GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH
Year:2010 | Volume:25 | Issue:3 (98)|Papers Count:7

Geographical placement of Iran especially Azerbaijan area in highly strips and Alpine-Himalayan seismic, causes the earthquakes and their damages as inevitable facts in our country. For this reason, recognition of parameters affecting occurrence of earthquakes and development of new and suitable methods for prediction is necessary in Azerbaijan region. Analyzing the complex spatio-temporal behavior of earthquakes and their relationship to the solar activities is one of the new and modern methods to long-term prediction of earthquakes. In this study, Wavelet and Fourier Transform Analysis were applied for the sequences of sunspots and earthquake activity in Azerbaijan region. The used data ware the Azerbaijan earthquakes of M>3 and sunspots number for the period of 1951-2007. The results indicated the presence of the main period (11-year cycle) and sub-periodicities such as (3, 5and 8 years' cycles) of the sunspots into the time of the earthquakes of the Azerbaijan region. Also, from the Azerbaijan earthquakes data (selected stations) a main periods ranged between 9.3, 6.2 and 3.2 years and sub-periodicities ranged between 3, 4, 6 and 13 years are revealed, which may be linked to a main and sub-periodicities of solar activity cycle. Analysis, results and discussion concluded that: solar activity plays a significant role in the triggering of earthquakes. Therefore, solar activities are a suitable indicator for long-term earthquake prediction both in the world and Iran.

Housing as the smallest element of the habitats is one of the most important urban usage and one of the major development indices of a country. The purpose of this paper is investigation of housing situation of income groups and estimation of low income groups housing using statistical techniques in housing programming. This paper attempts to investigate the housing situation of income group and financial power of income groups using housing indices such as average area of building, average income indices to use the obtained results for more precise programming in hormozgan province. Research findings indicated that housing situation in low income groups has become worse since the year 1375(1995) and this unsuitable housing status drawn from 1, 2, 3 deciles toward 4, 5 deciles. Also the rate of tenancy indicated that the investment of different sectors are toward high income deciles so precise programming for province in low deciles is necessary.

The prediction of maximum temperatures as one of the most important climatic parameters due to climate change, global warming and the recent drought will provide definitely more opportunity for planning and the provision of necessary arrangements for the planners. Maximum temperatures are much important in management of natural and water resources, agriculture, development of pests and diseases, flood and snow melting, evaporation and transpiration, drought, etc. Today, with developing of intelligent and expanded models in experimental science, including climatology, the necessity for alternative compared to old models will important. One of these methods is artificial neural network derived from artificial intelligence components which has important applications in the field of atmospheric sciences through prediction and calculation of climatic parameters. In this study, using the variables including average relative humidity, average wind speed, total sunshine, average minimum temperature and monthly average maximum temperature as input Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) Network, have been predicted monthly average  maximum temperature in Ardabil synoptic station. examined Parameters include data period 1985 to 2005.Out of 21 years statistical period about 85 percent of the available data, meaning 18 years (216 months) were used for training the network and 3 years (36 months) remaining in the test stage were applied. For this purpose, facilities and functions available in MATLAB software were made and for every month a network was designed with under 5 percent error. After studying network performance indicators, including the correlation coefficient, root mean square error, mean squares error, mean absolute error, mean percentage it was observed that the maximum temperature predicted with acceptable accuracy has been made in such away that the rate of correlation coefficient was 0.99 and the maximum difference with the real data was 0.83o C.

Execution of every planned program in cities has different process. Process involves inhabitant's preferences, capacity of area or neighborhood, scale of people participation. After these strategies plans will prepared and executors apply them. Planning in city scale considering potentials of area and participation of people is very important stage to eliminate undesirable appearances of cities, spatially informal settlement neighborhoods for increasing city stability. Because of main users of these plans are people participating of people in this process due to good neighborhood, there for city and good country. In this article has been studied an informal neighborhood of zanjan city (islamabad) and investigated the capacity of neighborhood to execute a people based plans. Result of this study based on field and library showed that people based planning in city planning of iran emphasizing participation of people in city neighborhood (specially informal settlement neighborhood) has important role in sustainable planning and city.

KhorosloDaghlocated in northwestern of Iran and south of Moghan plain in Ardabil province. These mountainsare from Azarbyjan mountains unit and are separated from Caucasus and Talesh Mountains in Azarbyjan republic. Study area was folded by upper Pliocene and Quaternary orogeny. Pliocene orogeny was severe but Quaternary folded was calm. Afterward orogeny movements and folding, invertedrelief (specially hanging synclinals) has been formed by erosion. Apart of hydrographic network are adjustment with construction but some of drainage are not agreement with structure geology. This disagreeing is interpret by Antecedence theory, because this area has been a subsidence area, before Khoroslo Mountain forming, has been deposited from Eocene until Pliocene. In south of this area existence Meshghen- Ahar uplifted zone and rivers stream from this uplifted area toward north (Moghan and Araxs river). Study area in Pliocene and Quaternary orogeny (KhorosloDagh) has been uplifted and rivers continue to drilling activity, this activity has been the cause of cutting previous direction and created narrow valleys in the area.

Process of development in developed countries shows that rural development is a basic requirement for national development and it should be considered at first priorities in development programs. Rural population in Kurdistan, live in an unstable environment and geographically, villages are extremely diverse and about 40.51 percent of population live in villages more than68 percent of population have less than 300 persons, Rural are in second priorities of development and yet they are not consider in national development, so rural development is not considered very well. Kurdistan is undeveloped province in Iran which has severe problems. Article has been collected the experts opinions in five categories economic, management, social, ecology and physical. Results of preference showed that involving priority of economic is 80percent, physical 80 percent, priority of management is 70 percent Social is 69 percent.

Determining precipitation centers in watersheds is one of the interested issues for climatologists and hydrologists. "Precipitation center" means most precipitation during one session. The goal of this study is identification of Mond basin precipitation centers to fore cast flood. To achieve this, daily precipitation data of 134 rain gauge stations for 34 years was analysis. During this period, there were 1691 days of precipitation in Mond basin. To determine precipitation centers, daily precipitation station was changed to pixel precipitation by Surfer.8 software and Kiriging interpolation method. Then daily isohyet map were prepared for each precipitation day. By using daily isohyet map, precipitation center for each day was determined, and its geographical dimension and precipitationn amount were calculated. At the end with overlay of 1691 daily isohyets maps, final position map and the amount of precipitation centers in Mond basin have been prepared. Results of this study showed that precipitation centers depend on different factors such as, their height of sea level, latitude and topography directions. Knowing precipitation centers helps us to forecast floods, as well.