Stylistic Studies of the Holy Quran
Year:2021 | Volume:5 | Issue:2 (پیاپی 9)|Papers Count:14

Discourse analysis is one of the important discussions of linguistics in the field of accurate understanding and interpretation of texts and the purposeful communication process between sender and receiver and it is one of the new sciences of the West created directly by adopting the thought of Michel Foucault, the founder of discourse stylistics. The structure of the text, the number of types of speech acts, the grammatical style of the sentences, the situational and social context are some of the topics discussed in the discourse model of Michael Foucault. This research seeks to prove that most of the propositions of discouse analysis with Western origin also exist in Arabic rhetoric. In this research, it has been tried to examine all the verses of Surah Qalam with the topics of the semantics of rhetoric and the model of discourse analysis. The findings show that each topic of the science is consistent and compatible with the topics of Foucault's discourse analysis, and all the verbal actions in the verses are used according to the necessity of the present, which is the main condition of rhetoric. It is also possible to understand the environmental influencing factors in the revelation of this surah and its impact on verbal actions, grammatical and semantic continuity affected by style and context which leads to correct understanding of the verses

The Holy Quran is a sacred text that has been revealed to The Holy Prophet Muhammad in order for its verses to be explained and interpreted to people. Among the methods used to explain verses and recognize the grand intention behind utilizing certain material is recognizing the Quranic vocabulary. Quranic Semantics is a novel research methodology in the field of Quran, which is effective in conceiving the exact meaning of the words and interpreting verses in a way that a careful analysis of the scientific meaning of vocabularies helps the interpreter to reveal the semantic layers and achieve the divine intention. A group of vocabularies that need to be semantically recognized in Quran – and explaining them enhances human recognition and knowledge about the true nature of the Holy God – are the divine names and adjectives. This research uses a descriptive-analytical methodology to explain and analyze single-purpose divine inherent names and adjectives in the Holy Quran.  This paper starts with explaining the meaning of divine names and differentiates between divine inherent and practical adjectives. Following that, the single-purpose divine inherent names including The First, The Last, The Manifest, The Hidden, The Eternal, The Source of Peace, The Guardian of Faith, The Protector, The Compeller, The Majestic, and The Light are analyzed regarding different perspectives from interpreters. It was found that the interpreters did not agree on whether the meaning of some adjectives were inherent or practical.

The word "Qasurah" is one of the singular words of the Qur'an which is used in verse 51 of Surah Muddaththir. Vocabulary scholars and commentators do not have the same view on the origin, meaning and originality of this word. Some consider this word to be familiar from Persian and some from Abyssinian. This research seeks to answer the question of the origin and meaning of this word in a historical and analytical way. What is the meaning of this word in the poems of Jahiliyyah, Quran and narrations, and can it be accepted that this word is learned from Persian or Abyssinian language? A detailed study and analysis of various lexical sources, poems of Jahiliyyah, and books of Arabic scholars shows that this word in Arabic has its roots in "Qasr" and is made of verbs and quasi-verbs; The use of this word in ancient sources and poems of Jahiliyyah refutes the hypothesis that it is masculine from Persian or Abyssinian language. There are various views on the meaning of this word by lexicographers and commentators, the best view being that this word means lion (predator) or shooter hunters.

Semantics is the scientific study of meaning that is one of the sub-branches of linguistics and includes cognitive, historical, descriptive and etc. approaches. The descriptive approach of this science, which we mean, includes companionship and substitution. Our focus in the present research is on the companionship part of this science, and we try to deal with the relationship between the word Zakat and its derivatives with its companions through the companionship relationship. In this regard, let us understand the issue of Zakat, which is one of the branches of religion, due to the great emphasis of God among all His other commands. What adds to the importance of this research is that the word Zakat with its derivatives is mentioned 59 times in the Holy Qur'an, and certainly in a book like the Qur'an, where everything is stated in its place, the repetition of this word is not without reason. The findings of the study indicate that the word Zakat is associated with words such as Salah, Wali, Obedience to God and Obedience to the Messenger, Tab, Amen, Don al-Khuf and Al-Hazn, Barr, Muttaqoon, Jahed and Hanan and its derivatives with permission, Az Al-Basr and Hafiz Al-Faraj. In the meantime, the word "Salah" has the highest frequency of associating with Zakat, and the reason for this is that God intends to convey to Muslims the status and value of these two branches of religion, as if he considers the condition for accepting the rest of the actions of Muslims after these two acts. Those obedient to God and obedient to the Messenger and the patient and the faithful with the word Zakat are the most frequent companions.

Among the interdisciplinary studies of the Holy Quran, there are studies in which an attempt is made to recognize the linguistic layer of the Holy Quran with modern linguistic knowledge. One of the topics of Functional Linguistics is the theory of textual coherence which examines causes of coherence and coordination in the text. The present article has performed these studies on Surah Al-Hujurat using analytical-descriptive method. The research findings show that the tools that create textual coherence in this Surah are divided into three categories: lexical factor, grammatical factor and linking factor. The most important unifying factor in this surah is the lexical factor, among which, the word "Allah" with 27 times and the word "Messenger" with 5 repetitions has the main role in the surah. The results of this research include the development of linguistic methods in the knowledge of the appropriateness of Quranic verses, as well as responding to Orientalists' doubts about the inconsistency and multiplicity of the text of Quranic suras and also providing a method for finding the thematic axis of Quranic suras.

