Daneshvar Medicine: Basic and Clinical Research Journal
Year:2002 | Volume:9 | Issue:39|Papers Count:17

The causality is a basic and living issue of philosophy and philosophers have dealt with it in details but Ebn Arabi as a mystic has no obligation to discuss this matter independently because the object of mysticism is monotheism and monotheist-i.e., perfect human being. Therefore, we must search his words and gather their consequences to write on this matter. In this article which aims at determining the Ebn Arabi’s view about acceptance or rejection of the causality, so this manner is followed. That is why we refere to his most important books i.e. Fotuhat Makkiyeh and Fosus Al-hikam and also his commentators writings such as Geisari Jami and Sharani. After gathering the statements about the causality) analyzing, classifying and extracting the rational - logical consequences of them) the finding is that Ebn Arabi rejects any kind of causality in the nature (Alame Shahadah) but he accepts the causality between God (Hag) and creature (khalg) although he calls it emanation, manifestation and determination.

After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, islamization of the all bases of the Islamic .systemwas a prevalent thoughtwhich was revealedas a cornerstone of the society.Accordingly, establishment of the Islamic Judicial system, based on Islamic jstic which consists of judges who are both just and knowledgeable with respect to all Islamic provisions, which has been provided as a main object in Iranian constitutionl law. Consequently, the .first legislation of the newly established Islamic system, i.e. the Islamic Revolution council made velY important changes in hoth substantive and fromal laws. This trend has been continued by the Islamic parliament after being ,stablished.Unfortunately the changes with respect to formal provisions of law particularly on the ground of principals of the criminal procedure and juditial review of the courts decisions have been so deep and imprecise as ths legislator who has to pass a new law with completely different and opposite contents, very soon after any change the situation has been continued up to now and still the legislator does not follow any spesific and stable priniciple with regard to the foregoing changes.Sometimes the law passed by the parliament considers judicial review ofa courts decision against the unlawfull while later on the parliament may change the law so as it legalize such a review of the aforegoing decision in a way that one may think it is improbably of a court to pronounce a binding verdict. Accordingly, it is necessmy to clarify whether these changes are in accordance with common law and whether in which circumstances a court~sdecision may be quashed.On this bases, firstly article trys to distinguish between the judges under the cammon law and those who work in the ministy of justice and second to discuss the issue of the reveiw orland quashing of a judge"s decision under the Imamian school of law to ,find out clear and basic principals of this school concerning the aforesaid issues.Finally, the article will compare these principals with the provisions of the law at current status to indicate that any change concerning of criminal proccedure after Islamic Revoltion wasbased on mimnden-tading of the principals of the Imamian school of law. Passing various legislations by the parliament is a clear evidence in this respect and Islamic jurisprodence not only agrees with the review of unlawfull decsitions of a court but also agrees with other principals on this basis.

This article is based on analytical research method. The data have been collected through library studies and field research; and inductive reasoning has been used to analyze them.Samples have been taken from 30% of vice chancellors of research in universities and also presidents of research centers in Iran.The hypothesis of this research is based on role of the mangers of research centers in reinforcing and/or preventing the researchers.To verify the hypothesis, identification of effective factors that help to enhance the quality and quantity of research as well as identification of the most preventive factors and policy making methods have been focused.Noticeable specification of this survey is looking into research management from the viewpoint of managers themselves who mostly are the faculty members and researchers, too.The result of study affirms the hypothesis and emphasizes the necessity of structural advancement of management methods and procedures in universities and research centers.

Deficiency in legislators expression, in ascertaining the senses of illicit action and it’s punishment, clearly, has faced execution of this article to numerous problems.Legislator by incorrect interpretation of principle 167 of constitutional law and generalization of permission of reference to source of islamic jurisprudence in criminal law suits creation of criminal titles and ascertaining of punishment has broken the principle of legality of crime and punishment. To rely on this principle, creation of crime and punishment is exclusive authority of legislative power.Reference to sources of islamic jurisprudence, the distinction of senses of illicit action and ascertaining of punishment for these actions, automatically leads to creation of crime and punishment, and this affair is contrary to the principle of separation and independence of powers and principle of legality. Islamic jurisprudence legislation concerning to illicit actions, so long as they have not been approved and declared in the frame of statutes have no legal credit and execution ability in courts. Also on the basis of islamic law, the mentioned legislations have not passed through trilateral stages of religious commandments (legislation, inference, declaration) and also principles of exemption and allowance confirm that individuals in face of religious commandment which have not expressed in cl1minal status, have not any responsibility, and regarding to unknown obligations in this article, relying on the rule of indecency of punishment without expression, execution of punishment is indecent. The ambiguity of mentioned article, allows the judges violate the individuals rights and freedom by strict interpretation. In this research, has been tried by reference to the sources of islamic law, principles of constitutional law and criminal law and doctrine, to consider the style of legislator criminalization and advise if the legislator intends to present illicit action as an offence, senses oj this title must be stated clearly and expressively in this article, and before its correction, it is necessary for judges to assist principle of legality and rely on the principle 37 of constitutional law, sentence to innocence of accused.

