Year:2003 | Volume:- | Issue:17|Papers Count:16

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fatigue program on the electrical activity of VMO and VL in closed kinetic chain. For this purpose, 23 male non-athletes were selected regarding the following factors (age 21±1/8, weight 66±10, and height 174±8). Firstly, by installing bipolar electrodes on motor point of VMO and VL, the electrical activity of the muscles in normal state was recorded in 0-15-30-45-60-75 and 90 degrees of angle by (PROCOMP) biofeedback machine. With completing pre-fatigue phase, after 5 minutes of activity with 30 repetitions of going up and down from desk to 50 cm height per minute, the electrical activity of muscles was recorded. The results showed that: The electrical activity ratio of VMO: VL showed a significant difference in the angles of varies in closed kinetic chain. In angles near to or with full extension of knee, the VMO: VL activity is more than 1:1. For this reason, these angles are more useful; gradually, with an increase in angle, the ratio is decreased from 1:1 as in 90-angle to the lowest ration. In other words, benefits of this ratio were for VL muscle. So, as the result of fatigue, kinetic has been limited from 0-60 to 0-45 degrees. The effect of fatigue on electrical activity ratio of VMO & VL was not significant in closed kinetic chain of knee. The comparison of electrical activity of VMO: VL muscles mean before and after fatigue, did not show any significant difference and we can understand that fatigue has not any effect on muscle activity pattern and intervention in extensors mechanism for quadriceps. Therefore, patellofemoral pain syndrome can not be secondary to muscle fatigue.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of one session of progressive aerobic exercise on innate immune system of young and adult athletes. For this purpose, 15 young athletes with mean age of 14.33±1.30, and 15 adult athletes with mean age of 24.15±1.08, volunteerly participated. The progressive aerobic exercise (Bruce protocol) was executed to the point of exhaustion. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and one hour after the exercise. The statistical analysis used in this study was the analysis of variance with repeated measures (R-ANOVA). The result indicated a significant relationship between different phases of blood sampling. The post hoc (LSD) test was also used to find the significant differences between each pair of phases (at P<0.05). The result also showed that progressive aerobic exercise is a suppressor factor to immune system in young and adult athletes, and changes in immune system components of blood in young and adult athletes were similar, except for neutrophils and leukocytes.

The purpose of this study is a comparison between the Function of foreign and Iranian coaches of national football "A" teams, the number of official and non-official matches each one coached, and their achievements. The methodology of this study is a historical research and the data regarding is analyzed. All Iranian and foreign coaches are considered as samples of this study. As a result, foreign coaches got 55.4% regarding winning and Iranian coaches 51%. But with regard to losses, the Iranian coaches got 22.7% against 25% for foreign coaches. The ratio of win to loss for Iranian coaches, with a small difference to that of foreign coaches, is higher (2.246>2.216). So, the task of Iranian coaches is better. Another task indicator to assess coaches is leading the national "A" team to final stages of World Cup, Olympic, Asian cup and Asian Games Championship. Therefore, Iranian coaches, function, in comparison that with that of foreign coaches, has been better and they acted more successfully.

Prolonged exercise increases plasma insulin growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) in response to a decline in plasma insulin and glucose. In a previous study, it was speculated that factors of exercise per se might also regulate IGFBP-1 secretion, as values increased despite euglycaemia under carbohydrate feeding. Therefore, to determine the effect of exercise per se on circulation of IGFBP-1, the present study undertook prolonged exercise during hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic clamps. Eight trained male cyclists cycled at 70% VO2max for 120 min on two separate occasions under either an intravenous glucose clamp (G) at 10 mmol/l, or a glucose (10 mmol/l) and insulin clamp (GI) at 40 mU/sqm/min. Fasting venous blood samples taken at rest both before and after clamp and also during exercise were analyzed for IGFI, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 using specific radio immunoassay. Plasma glucose was maintained at 10 mmol/l in both trials. Plasma insulin averaged 32±7.3 and 102±16.6 mU/ml during exercise in G and GI trials respectively. Plasma IGFBP-1 was not changed 30 min after either clamps, but significantly decreased after 60 min and 120 min exercise in both trials (P<0.001). It would appear from these findings that the high levels of exogenous glucose and insulin completely suppress IGFBP-1 secretion during the exercise and/or enhance IGFBP-1 clearance from the circulation. We conclude that insulin is the primary regulator of IGFBP-1 and that there is no effect of exercise on IGFBP-1 regulation.

23 male employees in Azad Islamic University of Boroujerd were examined on coronary risk factors. The comparison of results with the standards showed that ratio of weight to height is at an optimum level. Body mass index and body fat percent showed that they were fat: VO2 max and other blood risk factors were at a good level. The comparison of the active employees with the unactive ones showed that total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, weight, body mass index and the body fat in the unactive employees are significantly higher that those in active ones. VO2max is significantly high in the active group. The other blood risk factors and blood pressure during rest and exercise showed no difference between the two groups.

