Sociological Review
Year:2017 | Volume:24 | Issue:1 |Papers Count:11

Main purpose of the present paper is investigation of the relation between psychology and neoliberalism and the process of subject production based on the logic of neoliberalism. The idea of self-regulating market finds its counterpart in psychological self-regulating subject as an Ideal mental Health. The relations of psychology and govern-mentality will scrutinize and some approaches of psychology will be discussed in this term. Psychological rhetoric of politicians, managers beside social pathology statistics will be investigated based on this idea of governing self and vanishing the social and the political based on Psychologization of the social problems. According to this view some important researches in this field will be reviewed and discussed. Public psychology in Iranian Sphere is another trend of present study. Public psychology as a branch of positive psychology dominates the life-word and creates new subjects in accordance with the logic of market. Psychology behave like an agenda in the maps of Iranian neo-liberalism and fulfills the slogan of every Iranian as a Business enterprise.

One of progresses of sociology of religion is about transcending beyond rigid and one-dimensional patterns of religiosity and inclining to complex and articulated patterns of religiosity or in other words “religiosities”. Incommensurability of different individuals’ stances rejects the possibility of any comparison or measurement. Such condition justifies the necessity of typology of different relations of individuals with religion. This research tries for typology of cognitive stances of students toward the religion. The only thing which is considered in this research is attitude and cognitive aspects; in the cases practical aspects are questioned, the primary goal is focusing on cognitive stances. Data of the research is gathered from 50 deep interviews in two stages with students of University of Tehran and Sharif University. Grounded Theory is used as method for classifying and categorizing data in achieving a pattern for typology. Conceptual framework is established by a cyclic process between induction (empirical data from interviews) and deduction (existing theoretical literature) in six general axes (ontology and attitudes about religion, expectations of religion, epistemology, anthropology, meaning and end of the life, and ethical foundations). This conceptual framework is the groundwork of second stage of interviews. Results which are formulated from codifying the data under the conceptualized axes have provided a four-dimensional pattern (ontological strategy, epistemological strategies of individual toward religion, individual’s position about quality of presence of religion in social ethics and politics, and reflex of cognitive stances on taking practical strategy toward religion) for typology of cognitive stances of students toward religion.

This article tries to study the status of settlement situation in Tehran metropolis with an emphasis on urban space. Its theoretical basis is based on Martin Heidegger ideas about dwelling. In his view dwelling means to care and protect human beings from each other, from heaven and earth and is maintenance meanings. The method of study is qualitative. The results shows: In Naseri Darul Khalafa [1] because of continuity, density and diversity of space and determinacy of the city boundaries there was the possibility of come together of four elements. But gradually several processes weakened the possibility of Settlement which includes: 1. exogenous development causes dispersion of residential neighborhoods and separates them from each other. 2. Highways, non-level intersections and metro minimize the possibility of get together and offer individualism and loneliness. 3. The logic of capital in many areas, causing the loss of public spaces and private domains is increasing. As a result of this process, the possibility of being together in parts of urban space is lost and togetherness is limited to houses. 4. Consumption spaces be more day by day, they addition to remove of subordinates, cause individual stories take shape to the actors in this field and democratic participation will be undertone. 5. Despite the multiplicity of historical events, they are not carved as memorial in the urban space and thus the city is not reminiscent of historical memory.

The Pahlavi government as the first modern state of Iran, used cultural policies to meddle in the culture life. Using a set of ideologies to form a new notion of Iranian nation, these policies disordered the historical cultural balance in Iran. The main issue of this paper is to explain the failure of Pahlavi government's cultural policies which gave rise to a new revolutionary cultural discourse by the non-dominant social groups and finally led to the 1979 revolution.The conceptual framework designed to evaluate these policies consists of John Berry's 'multi-cultural societies' theory and the idea of 'moral panic' in Ben-Yehuda and good's work. The qualitative content analysis and historical research showed that the dominant group tried to merge all cultural diversities into one cultural ideology. Although non-dominant groups have accepted this unification from time to time, they mostly rejected it by using the strategy of making moral panic, artistic and speculative resistance or by choosing the marginalization and isolation. In the end some of the non-dominant groups gathered to marginalize the dominant culture and take its place by creating ‘west panic’ and ‘government panic’ and the revival of native culture.

