- analytic and method of collecting data is through questionnaires or interviews with residents. Statistical community of the research is all the people who are resident in Mamuniyeh city. Sample size based on Cochran formula is 250 and data analysis has been done by Spss software. Based on the results, the rate stability of Mamuniyeh city neighborhoods was bellower than average (5>2.81>1 with middle comments 3). Between neighborhoods which were studied, only two Mamuniyeh and Asiyabak neighborhoods had good stable condition. For adaptive comparing of stability of neighborhoods, human development indicator was used so, the results show that there is a significant difference between Mamuniyeh city neighborhoods based on stability indicators.