Research Journal of Literary Schools
Year:2018 | Volume:2 | Issue:4 |Papers Count:6

It has not been a long time that post modernist approach has been utilized in the creation and analysis of the contemporary literary fiction. In this context, the literary artifacts of such authors as Reza Barahani, Shahrnoush Parsipor, Aboutorab Khosravi, to name a few, are well worth mentioning. Regarding the history of emergence of post-modernist as a movement in field of literary fiction, it is evident that the works of such fiction practitioner pioneers as Sadegh Choobak are out of such a circle. However, the authors of the present research intend to ascertain that Choobak’ s Sange Sabour can be deemed as one the few fictional works that potentially posses such elements and can be criticized and analyzed in the light of wide arrays of critical theories notably the post modernist approach. Sadegh Choobak’ s Sange Sbour possesses several of such post modernist qualities as ontological content, metafiction, polyphony, intertextuality, parody, paranoia, fragmentation, spatial-temporal disruption and so forth. As such, first, the post modernist qualities are to be delineated in literary fiction and then based on the textual clues such elements are traced, highlighted and then analyzed.

Fantastic Realism is the border line between Realism and Fantasy. From this stand point, it embraces the features of both realism and fantasy. Therefore, much like realism whose features and boundaries are required to be well delineated, the features and definitions of fantasy and its kinds can help a more precise understanding of this literary methodology. The present study, in order to have a further understanding of the meaning of realism, explores the meaning and kinds of fantastic realism which makes it resemble fantasy, revealing their common features. In this context of fantastic literature, fantastic literature from Todorov’ s point of view, wonderful (uncanny) stories from Freud’ s point of views and fantasy from Jackson share more commonality with fantastic literature. Fantastic realism creates an ambiance, plot and dialogues in which there is a psychological and ideological tinge of doubt and uncertainty as it was the case with Dostoevsky’ s novels. The findings of the present research prove the presence of doubt, hesitation and fear in such works. The present study examines each of such literary genres, their relationship with fantastic literature, and the analysis of the novel Az Rage Har Take Dashte Sayeha by Khosrou Hamzavi in the light of fantastic literature with a descriptive-analytical methodology.

Re-reading is a targeted and oriented reading by a reader and interpreter who attempts to analyze and re-read a text or message in the light of a concept or a specific theory. Since the mind and language in Akhavan Sales’ s poetry opened a bright window to the past of Iran with all of its historical, political and cultural rise and fall, the present research is primarily concerned with the concept of national identity as one of elements of Classicism and its representation in his poetry. Identity means one’ s or a group’ s definition of self and whoness of self in contrast to “ other” and a sense of belonging to a material and spiritual collection whose elements have already been shaped. National identity, which is the most prevalent and legitimate level of identity in social system, is defined as the sense of responsibility and dependency to a society. System of beliefs, values, norms and such cultural institutions as language, religion, traditions and literature, are included in this definition. The author’ s main concern in broaching such a subject is the examination of Akhavan’ s unique role in shaping the concept of national identity in Iran’ s contemporary poetry. Akhavan’ s poetry in Pahlavi I and II eras was in accordance with current policies of the ruling class as well as majority of the intellectuals of the time who in one form or another pretended a devotion to Iranian and national identity; for this reason, according to values and norms of those years his poetry stresses such concepts as myths, nationalism, archaism, nostalgia, protection of national and cultural borders, Iranian ethnicity, and fighting against enemies’ destructive invasions.

The advent of Constitutionalism in Iran was the outcome of a paradigmatic shift in the worldview when contacted with western culture and literature. During the post-constitutional period the rise of journalism and translation of European works opened a new horizon before the men of letters. The reception of translations by journals and magazines during the Pahlavi I and II became increasingly exciting, boosting the growth of modernity. The western literary schools are the results of Enlightenment and its ontological shift. However, Iranians’ acquaintance with such new shifts had neither their philosophical backgrounds and social contexts nor their chronological order as it was with them in their birth places; that is why, such shifts have not manifested coherently and uniformly in our contemporary poetry. Nima’ s collection of poetry in which different perspectives eclectically converged is an example par excellence. Manouchehr Atashi, a poet of the second generation of Nima-based poetry, was active in three fields of poetry, translation and criticism. The present research with a descriptive-analytical methodology aims to explore this eclecticism in Atashi’ s poetry. The findings demonstrate that Atashi’ s poetry basically enjoys a mixture of literary schools; that is to say, some Romantic elements in lyric poetry, climactic elements (local and urban) in realistic poetry and some social symbolic dispositions are reflected in his protest poetry. Nevertheless, from the second phase of his poetry, the frequency of Romantic themes is going up.

The school of Romanticism, as a sociological, intellectual and artistic school which emerged at late of the 18th c., influenced the literature of other nations, notably Iran. The signs of such an influence on different Persian works are traceable from the Constitutionalism. Bijan Najdi is one of authors who has a romantic point of view when dealing with different issues. By mixing poetry and fiction and making much use of poetic elements and emotional contents, he invented a new style. The concern of the present research is a romantic reading his short stories with a descriptive-analytic methodology. The findings of the present research indicate that among the different elements of Romanticism, Bijan Najdi focused mostly on naturalism, love, past, sorrow and disappointment, and dreams. Furthermore, the renunciation of industry and urban civilization and favoring flora and fauna and transferring emotions and feelings from characters to nature are other naturalistic characteristics of Bijan Najdi’ s short stories. Love in his short stories dominated the reason of his characters and they love man, nature and animals. To gain emancipation from sorrow, he takes refuge in past— youth and teenage. Some of his characters also to escape from the bitters facts of life take refuge in dream, objectifying their unfulfilled desires. On the other hand, in Bijan Najdi’ s short stories such fictional elements as words, images, tone and ambiance possess an organic unity, suggesting an effective romantic perspective.

One of the best examples of interaction among different human achievements and the impact of a scientific theory on the other fields of knowledge is the impact of Sigmund Freud’ s psychoanalysis on new psychoanalysis as well as Surrealist artists. Among different works published in Iran which were concerned with the literary school of Surrealism, the concept of unconscious caught the attention of most of artists and men of letters. The primary concern of the present research is with the science of psychology and psychoanalysis. It also aims to stress on the role and effects of findings Freud’ s and other practitioners on the field of literature and art. It is a qualitative and inter-disciplinary research based on content analysis, emphasizing on the psychological and psychoanalytical aspects. In so doing, based on the psychological and psychoanalytical sources, it strove to study and analyze such issues as desire, repressed desires, depth of unconscious, unconscious thought, and their role in the literary and artistic school of surrealism. The most important achievement of the research is the effects of such concepts as free association of meaning, interpretation of dream, unconscious, artificial sleep and writing, slip of tongue, repression and the creation of artistic and literary artifacts from an illogically emotional and taste sources.