Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics
Year:2023 | Volume:10 | Issue:2|Papers Count:7

Background and Objectives: Ethical performance is essential for educational leaders, but the ethical decision-making (EDM) process is poorly understood in different contexts. Islamic countries, with a distinctive philosophy, require their theories of ethics. This study aims to explain a model of EDM based on the teachings of Sahifa Sajjadiyya, a collection of supplications and moral guidance by Imam Sajjad, the fourth Shia Imam. Methods: This study was conducted to examine the text of Sahifa Sajjadiyya and extract all the concepts related to the ethics of managers using conventional content analysis. To ensure the accuracy of the interpretation, the researchers consulted various commentaries on the text, such as Riyad-al-Salekin (in Arabic) and several Persian explanations. The consensus of researchers and external audits also verified the validity and reliability of the results.   Results: The model derived from this study has three main categories that every manager should consider in every decision: Necessities, facilitating factors, and inhibiting factors of EDM. Each category has interrelated subcategories. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the central variable of this model is faith in God’s absolute sovereignty as the basis for EDM. The influencing factors that can range from inhibition to facilitation include the manager’s individual characteristics, organizational atmosphere, and community culture. These concepts can be used to design decision-making evaluation questionnaires for managers.

Background and Objectives: Spirituality in the workplace is the individual’s perception of their workplace enabling them to find their goal in life, and align their beliefs with the organization they work for. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the quality of work life (QWL) with organizational intelligence and workplace spirituality among employees of the Iranian Red Crescent Society mediated by job involvement. Methods: In this descriptive-correlational study, the statistical population comprises all employees of the Red Crescent Society of Yazd Province, Iran, in 2022. Using convenience sampling, 304 employees were selected to complete the questionnaires of the study. The research instruments included the QWL questionnaire, organizational intelligence questionnaire, measurement of job and work involvement, and workplace spirituality scale. The proposed model was analyzed using path analysis. Results: The results suggested a direct relationship between organizational intelligence and job involvement in employees of the Red Crescent Society (P<0.001). Moreover, there was a significant relationship between workplace spirituality and QWL (P<0.001), and between workplace spirituality and job involvement in employees of the Red Crescent Society (P=0.004). The relationship between job involvement and QWL was positive and significant (P<0.001). The relationship between indirect paths with the QWL was significant through job involvement (P<0.01). Conclusion: Job involvement and workplace spirituality were positively related to the QWL of employees. Based on this model, various programs can be developed and designed to prevent career burnout and improve the quality of their work life.

Background and Objectives: Improving people’s resilience is one of the most influential factors in dealing with the Corona crisis. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the role of mindfulness and spiritual experiences in predicting students’ resilience during COVID-19. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlation, and 269 male and female undergraduate students of Farhangian University of Qazvin Province, Iran, were selected by the convenience sampling method in the academic year of 2019-2020 and answered the questionnaire on mindfulness, spiritual experiences, and resilience. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and multiple regressions via SPSS software, version 24. Results: The results showed a significant relationship between mindfulness and spiritual experiences with resilience (P<0.01). And the components of mindfulness and spiritual experiences (58.5%) explain the variance of resilience. Conclusion: The results showed that mindfulness and spiritual experiences can predict students’ resilience in the era of Corona, therefore, it is suggested that educational and counseling programs promote mindfulness and spiritual experiences to improve the resilience of fashion students—the opinion of those involved in the academic system.

Background and Objectives: Forgiveness and self-compassion are essential constructs that are the opposite of high levels of anxiety and depression in older people. Their improvement can help reduce the problems of psychological symptoms in older people, therefore, this research aims to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) combined with self-compassion, cognitive-motor activities, and specific cognitive-motor intervention conducted on forgiveness and self-compassion of older people. Methods: The research method was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test & post-test and follow-up design with a control group. For this purpose, a sample consisting of 42 people (21 women and 21 men) over 60 years of age living in Mashhad City, Iran in 2021 who met the inclusion criteria were selected and, after random assignment in three groups of the first experiment (combined CBT intervention self-compassion with cognitive-motor activities), the second experimental group (intervention of cognitive-motor activities) and the control group (without any intervention) and underwent interventions in 18 sessions during 9 weeks. Results: The data obtained from the questionnaires of the heartland forgiveness scale (HFS) and the self-compassion questionnaire were analyzed by the multivariate analysis of covariance method with repeated measurements, and the results showed a significant difference between the test groups and the control group, in the mean scores of forgiveness (P<0.001) and self-compassion (P<0.001) in the post-test and follow-up. Also, a significant difference was observed between the two test groups in the mean self-compassion scores in the post-test and follow-up (P<0.001). Conclusion: Undergoing 9 weeks of CBT along with self-compassion accompanied by cognitive-motor activities, as well as 9 weeks of intervention with cognitive-motor activities alone can contribute to increasing forgiveness and self-compassion in older people.

