Year:2008 | Volume:- | Issue:36|Papers Count:14

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of physical activity level, cardiorespiratory fitness and plasma CRP between trained and untrained university students. 30 athlete students and 30 non-athlete students participated in this research as athletic and non athletic groups respectively. To determine plasma CRP and lipids level, blood sample was gathered in fast state at 8:00 A.M. Then, after 5 minutes of warm up, maximum oxygen uptake was measured through a 12 minute run/walk test in the two groups. CRP was measured by immunoturbidimetric method. Blood lipids (HDL-C, LDL-C, TC and TG) were measured by auto analyzer R1000 through Pars Azmoon specific kits. Results suggested that there is a significant difference in plasma CRP level between athlete (0.39 mg/dl) and non-athlete (0.33 mg/dl) student (P<0.01). There was no significant correlation between cardiovascular fitness and CRP level. There is a negative significant correlation between plasma CRP level and HDL-C, (r=0.27, P<0.05). Because about 40 percent of the subjects did not play ball and combat sports such as wrestling, judo, Boxing, Karate and tae kwon do, it is concluded that possibly because of microinjuries and chronic inflammations in these sports, athletes playing these types of sports have higher CRP level than non-athletes. It is possible that higher CRP in athletic group causes from such mechanism. Therefore, it is important to consider the type and level of mechanical tension in sports when interpreting the level of CRP in athletes and non-athletes.

The aim of this study was to investigate epidemiology of knee injuries in Iranian male professional soccer players. Information related to knee injuries were collected by interviewing injured athlete (Means±SD; 23±5.6 years, height 1.76±0.54 m, weight 74.8±6.2 Kg) and team physicians using a modified questionnaire. The results showed that 43 players out of 390 suffered from knee injuries. The anterior cruciate ligament was the most commonly injured ligament of the knee. There was a significant difference in incidence of injury between preferred and non-preferred leg (P=0.04). Most injuries occurred in the second half and commonly in final 15 minutes (P=0.002). Incidence of non-contact injuries was significantly higher than contact injuries (P=0.01). In conclusion, the incidence of knee injuries especially anterior cruciate ligament injury in Iranian professional soccer players is relatively high. More injuries in preferred leg and especially in the final 15 minutes of games should be more considered by team medical staff for preventing athletes from injury.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of task difficulty and the effectiveness of attentional instructions (baseline, internal and external) on balance task performance. Recent studies have shown that performer’s focus of attention plays an important role in the performance and learning motor skills, specifically when the task is novel and challenging for the performer. Forty eight students participated in this study and were divided randomly into two groups. Participants in each group performed three 15 balance tasks on a digital stabilimeter under each three conditions; without instructions, internal attentional focus, and external attentional focus. The results indicated that the performance of the difficult task group under external attentional focus was significantly better than other two conditions, while there wasn’t any significant difference in sway index among baseline, external instructions and internal focus conditions in each task group. It means that external focus will be more effective if the task is more challenging for performer. Therefore, the results indicate that the effectiveness of attentional focus as a learning variable depends on the difficulty of task.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a single bout of exhaustive endurance running at different environmental temperature on HSP72 response in active young females. 27 female physical education students were divided into three groups randomly; normal temperature training (NTG), moderate heat stress training (HTG) and non-exertion heating group (HG). Training protocol included incremental running to exhaustion performed at 65-75% VO2max on treadmill with 0% grade. The blood samples were gathered in baseline level, midtest and 30 min post exercise in the same conditions and after 12-14 hours of overnight fast. The centrifuged samples and serum were used to analyze control and main variances and a sandwich Elisa to determine HSP72 values and enzymatic assay for CK. The data were analyzed with repeated measures, variance analysis (ANOVA), independent T test, LSD post hoc and Scheffe at p<0.05. The results showed an increase in HSP72 in heat, exercise and heat/exercise and this difference was significant only in midtest and baseline level in HTG. In addition, the difference between NTG and HTG during exertion was significant (P= 0.02). These results suggest that physical exercise induce more HSP72 levels in hot environment than normal temperature.

