ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS MANAGEMENT
Year:2015 | Volume:2 | Issue:3 |Papers Count:7

Widespread social hazards include the wide range of problems and dilemmas. Each of them can causes undesirable effects on various aspects of human individual and social life as well as its different values and rights. History, background and literature of identifying hazards in rights can be explored in two historic and contemporary parts. In historic period, one can study two approaches of 19th and 20th century. As the first theoretician in this field, Durkheim criticized Lombroso’ s opinions in determinism of crime occurrence and criminal’ s inner orientation toward crime, and suggested that crime is the product of the societies where one of its organizations is faced with troubles. In the following and with an attitude toward opinions and doctrines raised in 20th century, socialism theoreticians believed that crime is the result of capitalism, social injustices and unfair distribution of wealth. Hence, they believed in a kind of economic determinism. Another remarkable approach was social reaction criminology. In this doctrine, crime controlling and combating institutions were also discussed and studies were directed from victims and criminals toward the institutions. Ultimately, radical criminology, in an ideological form, established a discussion of crime beyond the debates ruling in criminal law systems and opened a way for more radical views in 21 century. The contemporary approach with a new point of view toward hazards, by emphasizing more clearly on what was mentioned before under the ideas of gemologists, and by criticizing strongly the limited definition of crime, suggested that the reason of many difficulties and hazards in human life are the behaviors leading to these hazards, behaviors that has never been considered properly in criminal law and has never been criminalized. So, they believed instead of studying crime, the social hazards should be discussed. Hence, the ideas raised by this doctrine can be introduced as a clear example of studying hazards in laws.

Damages caused by hazards in the case of dealing public power with public emergency lead to codification of appropriate legal arrangements to respond the situation properly. In one hand, monitoring government’ s measures to prevent misuse of public power endangering individual right in critical times is necessary. On the other hand, public officials’ violations of rule of law principles at crisis lead to their responsibility. The most important standards regarding facing public emergency, which should be abided by government, are: recognition of exceptional threat based on reasonable circumstances, necessity and proportionality of measures, temporary feature of given measures and non-discrimination in exceptional measures’ implementation and also, violations of government or public officials in national and international cause responsibility.

Super heavy rainfall and abnormal floods in dry areas with low rainfall and sparse vegetation in most cases‚ lead to occurrence of unpredictable heavy flooding and every year create a lot of damages in the sector of infrastructure‚ construction and agriculture for half southern of Iran. Flooding is one of the most important natural disasters that its damages to the human are more than other calamity such as drought and famin. New policies about management of land use and developing of residential areas away from limits rivers in order to reduce flood damaging are essential. This paper was paid to synoptic and thermodynamic analysis of super heavy rainfall 104 mm leading to flooding on 14 March‚ 2014 (23 Esfand 1392) in Bandarabas. First, with using ground stations data, the mentioned precipitation recognized and then with using the upper level data and drawing the related maps, analyzed the heavy rainfall of Bandar Abbas. Existence of Sudan low pressure with axis of south west-north east on south of Iran and stretching of very deep trough with axis of northern-southern on Iran‚ Iraq‚ Arabia and the Red sea in the middle and upper levels of atmosphere and locating the area of the study in front of the trough‚ upward vertical movements at all levels that lead to rising air and instability; and vorticity amounts which indicate the divergence and cyclonic weather for all levels of atmosphere. Locating area of the study on the left side of jet stream core output leads to intensifying instability and creating unstable conditions for the township of Bandar Abbas. In terms of humidity resources in the levels of 1000 and 850 HPA, the Oman and Arab sea but in the levels of 700 and 500 HPA‚ the Red sea‚ Persian Gulf and Gulf of Aden were the main sources of strengthening and humifity securing of supper heavy rainfall in Bandar Abass.

Following to criminological schools especially radical criminology, zemiology is introduced as a school in 21st century attempting to define the roots of many criminal laws deficiencies and failure of criminology in curbing and controlling crimes as the limitation and constricts of criminology and to replace pure attention to crime with attention to broad social harms and hazards and behaviors leading to it. One can look for behaviors leading into hazards in broad circle of behaviors as the origination of some difficulties and disorders broadly in a serious and macro level and, in many cases, they leave damages too heavier than conventional crimes. The first step in this way is to provide a comprehensive and thorough mentioned definition, behaviors which open the doors to recognize the nature of behaviors capable to enter into this circle. All these cases would pave the way to recognize a classic pillar of crime namely crime material pillar with regard to those behaviors addressed. Such behaviors involve many different and varied actions and leave of actions that latency of behavior, intangibility of harm at the beginning and diversity of harms along with a time span between behavior occurrence and harm expose are seen as important characteristics of these behaviors. Concerning the committers of such behaviors, it should be noted that in terms of the nature of such individuals’ personality, these behaviors are capable to be exposed by legal persons– either public or private laws– for different reasons and by similar or different goals while, in contrary, among the victims, there should be both natural and legal persons as losers of such behaviors.

Continuous droughts have facing villagers and farmers with various vulnerabilities and challenges. In this regard, villagers choose special local and specific strategies in confrontation of this creeping disaster in order to improve their adaptive capacities about drought. With respect to the importance of identification of common strategies of adaptation to reduce the vulnerability of the villagers about this natural phenomenon, the main purpose of this study is to explain the adaptation strategies of villagers to cope with the vulnerability of the drought in Pshtang Village from Ravansar township, that has been done by combination of qualitative research methods (PRA and Grounded Theory). The key informants of the village were selected to refer to purposeful sampling. Using participatory techniques including transact walking, land use mapping, tree problem, matrix ranking, focus groups and semi-structured conversation, data was collected. Open coding, axial and selective coding was utilized as the basis of data analysis. The findings revealed that the most current adaptive capacity of rural households to drought can be categorized into five conceptual categories include social, economic, institutional, technical support and communication strategies.

Prediction, controlling, and reduction of the flood plain have crucial role in integrating watershed management. The flood damage analysis and designing control plans need to identify floodplain limits around the main river according to different return periods. Kashkan River in Lorestan province has been challenged frequently by dangerous floods. Since numerous villages and also agricultural lands are existed near the both sides of the river, they are exposed in flooding hazard. The aim of this study is preparing the floodplain maps of this river for a reach length of 5000 m using HEC-Geo-RAS for different return periods. For this purpose, digital elevation map (DEM) with scale of 1: 150, topographic map with scale of 1: 50000, cross-sections geometry, and peak discharge data recorded in the hydrometric station in upstream of the reach were incorporated. The peak discharge corresponding to return periods 2-1000 years are estimated as 227 to 5000 m3/s using fitting three parameters person distribution. Simulation of the hydraulic behavior of the Kashkan River using the HEC-RAS model indicates that the floodplain area for discharge with return period 25 years are 75% of one obtained for 1000 years. Additionally, the floodplain area for the upstream of the study reach is greater than the other. This reveals that construction of the villages and changing the land use in the river borders threaten with low period floods (e. g. 25 years).