JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN
Year:2018 | Volume:6 | Issue:1 |Papers Count:7

The purpose of this paper is to determine the natural radioactivity indices of some Iranian granitites used in dwellings and to prevent the natural environmental hazards towards the sustainable development. A total of 62 samples were taken from 13 plutons of Iran; all were microscopically and isotopically studied in detail. The concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in granitic samples were obtained by mass spectrometer in Arak and Tabriz universities. Microscopic observations and systematic data analyses are consistent and reveal the presence of radioactive minerals (e. g. zircon, apatite and titanite) particularly for samples rich in radioactive elements concentration. The average activities of the measured radionuclides varied up to 128 Bq kg-1 for 226Ra, up to 118. 6 Bq kg-1 for 232Th, and up to 1385. 46 Bq kg-1 for 40K, with mean values of 60. 39, 78. 47, and 884. 72 Bq kg-1, respectively. These values are higher than the standard values given for granites worldwide. To assess the radiation hazards associated with granite samples, average radium equivalent activity (240. 72 Bq kg-1), outdoor and indoor external hazard indices (0. 65012, 0. 325061), internal hazard index (0. 81334), annual effective dose rate (0. 13759 mSv/yr), excess life cancer risk (0. 48155 mSv/yr. ), and gamma radiation index (0. 88856) were calculated. The average hazard indices of Iranian granites are smaller than the permitted limit given by UNSCEAR for public purposes, however there is some radiological risk from the usage of samples studied as internal decorative and ornamental building materials in dwellings. Due to the higher radiological hazard indices in granites of Birgand, Kordestan, Zanjan, Azerbayjan and Takab, certain caution is required when using these granites in private locations. In particular, these rocks are not authorized to be used as construction materials for hospitals, dormitories, educational spaces, kindergartens, jails and decorative. Application of standard recommendations of this research reduces the radioactive disease and helps the sustainable development aims (economic, society and environment), fundamentally.

In the twenty-first century, the problem of the form and shape or how the city grows in space, consistent with the city's sustainability teachings, is one of the main concerns of urban experts and scientists. This concern in the form of urban dispersal growth has emerged in many cities as a major problem, and Tehran has not escaped this problem. Therefore, the present study attempts to prioritize influential forces during the ten-year period by examining the pattern of growth in Tehran's 22nd district. The identification of the region's growth pattern was carried out using the Shannon Entropy and Hellendron model, and the data of prioritization and identification of effective and influential forces were analyzed using the Analytic Network Process (ANP) and structural analysis model. Based on the obtained results, Shannon entropy model, district 22, has been scattered over 10 years. Based on the Heldron model, the effect of physical development of the region's growth was more than its population growth. Also, the findings show "land price increase” , "independence in decision making (public / private)" and "bourgeoisie and land market" are more important than other parameters. In this regard, the influential factors of the dispersed growth of Tehran's district 22 include "reduced physical activity", "soil degradation", "increased fuel and energy consumption", "pollution", "destruction of agricultural land", "the destruction of the ecosystem and wildlife” and “ rise in temperature".

New textures are not designed with regard to the identity of historical textures and this issue reveals the importance of paying attention to the promotion of identity in new textures, because scarcity or lack of this quality leads to the lack of human communication with the environment and the formation of an environment without meaning and association. Following the extraction of identity components from valid sources and field observation, the present article seeks to prioritize these components in identifying SaghariSazan as an old texture in Rasht. By so doing one can take steps to identify new spaces. Also, with regard to the fact that place identity is composed of an objective dimension and a mental dimension, the author was asked to consider, in the light of previous studies, the magnitude of the effect of each of the components of the mental or the objective of the identity of this texture. The research method is analytical-interpretive and has been done through field survey in a case study. In the first step, the components of the identity of the site were extracted from reliable sources and were extracted from the questionnaire. The data were analyzed through exploratory factor analysis. The variables were categorized in eleven factors explaining location identities. Then, with prioritizing identity based on the linear regression analysis, architectural solutions were proposed to enhance the identity of the premises in new spaces. Also, unlike previous studies, it was found that objective criteria were more effective in the identity of the studied tissue than the mental criteria. Finally, a conceptual model of the components obtained from the research was presented.