Baba Tahir is one of the frenzied poets of Persian literature. As a matter of fact, he was a pious and recluse person who had no relationship with rulers and powerful people in the courts, he preferred contentment and simple living to luxury and easygoing, the poet’s suffice isolation caused the history of his life to be hidden behind the coverings of vagueness. Baba Tahirs quatrains are quite simple, yet they are sensational and full of vexations.His poems audiences are the common people, and the language of his poems is the language of ordinary people. In this article, God, Man, and Nature would be investigated in Baba Tahirs quatrains from different perspectives.

Baba Tahir is one of the frenzied poets of Persian literature. As a matter of fact, he was a pious and recluse person who had no relationship with rulers and powerful people in the courts, he preferred contentment and simple living to luxury and easygoing, the poet’s suffice isolation caused the history of his life to be hidden behind the coverings of vagueness. Baba Tahir’s quatrains are quite simple, yet they are sensational and full of vexations. His poem’s audiences are the common people, and the language of his poems is the language of ordinary people In this article, God, Man, and Nature would be investigated in Baba Tahir’s quatrains from different perspectives.

According to the findings of the research, the average depression in secondary students of 4th grade is higher than the other educational grades. This depression has also a relation with the variable of the kind of school. profit, state and selective schools while the highest is observed amongن The least depression is seen among the students of non the students of Shahed and Isargar school. Every moment, about 15-20 percent of the adult population of a society may show different symptoms of severe depression, having access to the degree of the prevalence and the etiology of depression has been the main goal of this study. To reach the aim, among the 14715 students (boys) of the secondary schools of Ardebil, 967 students were chosen as a sample group of the study from ten state, sample state, sample popular, non profits, Shahed and Isargar schools. Then the Beck depression test (interrogative from number 21) and the question are on individual characteristics (researcher made provided by researcher was performed in groups to get information about the degree of the prevalence of depression among them and the ability to recognize the cases of depression, needed psychotherapic services for them. The results of the study showed that at least 26 percent of the students who participated in the study, had moderat and higher degrees of depression, and a very low percent had referred to therapeutic centers (31 persons).

This research has focused on job satisfaction. Bearing in mind that some research hypothesis and satisfaction of research samples measured by a researcher-made questionnaire.Rate of satisfaction considered as a factor and divided into six sub scales:compensation, administrative rules, the job, colleagues, supervisory and physical conditions. So the targets and items of the questionnaire were made on measurement of workers job conditions, effective individual, job and organizational factors on satisfaction.336 persons were selected through a random sampling and their satisfactions were measured, and at the end two independent groups and one T-group were recognized through T-parametric test. Also for measuring the satisfaction and understanding effective factors on it, a one-way variance analysis was made, and became clear, so that factors like sex and education have no effects on satisfaction of the given samples, whereas permanent employment increase the rate of satisfaction than the sub scales such as administrative rules, supervisory and work conditions; high satisfaction of the job and colleagues, but as far as compensation was raised the satisfaction was low.

The trend of Social Changes toward the civil society has been accompanied with the establishment of Non-governmental organizations (NGOs). To institutionalize the people participation, the fight against poverty, the environment preservation, and the reduction of government intervention are the major functions of NGOs. Growth and development of this sector in every country are impressed by the bureaucratic, political, and Legal structures. In Iran, despite the long history of traditional popular organizations and their functions, NGOs in the new sense have not expanded properly. Based on the results of our research, NGOs are facing some major structural obstacles, and those which are growing and developing better and faster, have some influential members to handle the obstacles.