The aim of this study was to determine motivational and hygienic factors of physical education in Tehran high schools based on Herzberg theory. 268 subjects were selected with random sampling method. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Independent sample t test were used for data analysis. It was found that age average of population was 40. About 60 percent was male and 40 percent female. The results showed that: There was a significant difference between male and female motivational factors. There was no significant difference between male and female hygienic factors. There was a significant correlation between motivational factors and job motivation and significant correlation between hygienic factors and job motivation. We could conclude that our results confirmed the first part of Herzberg theory but not the second part of his theory. Cultural, economical and social differences may affect motivation and motivational factors differ based on these differences.

The purpose of the present study was to kinematically analyze the fencing lunge in two groups of elite and novice athletes. Eight right-handed fencers (foil-male) were selected from Sharif University fencing team (Novice group, mean 21.5±1.3 years) and Iranian national fencing team (Elite group, mean 24±2.5 years) and tested in two different days following the installation of markers over the joints of the subjects. The lunge fencing of subjects was recorded using 3-high speed kinemetrix camera. The results showed that the elite group had a higher mean lunge length than the novice group (1.17±0.17 m vs. with 1.02±0.1 m). Studying the effective factors, it was noticed that in on guard position, the elite group inclined their bodies (0.117±0.04 m) towards their front legs more than novice group (0.051±0.03). Investigation of the angular motion of joints revealed that the initial knee flexion in elite group (mean 20 deg) was less than novice group (mean 38 deg) but their following extension (51±9 deg) was considerably larger (18±8 deg). The angular motion of the hip joints in the two groups was negligible except for the final lunge position. In contrast to the popular belief that the motion of armed hand and blade precedes the leg motion, it was observed that the armed hand and leg moved simultaneously in elite group. Our results emphasize the necessity to strengthen the quadriceps and hamstring muscles, in addition to observe motion pattern of the lower limbs to achieve a longer lunge.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of a secondary motor task during the acquisition of blocked versus random practice schedule of rifle shooting from the distances of 8, 11, 14 meters and the combination of these distances on 132 male students for 6 consecutive days. In this fully crossed factorial design (5 rifle shooting ´2 dart throwing), data were analyzed using SPSS:PC version 14. The results of analysis showed that dart throwing had no significant effect on the acquisition trial (P<0.05), but it had a significant effect on the retention trials (P=0.001). These findings were interpreted as the validity of the elaborative hypothesis considered in the literature.

The purpose of this study was to investigate leukocyte subsets redistribution after single and repeated bouts of concurrent endurance and resistance exercise. Eight physical education students (age 21±1.51 years, 74.25±8.85 Kg weight, 178.2±5.57 cm height) volunteered to participate in the present study. In a periodic design, subjects completed 3 experimental trials for 8 days. Trial one, control day; trial two, performing concurrent endurance (cycling for 45 min at 60% VO2max); resistance exercises (6 exercise in 3 sets and 8 repetitions with 80% 1RM for 45 min) in the afternoon and trial three, performing above protocols in the morning and afternoon. Blood samples were gathered immediately and 3 hours after exercises, while the subjects went on overnight fast (at least 12h). Then leukocytes were conted and the subsets (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils) were measured using Sysmex k-1000 cell counter. Data were analyzed by paired t test, analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post– hoc test. The differences were significant at P<0.05. The findings showed no significant differences in leukocytes count immediately and 3h after a single bout of exercise. But, an increase in leukocytes after repeated bouts of exercise were significant in comparison with pre exercise. It seems these variations are due to a significant increase in neutrophils and lymphocytes. Monocytes and eosinophils didn’t change significantly in neither of groups. According to obtained data, to prevent immune function disturbance, coaches should carefully consider the immune conditions while they are going to plan more than one session of exercise a day.