This research tried to study the influential factors on increasing a "sense of spirituality" in the interior of the mosques. The methodology in the first section is evaluated by reviewing the background and thematic literature regarding the "sense of spirituality"; a relation that promotes this sense in the interior of the mosques and in the second section, a survey and field study were done to prove the research hypotheses. So, the descriptive-survey method was used and the statistical sample includes 175 architecture experts selected through stratified random sampling method. Also, a questionnaire was distributed among the respondents after examining its validity and reliability. The data was analyzed through correlation, Kruskal– Wallis, one-way analysis of variance and Mann– Whitney in SPSS 21. The results showed that sensory factors (color, light, sound) and physical factors (form, geometry, motifs, and materials) were effective in increasing a "sense of spirituality" in the internal architecture of mosques. Also, there was a significant difference between gender and age on perceiving a "sense of spirituality” ; women experience a "sense of spirituality" sooner than men and older people.

Physical development of cities is a dynamic and continuous process with which the horizontal and vertical development happen. This development process leads to plenty of changes in physical features on the surface of the earth, released energy, air pollution, heat and as a result climate change in cities. One of the biggest threats in urban development which leads to urban climate change is heat island. This phenomenon arises from destroying the natural covering of the surface of the earth which gives its place to roads, buildings, factories, and other urban installations. This study is done based on the evaluation effectiveness of spatial distribution of population on urban climate change on heat island operation. For this aim, the evaluation effectiveness of spatial distribution in thirteen districts in Mashhad, entropy relative coefficient is used and then the highest level of heat island by using Oke Model is calculated. Results of hierarchical cluster analysis showed that there was a relative relationship between spatial distribution of population and the heat island intensity which in some districts is direct and in some others is reversed. A more exact study with Spearman Correlation Coefficient showed a direct relationship and absolute pure density of population with antecedent intensity of heat island.

Nowadays societies try to prepare some conditions to allow them to return to the pre-crisis condition in a case of a crisis. Recently, there has been an emphasis on endurance rather than vulnerability. Considering the probability of occurring earthquakes in Shiraz and the vulnerability of its historical textures, the present study is seeking to identify the effective factors on resilience of "Sang-e Siah" neighborhood and provide strategies to enhance the resilience of the neighborhood in the face of earthquakes. The nature of the research is practical, the kind is correlational descriptive, the method of collecting data is library and field research. SPSS and EXCEL were used for data processing. SWOT and QSPM techniques were used for analyzing data. The statistical population includes all residents of the neighborhood; the sample is 351 cases selected randomly. To measure resilience, a 4-dimensional model (social, economic, institutional, physical) was used with a combination of DROP and CBDM model. Results: the resilience rate of the Neighborhood is 49. 62. The physical dimension has the highest resilience with 60/1 and the economic dimension has the lowest resilience with 39/53. The indexes of "performance of institutions" and "amount of damage" are the most important factors; and the indexes of "attitude" and "access" are the least important ones. According to the results of "Pearson Correlation and Regression Analysis" and path analysis, there is a significant relationship between the components of "social, economic, institutional, physical" and resilience of Neighborhood. Furthermore, aggressive strategies were chosen as the best strategies for promoting the endurance of the neighborhood.

Setting of historical contexts of cities in all dimensions, as the legacy of our ancestors to the future generations has been associated with the historical-cultural values and displays a set of teachings in the collective wisdom of human beings throughout history. Hence, the abandonment of the historical sites circumvents the contemporary men from using wisely the past experiences and locating in the path of historical continuity which is the secret of the survival of any culture. On the one hand, the significance of present research refers to the value and importance of setting of historical context in Saheb-al-Amr Square as one of the architectural and urban spaces of Tabriz in the past. According to the experts, this collection is the re-start of presence of urban open spaces after three decades in terms of absence of these spaces in the municipal engineering of Iran cities. On the other hand, the significance relates to the abnormal body of the present situation in the mentioned work in contemporary era. The research’ s main purpose is to investigate the state of regeneration and in order to keep the sustainability as much as possible, in the modern body of Tabriz Saheb-al-Amr complex in terms of the features of the setting and the representation of regeneration strategies. The conceptual model is based on the descriptive-analytical research method, based on library studies in order to explain the concept of contextualization and to extract four major dimensions of contextualism including body-related, historical, socio-cultural and ecological dimensions as well as the intervention components and subcomponents of each dimension. After regulating the regeneration objectives at three large, medium and small scales based on field study, observation, and direct registration, the researcher analyzed the status quo of Saheb-al-Amr collection by means of SWOT table. In line with the large-scale objective and utilizing the contextualism approach for analyzing the revival condition, the results of the present study consist of the “ recommended strategies of revival” in four body-related, historical, socio-cultural and ecological dimensions through medium and small scale objectives in order to finally achieve a generality on “ revival condition” in this collection.