JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON ISLAMIC AND WESTERN LAW
Year:2019 | Volume:6 | Issue:2 (20) |Papers Count:7

On the one hand, the ever-growing difficulties caused by the increasing number of legal cases presented at courts, coupled with a shortage of qualified legal experts to efficiently and effectively handle these cases, and on the other hand, the large number of young graduates from Law Schools, present us with an opportunity to solve a substantial portion of our legal system problems using the potentials existing in this new generation of Law Practitioners. However, to make use of this potential, there is a need for change in the curriculum of Law Schools to meet the training needs and provisions for apprenticeship programs in the Jurisdiction System. “ Law Clerks” , as a strategy to improve knowledge and skills, has a long standing in other legal systems. Young Law Practitioners in France attempting to begin their careers as lawyers, judges or employment in governmental companies, look back at their Law Clerk apprenticeship as one of the most instructive period in their professional life. In the present article, we will discuss the implementation of this concept in France, efforts made by Iranian judicial pioneers in this regard and courts’ and Law Schools’ approach toward this matter, in order to refresh our frame of mind toward Law Clerks. It is clear that defining roles and responsibilities of Law Clerks towards the court, judges and their legal and professional duties and obligations is a delicate matter and requires in-depth and detailed analysis to ensure the success of this scheme.

The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), with a history of nearly five decades of international activity and expanding the scope of membership to all parts of the world and the largest number of members after the United Nations, in principle should be effective and have notable achievements in promoting the human conditions of Muslims including Muslim women around the world. But is it really That is? This article aims at answering this question that how women rights are recognized in ICO and which norms and rules are codified in this regard. The present contribution, through focusing on the procedure of the activities of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation in the field of women's rights and based on a descriptive-analytic method and by means of examining dozens of documents approved by the Organization and related research works worldwide, has revealed that however the Organization has had some achievements in norm and institution setting, it has failed in implementation of the norms and ensuring women's rights. Why and how to strengthen the achievements and eliminating the existing challenges meeting women's rights within the OIC, naturally should be studied in future researches.

Discovery of the truth always is regarded as one of the most important issues of criminal trial which is feasible through obtaining evidence. Public security requires that the judicial authority does not hesitate to resort to any evidence to discover the truth, but what that is against principle of free obtaining of evidence are human rights guarantees. In other words, on the one hand there is the right to security that concerns the rights of the citizens, and on the other hand, the right to obtain that is related to the rights of the accused is arisen. Now, priority is assigned to which one of them? In this regard, the Exclusionary Rule and the Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine rule for the outflow of the evidence obtained through illegal means. The Exclusionary Rule deals with direct or firsthand evidence and the Doctrine addresses the indirect ones. Despite the origin of the Rule that is derived from the Common Law countries, in Islamic criminal law the principle is in favor of the validity of the evidence, unless the evidence is explicitly nullified or is obtained through illegitimate means. Absolute and strict implementation of this Rule throws the criminal justice system into crisis in discovering the truth. Accordingly, it is necessary to establish a minimum balance between the freedom of obtaining evidence and the Exclusionary Rule. In this regard, doctrines of status, independent source, deterministic discovery, weakening, goodwill and contemporary jurisprudential theory have guidelines that restraint the absolute implementation of the Exclusionary Rule.

Maintenance of independency and honor of the Muslim state in international relationships, obligations and relations is one of the requirements of Nafy-e-Sabil Rule (Non-Dependency Rule); a jurisprudential rule which in accordance with logical and traditional proofs is based on the principle of negation of ascendency of non-Muslims over Muslims. It predicates the legal acceptance of relation with other states and conclusion of any contract or treaty to non-domination of aliens over Muslim countries. Giving the necessity of the economic development of the country and its implication to the principle of negation of submissiveness, the issue of accession of Iran to the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (CFT) as an example of international treaties, is dealt with in this research. Although according to most of the Islamic jurists this principle is applied as a primary rule and negates any sort of submissiveness even in international contracts, this study has reached to a conclusion based on which in case of conflict of the rule with more important interests, the principle is allocable; specifically in international relations that is the sphere of reason and rationality where the expedient reason should take into account the interests and goods of the country and its possible defects and advance on its basis. The authority to determine the interest or defect is the organization or the institution responsible for signing the contract.

There are controversies in Iranian law in terms of the existence of Qisas (retaliation in kind) and Diyah (blood money and ransom) as a religious response. Most of the Islamic jurists, based on the jurisprudential foundations, still have not regarded as legitimized that the perpetrators be responsible for damages more than Diyah. In addition to that, the scope of damages remedy has included the indirect victim in Iranian law in limited cases and in international criminal law in a broader way. Albeit, the necessity of full remedy resulting from injuries is of more significance in international criminal law in terms of seriousness, importance and extent. This point is well recognized in the documents of International Criminal Court (ICC) and is paid attention to in the documents of ad hoc international criminal tribunals in a restricted manner. According to the results of this article – that is conducted in a descriptive-analytic method and a comparative way-it appears that in accordance with jurisprudential and legal bases of Iran, compensating the injuries resulting from crimes differs from other offences and does not include the generals of civil responsibility. But through careful consideration of injuries and the related damages, the damages associated with the injury and damages resulting from it, provided that they are independent from injury to one's body or soul and that the criminal be its reason or cause, are capable to compensate more than Diyah and it seems that in international criminal law, all physical and spiritual injuries resulting from crimes are compensable. In same way, the indirect victim is protected as regards compensating for damages resulting from crimes in national and international systems; although this protection is broader in international criminal law.

Performance of contractual obligations is one of important issues in law of contracts. The principal purpose of formation of a contract is reaching of the parties to the subject matter for which they have entered into the contract. In order to achieve this purpose it is necessary that each party fulfill and deliver what he/she has undertaken under the contact. One of the most significant questions in performing contractual obligations is that whether at the time of the performance of the obligation the obligee can ask the performance and after this demand and delay of the obligor he/she can demand the remedy for delay in payment in addition to enforcing the obligor to carry out the obligation or mere coming of the time to perform is enough to responsibility of the obligor and asking the remedy of delay in payment? Legal systems have different approaches in answering this question. Some of them consider notice as the precondition for the responsibility of the obligor, performance of the obligation and compensation and some do not regard notice as necessary and consider the mere coming of the time of performance enough for this purpose. This research has dealt with the approach of the legal systems as to this subject and the legal system of Iran has been studied through an approach toward Imamiyah jurisprudence, law of France and English law.

In international law, any threat or use of force is prohibited and there are only two major exceptions to it. One is the right to self-defense and another is military operation to maintain or restore international peace and security. On the other hand, the misconception of the teachings of Islam on Jihad has led to the emergence of Jihadi Takfiri sects. They believe in Elementary Jihad with an ideological purpose; this is in clear contradiction with international regulations. This article is structured through a descriptive-analytic method and of a library based approach and the question of the research is comparing the international standards with ayahs of Qur'an in the field of Jihad in order to determine their conformity. Considering the ayahs related to Jihad confirms the legitimacy and the need for defensive jihad. Defense in its general meaning that has some proponents in contemporary international law has a broad scope and embraces many of the wars which have been regarded as Elementary Jihad in Islamic history and jurisprudence. The results of this article demonstrate a kind of consistency between the material of ayahs of Qur'an and international law as to war and peace.