The Purpose of this research was to determine the amount of %BF, BMI and WR as well as their relationship among women over 15 in Tehran. For this purpose, 540 Volunteer women age between 15 and 70 were selected in 8 groups, considering their age to select the samples. Weight, height, waist and hip girth, tricep and calf skinfold of subjects were measured. To determine BMI, WHR&%BF the results showed: 1. The average of %BF, BMI and WHR in subjects were %35.5, 24.47 kg/m2 and 0.90 respectively. 2. There was a strong relationship between %BF and BMI in subjects (=0.616). 3. There was a medium relationship between %BF and WHR in subjects (r=0.311). 4. There was a medium relationship between BMI and WHR in subjects (r=0.347).

The purpose of this study is to investigate the students' goals regarding their ‎attendance in PE classes in junior high schools, and high schools in Rasht. For this ‎purpose, 455 students (264 male, 191 female) aged between 11 and 19, were ‎randomly selected from these schools. To measure the individual development, ‎environmental coping, and social interaction goals, the purposes to engage in physical ‎activity scale (PEPAS) was used. Mary Steinhardt, Ann Jewett; and Marie Mullan ‎designed this questionnaire (1985). After translating it, consulting with ten faculty ‎members as a pilot study, and by using test method, the reliability of the questionnaire ‎was estimated (r=95%). The data was analyzed, using SPSS computer program and ‎chi-square test (P<0.05). The results of this study indicated that the priorities of the ‎main goals in all students are respectively; individual development, social interaction ‎and environmental coping. Priorities of trivial goals are respectively psychological ‎balance, physiological efficiency, cultural involvement, group communication and ‎interaction, spatial orientation, and object manipulation. The difference between ‎priorities of 3 main goals among students was significant‏.‏

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of glutamine supplement on ‎changes in levels of plasma glutamine and immune factors in an athlete group. ‎Subjects of the research were 20 wrestler, between aged 19 and 22, randomly divided ‎in to control and test groups. They took part in training program of 16 sessions of ‎exercise. The test group used the supplement and the control group used the placebo. ‎Before the program the blood samples of subjects were taken to determine the level of ‎plasma glutamine and concentration of louchocytes, lymphocytes and nutrophils. At ‎the end of the first session of training and also before and after 16th session of ‎training, blood samples were gathered. Subjects trained every day for 90 min and used ‎the supplement or placebo at the end of the exercise. The collected data, were ‎analyzed with ANOVA single factor (α=0.05). The result showed that the level of ‎plasma glutamine after. The exercise in the 1st and 16th session reduced in control ‎groups (P<0.01), but remind near to the rest level in test group. Changes of immune ‎factors were similar in two groups. The rest level of glutamine at the end of training ‎program reduced in control groups. The rest level of glutamine at the end of training ‎ program reduced in control group (P<0.001) and increased in test group. It does not ‎appear that use of glutamine may prevent changes in immune factors. This finding ‎does not reveal relation between reduced levels of plasma glutamine and immune ‎factors‏.‏

The purpose of the present study is a comparison between the effect of the presence of ‎male and female spectators on the results of basketball free throw shooting and pull-‎up. Subjects for this research were 15 members of Gilan University basketball team ‎with 2 years of experience in basketball. They were studying in Gilan University in ‎‎2001-2002. Spectators were 40 male and female students from Gilan University. They ‎were randomly selected to view the athletes performance passively. The subjects ‎performed basketball free throw shooting and pull-up in 5 separate sessions. In the ‎first session each subject performed his tests alone, in the second session in the ‎presence of coactors, in the third session in the presence of coactors & female ‎spectators, in the fourth session in the presence of coactors & male spectators and in ‎the fifth session in the presence of coactors & male and female spectators. Analysis of ‎variance (ANOVA) was used for data statistical analysis. Findings showed that the ‎differences between 5 groups were significant. To determined a significant ‎differences between 2 means Turkey-HSD test was used and the findings of the ‎research showed that: The difference of mean of subjects performance of basketball ‎free throw that: The difference of mean of subjects performance of basketball free ‎throw shooting between 2 groups either in the presence of female spectators & male+ ‎female spectators was significant (P<0.05). The means between subjects performance ‎of pull-up skill between 2 groups either alone or in the presence of female spectators ‎was significant 9P<0.05). So, findings of this research indicate that the presence of ‎spectators always facilitate subjects performance of pull-up skill and spectators have ‎different effects on the performance of basketball throw shooting‏.‏