The term stylistics is a science that seeks to discover the aesthetical values ​​of literary works which leads to lexical, technical and rhetorical analysis of the literary text. This field tries to study and analyze the text in terms of structure, depth and aesthetics, regardless of the history, society and life of the creator, which are matters outside the text. In this article, relying on the descriptive-analytical method of Surah Malik in phonetic, lexical, semantic and rhetorical levels, aspects of artistic codes and understanding of literary and artistic aspects of different linguistic levels have been analyzed. Irony and metaphor have been used as rhetorical elements to better explain and describe events and meanings and to arouse people's inner emotions and interactions. The use of these two components in the text of the verses of this surah has established the meaning in the mind of the audience and has increased the level of awareness of God's power and brevity in words and content expression.

The mission of stylistics is to represent the aesthetic aspects of the text, and the researchers seek to extract meaningful linguistic and literary points. Discourse stylistics based on the thought of Michel Foucault is a view of the relationship between the content of the text and the outside of the text, which examines how speech is formed in terms of syntactic style and speech elements and analyzes the expressive ways of the speaker. In this research, an attempt has been made to use a descriptive-analytical method, while explaining how the concepts are conveyed, the appropriate effect of the audience on how the verses of Surah Toor are arranged and the purposes of their objection based on Michel Foucault's discourse stylistic components. The findings show that the most frequent verbal action is the explicit action, which consists of 30 verses out of 49 verses of this surah. This is because God the Almighty seeks to awaken and guide the audience, and for this reason, he defeats them with successive questions in the form of basic grammatical action, defeating his enlightening arguments. Carefully in three verses 45, 46 and 47, we find that according to the intensity of the stubbornness of the polytheists and the appropriateness of their condition, God dealt with them with a basic grammatical action. Therefore, the goal is to lead them to inner reason and transformation with love and patience. In verse 45, he tells the Prophet to leave them alone until their death. This command is in line with the persuasive action. In verse 46, he describes the day on which the polytheists are to be punished, so this verse seeks to create an intellectual shock and awareness, while also having an explicit action

Translation of texts, especially if the scriptures are like The Holy Qur’an, requires more attention, otherwise, translators could make mistakes in various ways. The necessity of research becomes tangible when we face the difference in interpretation of the Qur'an due to translation errors. One of the problems that translators face in translating from one language to another is the lack of attention to the morphological structure of words; for, with the change of morphological structure, the meaning of the word changes and this is one of the main goals of the conjugation science to take a word to different  Baabs (باب) or chapters in order to  have multiple meanings that are, at the same time, common in terms of their  roots, a fact which is sometimes led to the contrast between the meaning of the Baab (باب) it has gone to and its abstract meaning. In this regard, the current research, with its descriptive approach and critical analysis, has investigated “the lack of distinguishing More trinity from single trinity or negligence in using these two modes” as one of the slips of the Persin translators of The Holy Qur’an. This article examines the Persian translations of six cases of the More triadic words in The Holy Qur’an whereas they have been mistakenly considered and translated single trinity by some translators. Moreover, it deals with two of the words these translators have taken in More trinity Baab (باب ) instead of another Baab.

The spiritual fit and the choice of words in the interpretation of the Quran as one of the components of the miracle of this divine book have always been the focus of the thinkers of the Quranic sciences, and they have mentioned the continuity of the verses of the Quran with different terms such as expressive fit, order, coherence and harmony. The Qur'an sometimes has different language interpretations about a single subject, and this category can be found in the story of Adam which has been repeated in seven chapters of the Qur'an in various and variable styles and contexts, sometimes with adverbs and sometimes with brevity. The creation of man, the prostration of angels before him, and the refusal of Satan to prostrate, and the temptation and misguidance of Adam and Eve by him, constitute the events of this story. The present article has a descriptive and analytical approach to the thematic and stylistic analysis of this story in two surahs of mysticism and stone based on the context of the Quranic order to discover similarities and differences in content and style of the story of Adam in these two suras, the cause of expressive differences in Analyze sentences and words based on contextual and linguistic context. One of the most important findings of the research is that there is no complete repetition in the Qur'an, except in a few cases, and the story of Prophet Adam in Surah A'raf and Al-Hijr, despite the thematic similarity, subtle expressive differences in word choice, grammatical constructions, and style. They have a statement that can be interpreted in the light of the context of the order of the Qur'an.