Social interaction is abstract concept and often have objective attribute and are used to demonstrate abstraction phenomenon. The use of metaphor in everyday life as the embodiment of social concepts in the Anglo-Saxon sociologists has been effective. Of course, factors such as the media, the film industry in America and phenomenological symbolic interaction approaches in mind Goffman has been effective. Goffman has been analyzed role and theater metaphors as a methodological phenomenon, the concept of the "self" in everyday life. This article aims to explain the sociological imagination Goffman according to Lakoff's the contemporary theory of metaphor. Research method is descriptive- analytical and data collection documental. Metaphors of "theater", "ritual", "Game" and "frame" were his most important and the most comprehensive instruments. Often Goffman's metaphors are location-based. Therefore, He has objectivized and visualized the social world as a field or stage. According to Lakoff's theory can be interpreted that Goffman has used theater metaphor as source domain for explain target domain. In Goffman's dramaturgical metaphor time is linked with location. Because concept of time is understood by move in the concept of place. He sometimes explain just a metaphor and at another time he describes the relationship between several metaphors.

The common image on women clothing after Islamic revolution by most of the political critics of Hijab is that during three decades, political system has applied its own women clothing, based on Islamic texts, by using force and suppression. This trend not only supposing suppression a rudimentary issue but also by using counter-discourse impeding the power, which has not faced any obstacle until now, to proceed. But it seems that women clothing problematization in the decade ending in Islamic revolution and the decade after that, has been done by using by/in discourse based on not just one discourse but a network of different discoursization which origin in different sources of discourse and power. As a result, “sometimes” it has been an attempt to remove any trace of previous regime which makes Hijab as a discourse and “sometimes” it has been the war which makes a connection between Hijab and other statements like martyrdom, devotion influenced by incitement to discourse in other places, it has been the complexity of population and the need for its special regularity which makes the need for the knowledge of Hijab alive resulting in a scientific discourse production in other places, it has been the fear of the effects of new technology on hijab which has been called cultural invasion, later it has been civil society discourse and finally it has been fashion micro-discourse which has surrounded Hijab, but one thing is for sure, Hijab has been at the heart of these discourses where it has found performative reality and it has not been applied just by using suppression mechanisms.

Recognition of concepts and knowing their implicit implications is one the preconditions of their application in different contexts. This article scrutinizes common definitions of social policy by critical analysis approach beside introducing social policy as a combination of text and discourse and proposing it based on two textual and discoursive characteristics by theoretical-analytical approach. In this sense, social policy is based on power relations and an aspect of rationality of government and its ideology system; whereas all common definitions of social policy, regardless of ontological framework in terms of identity of social policy, consider it as an instrument for development (functionalist approach) or emphasize only on its goals (goal-oriented). This article, beside confronting these two approaches, poses a new conceptualization of social policy and is in pursuit of introducing new area for theory and research in the field of social policy.

Free Market is usually known as an economic school and “the science of economy”, but the extent of its influence exceeds the domain of economy and expands its organizing model to cultural and social areas. In the last three decades, this logic has gradually penetrated into the fields of city and architecture following the dominance of free market approach over Iran Development Plans. These changes in policy and attitudes have turned public urban spaces which have been known as cultural heritage to new fields of market. Thus, the logic of investment and profit making has become the dominant discourse in the field of urban management and intervention. This paper aims to track the discursive development of the field of cultural heritage through institutional changes of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran. These changes have taken place in the last three decades as a result of the dominance of free market approach over Development Plans and economic management. The turning point of these changes was the merger of two organizations of cultural heritage and tourism in 2003 which brought many changes in the field of conservation of cultural and historical remnants. The expansion of tourism logic to the field of cultural heritage inevitably has led to the dominance of the logic of tourism market over the management and organizing model of historical remnants and also old historical areas. At the end, this paper sought to provide an overall schema of the current situation of institutions relating to cultural heritage under the banner of tourist industry.

Political participation is a key component of social behavior. It is one of the pillars and key indicators of political development which is closely linked to the acceptance of political systems. The present study, which scrutinizes the political participation of students, has been carried out using Meta-analysis methods. We also addressed Rush and Milbrath's theories of hierarchy of political participation as well as Huntington and Verba's theories of political participation. Findings of the study indicate that student political participation is more than the overall political participation of the society, however, most students are active at low levels of hierarchy of political participation, as it were in elections or in the pursuit of political news, and only a small percentage of students have active political participation. Political participation of students is influenced by explanatory objective factors, as well as subjective motivational, socio-cultural and institutional factors. Consequently, men participate more than women in politics; the socio-economic status of the family and the student's place of residence does not affect student political participation; activists who hold political trust in political institutions have a higher degree of political participation; increasing political alienation reduces political participation; however, political education increases political awareness and action; the ethnicity of the students affects their political participation. In addition, students with religious affiliations have a higher degree of political action and participation. The families, the educational environment, the membership in the student organizations, and the university in which they study, have an important role in political socialization and participation of students. The impact of mass media (TV) on political participation is very weak; and the use of media for news and science purposes affects student political participation.