Background and Objectives: Religion and spiritual attitudes are among the important factors affecting psychological and social injuries because spirituality influences people’s attitudes, cognition, and behavior. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of impulsivity in the relationship between anxious attachment and religious attitude with the tendency to addiction among university students. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study employed structural equation modeling (SEM). The study population consisted of all students at the Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz, Iran, of whom 300 were selected as the sample using convenience sampling. All participants completed the addiction potential scale (APS), experiences in close relationships (ECR) scale, religious attitude scale, and Dickman impulsivity inventory (DII). The data were statistically analyzed using SEM. Results: According to the results, there was a significant relationship between anxious attachment with impulsivity (P=0.012) and the tendency to addiction (P=0.001). Moreover, there was a negative relationship between religious attitudes with impulsivity (P=0.001) and the tendency to addiction (P=0.001). There was a positive relationship between impulsivity and the tendency to addiction in the students (P=0.001). The results also showed that impulsivity mediates the relationships between anxious attachment and religious attitudes with the tendency to addiction (P=0.001). Conclusion: The results showed that the proposed model fitted the data well. Accordingly, the tendency of young people to addiction can be reduced by training families and university students in safe attachment styles, spiritual teachings, self-restraint, and control of impulses.

Background and Objectives: Anxiety manifests as feelings of worry, stress, and physical changes, such as rapid heart rate and high blood pressure. According to the coronavirus prevention protocols, home quarantine is necessary to control the disease in society, but doing it causes a feeling of social isolation and, ultimately, different psychological effects, such as mood disorders, depression, anxiety, and mental disorders. This study aims to investigate the relationship between religious attitudes and anxiety caused by COVID-19 in the population of South Khorasan Province, Iran. Methods: Using a web-based descriptive-analytical study, data from 507 people were voluntarily collected using a demographic information questionnaire, religious attitudes of Sirajzadeh (26 questions), and anxiety caused by COVID-19 disease (18 questions). Multivariate linear regression was used to identify the effect of factors affecting anxiety related to the disease. Results: The results of this study showed no significant relationship between religious attitudes and anxiety in two-variable analysis (P>0.05), but in the presence of other variables in multivariate linear regression analysis, a significant relationship is observed between the dimension of the consequence of religious attitudes and physical anxiety (P=0.006). Also, the level of anxiety among women (P<0.001) in the age group 31-40 (P=0.003), married people (P<0.001), the unemployed (P<0.001), and people with a history of chronic diseases (P=0.003) was higher. Conclusion: This study showed a significant relationship between the consequences of religious attitude and physical anxiety, as well as high levels of anxiety among different population groups. Our study revealed high levels of anxiety among different populations among these groups. In this regard, the health care system should reduce the level of anxiety among high-risk groups by using psychological interventions and strengthening the religious basis of the society using religious leaders.

Background and Objectives: Psychological hardiness is described as one of the vital health potentials on theoretical and research bases; therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between spiritual experiences and the psychological hardiness of nurses. Methods: The present research was a cross-sectional path analysis. The research population included all the nurses of Birjand City, Iran in the second six months of 2023, of which 280 people were selected using a stratified random sampling method (male and female). The data collection tools were spiritual experiences questionnaires by Underwood and Teresi (2002), mindfulness by Chadwick et al. (2008), and psychological hardiness by Kiyamrie et al. SPSS software, version 22 and Amos software, version 22 were used for data analysis. Results: Bentayj showed that spiritual experiences directly affect mindfulness (P<0.01, β=0.592). Spiritual experiences affect psychological hardiness both directly (P<0.01, β=0.198) and through the mediation of mindfulness (P<0.01, β=0.224). Mindfulness has a direct positive effect on psychological hardiness (P<0.01, β=0.379). Conclusion: According to the results of this research, it is suggested to pay more attention to improving spiritual experiences and mindfulness to improve nurses’ psychological hardiness.