The emergence of the miracle of the Holy Qur'an in the Arabic land has laid the groundwork for the role of Arab literature in understanding the angles and nuances of the meaning of the Qur'an, and demands the maximum efforts of religious scholars and commentators in this field. The current library research, which is organized in a descriptive-analytical way, examines the interpretation of "Gharaib al-Qur'an and Raghaib al-Furqan" as one of the valuable allusive interpretations of the middle centuries of Islam with a comprehensive approach and special literary effects. The findings of the research indicate that the author's ability in the field of Arabic literature has helped him in receiving precise and sometimes innovative meanings from the Qur'an. Considering the origin, derivation, interpretation, choice of words, good interpretation and differentiating between apparently similar words, explaining the Arabic aspects of the verses by mastering the supporting documents of Arab literature and presenting sometimes different explanations with priority given to Quranic literature, and Revealing the noble style and order of the Holy Quran in the two areas of eloquence and eloquence are the most important literary features of this commentary. Also, the special discussion of "waqf" and its connection with Arabic literature and the musical aspects of the language with the focus on "nabar and tanghim" is also a new path that has been clearly followed in this interpretive heritage. It connects the path of literature and interpretation of the Qur'an to understanding it and has made the communication of the meaning smoother for commentators and Quran scholars.

Knowing the exact meaning of Qur'an words is the first step to achieve its knowledge. The semantic study of the terms of the Quran leads to coherent and systematic research, extracts precise concepts, and counts the different uses of selected words from the Holy Quran. In the constructivist approach, the words of a language are not a collection of words but a network of interrelated words, in terms of various semantic connections. The importance of the category of “Time” is such that it can be considered as a tool for understanding existence; therefore, the present article examines the conceptual relationships of words related to “Time” in the Holy Qur'an based on a constructivist approach and the semantics of relationships. Also, the meaning of the dictionary and the study of interpretations related to words are the criteria. This study's aim is classifying the Qur'an words related to “Time” in three axes: “ambiguous time sensors”, “general and accurate time sensors” and “partial and accurate time sensors”. The results of the study show a semantic network and conceptual relationships exist between these words in each axis, which is considered as Synonymy, Hyponymy, Antonymy and Meronymy.

Presenting and delaying are language styles and the translation of the Qur'an will not reach the desired result without familiarity with it. In addition to paying attention to the spacing and rhythm of the verses, offering and delaying in the Qur'an implies concepts such as bowing, dedication, expressing surprise, etc. From the point of view of the translation process, this operational style is difficult and sometimes impossible, but by adopting some techniques, you can translate some of them and transfer the implied meaning. The present study, with a descriptive-analytical method, tries to explain the semantics of preposition and delay in verses of Surah Al-Imran and provide techniques for translating such verses into Persian. According to the findings of the research, it is not possible to transfer preposition and delay in all verses, and although the translation conveys the intended meanings, it undergoes changes, but the translator must try to get as close as possible to the desired perfection, which is the transmission of the meanings of presentation and delay. Respecting the lexical precedence and backwardness of the verses in translation, using special usages of restriction and assignment in Persian language, using compensatory words suitable for the position of the verses such as words with the meaning of exclamation, threat and emphasis are among the techniques of translating this style into Persian language.

Stylistics is one of the methods of analyzing and interpreting literary texts based on linguistic elements which have a special place among the researches in the field of linguistics. Surah Hijr is one of the Meccan surahs of the Quran, which has valuable points in terms of rhetoric and syntax. The rhetorical and syntactical style of this surah can reveal the beauties and subtleties of the holy Quran to audience that can be considered from its foundation of revelation. The present research has analyzed and explained the rhetorical and syntactical features of surah Hijr with a descriptive analytical method, by using new stylistic criteria has tried to examine layers of beauty of this surah from the perspective of rhetorical and syntactical style such as "presentation and delay", "elimination and contradiction and confrontation" and etc. The result of the research show that in this surah embodiment of styles in a precise and tangible way while the words are concise has helped  conveying the meaning accurately and effectively and emphasis, exaggeration, bowing and honoring, etc. in the Quran has reached its peak of eloquence. In the direction of imaging and drawing the intended message based on the concepts of the verses has been manifested in an artistically and beautiful way. It has also been determined that presentation and delay styles, elimination styles and contradiction and confrontation styles in the service of expressing meaning and shaping the knowledge system intended by almighty God, have more frequency than other linguistic elements.

Knowledge of semantics is one of the most important tools for understanding the meaning of words based on the semantic system governing the coherent arrangement of words in the Qur'an. One of the prominent words in the field of the rules of religion is "Ehsan", which due to the various functions of jurisprudential issues, especially its realization in "stoning", its meaning in the Qur'anic context will be considered. For this purpose, the present article, after exploring the lexical meaning of the word "Ehsan", based on the descriptive - analytical and semantic method to explain the relationship between the derivatives of the word "Ehsan" and companion words (including "marriage", "believer", "vulva", "village"," Clothes "," halal "," rummy " , and " prohibition "), substitute (including" chastity "and" memorization ") and has a semantic contrast (" mother "," fat "," prostitute "," traveler " , "Baghi") has dealt with it in the Qur'an. According to the results of the research, "Ehsan" creates a state in human beings that he/she self-carefully avoids any crossing of the divine sanctuaries, especially in the field of sexual matters, and like armor prevents the damage to a person caused by deviations and related slanders.