"Mysticism" refers to the connection of the truth and perceiving it through deliberation and insight. It is achieved by worship, servitude and undergoing mortification. Contrary to the rationalists, the Gnostics that rely on finding the truth by enthusiasm and intuition. This method of acquiring wisdom and insight has been in vogue for a long time. It"s primary form can be found in ancient religions such as "Totemisme", "Animism" or "Nirvana" and also in "Budism" which is conformed with our annihilation in Islamic mysticism. There are, however, some contradictions and dissimilarities between the prevailing beliefs and instructions of various mystical religions. Nevertheless, careful observation reveals that the similarities are more than the differences. The belief in the possibility of perceiving the truth through illumination or spiritual insight, which is practical by forsaking the superficial formalities and by resorting to mortification and asceticism is the foundation of mysticism. In other words, its basis is on attention of mysticism. In other words, its basis is on the attention of the inner world. The same principle underlies the new philosophies of the modern world and European societies. In this regard, a lot of books and literature exist from the ancient times and also many great men have appeared who have created a lot of works during their short lifes that have led to their fame and reputation in the world. One of these well – known men is "sheikh Abdolkarim ebn Havazen ebn Abdolmalek ebn Thalhe Neishabouri" known as "Abolghasem" fifth century A.H. He was a great man and leaded in Khorasan who was highly honoured by Soltan (king) "Albarsalan Saljuoghi". His word, "Ghoshirieh pamphlet", was composed in Arabic which is the biographies and speeches of the great mystics and Gnostics, It was translated twice; once by one of his students named Alosmain which is in the British Musium. Next it was translated by the late professor and writer. This articl elaborates on this pamphlet. In "Seyed Mohammad Hossein Gisuderaz cheshti in 1361 A.H.

Jacques Derrida introduced deconstruction as a skeptical approach with deconstructing the text to show it, dichotomies and internal contradictions, that appear as really. This article deconstructs Moses – Elias’s dialogue in Koran from the point of view of Koran’s interpreter and Moses – Shepherd’s dialoge in Masnavi as it is read by critiques. After Masnavi some stories such as "The lion and the rabbit" and "The Merchant and the parrot" are also deconstructed the Moses - Elias narration that appears in Koran on a dialogical foundation and the interpreters approach it from a deconstructionist perspective to elaborate and explain it. Meybodi’s Kashforasrar explicitly and obviously pricileges Moses and his questions to Elias and his answers. Mowlana refers to this dialogue in Masnavi on the basis of its dialogical structure. Another structure crammed in Masnavi on the basis of Tariga (Sufi’s way) / Shariat (Religious way) and love / wisdom is Moses – Shepherd’s dialogue that the reader can deconstruct hermeneutically. The Sheperd in his personal experience turns to metaphysics and spiritual world and the prophet appears as an authority to detect his language like his soul and gives a sound interpretations to his internal experience.

One leading question in discussion of "Roughness Theories" is:Do the human beings naturally rough?In this paper, the relationship between nature and roughness has been briefly tried to clarifyfrom the viewpoint of Nahjolbalaghe.1- Nahjolbalaghe knows that the nature of human being is brimful of monotheism 2-ImamAli (peacebeuponhim) dissimulates not only roughness in nature but also refrains using for in government and sovereignty.3- Government and sovereignty must have completely concentration on retaliation, killing, harshness and briefly incisiveness against the violations and infringements of the people"s rights by the condition of consideration and attention for justice.

The concept of legitimacy is considered a key concept of the modern political thought. The discussion about it has always entailed warning about impending crisis within the political system. Legitimacy is a social prerequisite for stability and an efficiency of the political system, when once lost, the political system will no longer be able to perpetuate itself. Political legitimacy has been defined as the emotional and rational acceptance of the fundamental rules of power by the citizens. The acceptance of emotional aspect is identified by the commitment of the citizens to the political system and the rational aspect is identified by people"s acceptance which the rules are in their own interest. An analysis of political legitimacy emphasizes the influence of the two factors (characteristics of the political system and citizenry) on the political legitimacy citizenry characteristics which include the political confidence variable, political participation, a sense of political justice and value orientations. The characteristics of the political system include accountability, performance, procedural fairness, distributional fairness. The proposed model introduces the citizenry characteristics as the untrammeled variables and the political system characteristics as the extra model variable which set the structural ground for political legitimacy. The proposed model of legitimacy was used as a basis of empirical research in surveys in three Iranian cities. Predicted relations between variables in the proposed model were empirically tested and evaluated by the path analysis. The results of path analysis of the legitimacy indicate that empirical data support the proposed mode significantly.