Marketing barriers of sport institutions are classified into two categories: internal and external. Regarding the significant role of sport institutions in achieving competitive advantages and superiority in championships, their internal marketing barriers are considered in this paper. This research is aimed at identifying internal marketing barriers of sport institutions and proposing some useful solutions accordingly. Internal marketing barriers of sport institutions include barriers related to management (5 factors), objective and strategy (3 factors), marketing system (6 factors), organizational culture (3 factors), human resource (3 factors), and structure (3 factors). In order to validate and determine resistance degree and importance/priority of the identified internal marketing barriers, more than 30 marketing and sport management experts were interviewed. The resistance degree (current situation) of internal marketing barriers of sport institutions was determined applying T-test priority of the barriers to be removed was determined through Freedman ranking test. Findings show that according to interviewed experts, professors and executives of marketing and sport management, all identified factors are regarded as internal barriers for marketing development in Iran sport institutions. All of them are critical and it is vital to remove the barriers in order to pave the way for promoting public and championships at national and international levels.

The main purpose of this research is to survey three different methods of variable practice in a skill learning. The research method was semi-experimental and the statistical population involves 100 subjects from Shahriyar primary schools of Karaj. They were randomly assigned to four 25 subject groups, 3 groups for variable practice programs and one as control. The 3 experimental groups were named A,B, and C group randomly. Diamond and weight of ball and distance from goal were manipulated in order to change practice parameters. Group A performed push pass kick from distances with ball size 4. Group B performed the kick from 15 distances with ball size 4, and group C performed the same as group B, but each of 20 kick with a different ball size, that is, 3, 4, and 5 sizes. Each subject had the opportunity of 60 trials per session, that is, 12 trials from 5 distances for group A. Group B had trials from 15 distances and kicked 4 kick from each distance. Group C performed 15 trials with one ball size, that is, 3, 4, and 4. The test was Mor-Christian Push Pass Test. Retention and transfer tests were given after 2 days. Significance was detected for the main effect of group, but for retention test only (a=0.95). No significant differences were found by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the main effect of group for transfer test (a=0.95).

The purpose of this study was to compare two groups of injured and non-injured athlete students, and to predict athletes who are more prone to injury via psychological characteristics. 169 male track and field athlete students with mean age of (22.7±3.7) were selected as the subjects. Based on the questionnaire, subjects were divided into two groups of injured (75 subjects) and non injured (94 subjects) athletes. The personal information questionnaire, Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2), Aysenk and research made questionnaires were used to collect the data. ANOVA, and analysis of differential were used to statistically analyze of the data. The results revealed significant differences in psychological characteristics between injured and non injured athletes (P<0.01). Based on the results of this study athletes who get 83 from 132 higher, and above are more prone to injury. Finally, researches suggest it may be possible to prevent injuries through planned psychological-based programs.

Results of researches show that P.E. classes by alone cannot come up with the supreme objectives in schools. Thus, managers should use other strategies to gain this goal. One is to improve and develop sport centers. But these centers, with problems, couldn’t satisfy managers’ goals during the previous years. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to present comprehensive situation of the sport centers concerning the objectives, structure and process of the activities and to compare them with the centers in other countries. The present research is descriptive and survey performed in field. A researcher-made questionnaire for managers, coaches and the sport center member students were used to gather information. The questionnaires were distributed randomly and by cluster in nine provinces. The research statistical university were all male and female managers (2258) and coaches (121542) as well as students (411855) who were the sport center members during 1383-84 academic year. The results showed 1. The general management knowledge of managers and awareness of management prince, the balance between coaches’ activity and their wages, the space of the sport centers for schools are at middle level. 2. There are significant differences between managers and coaches’ views on necessary means and equipment for teaching sports, managers’ supervision over educational activities of the coaches, the P.E. managers for providing necessary sport means and equipment. The presence of the necessary means and equipment for the school sport center activity.