Daneshvar Medicine: Basic and Clinical Research Journal
Year:2009 | Volume:16 | Issue:79|Papers Count:11

Background & Objective: There are over 3 million mental retarded all over the world. So that promotion of oral and dental health of these patients is one of the major challenges in every society. This study was conducted to determine the periodontal treatment needs for these patients in Tabriz institutes.Materials & Methods: Three hundred and eighty six mental retarded patients between 4 to 22 years old residing in Tabriz institute were selected (191 male and 195 female). Disability severity and intelligence quotient (IQ) were evaluated regarding the history of the periodontal needs were amended by CPITN index. T-test, chi-square and Mann-Whitney test were used for data analysis.Results: Difference of Mean between male and female was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Absolute distributions of sever, moderate and mild retardation 120, 215, 51. Relationship between IQ and periodontal need score WAS statistically significant (p<0.05). Treatments need score for 87 samples were TN0 and for 113 samples was TN1. 144 samples had score and rest of the sample had TN3 score.Conclusion: Severity of mental retardation and disability in these patients has direct significant correlation with periodontal state and treatment needs.

Background & Objective: Nowadays breast cancer is one of the most causes of female mortality. Mammography is a valuable method for early detection of breast cancer. Mammographic sensitivity depends on some factors such as age, breast tissue density, menopausal status, systemic disease, familial history of breast cancer and others. This study was designed to compare the effects of two regimens of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on mammographic density.Materials & Methods: 110 postmenopausal women under hormone replacement therapy who had been referred to the service of mammography were selected. On the basis of type of HRT, women were divided into two groups: 1) Continuous conjugated estrogen plus daily medroxy progesterone acetate (80 cases) and 2) daily conjugated estrogen plus sequentially medroxy progesterone acetate 2 weeks per month (30 cases). All of the women had a baseline mammogram before the onset of HRT which was comparing with control mammograms during treatment.Results: Control mammograms reveals increased breast density in 45% of the first group members and in 13.3% of the other group, which was statistically significant (p<0.05).Conclusion: Hormone replacement therapy can increase mammographic density which is more prominent with continuous and daily estrogen and progesterone regimens.

Background & Objective: We study Surrogacy validation of Th1 and Th2, when the true endpoint is Long-term Skin Effects of Exposure to Mustard Gas based on “Martyrs and Veterans Affair” assignment.Materials & Methods: This study is a part of Sardasht-Iran cohort study. 327 chemical victims of sulfur mustard from Sardasht and 128 controlled, totally 500 persons, are studied.Results: Trial-Level surrogacy validation of “IL2 Mitogen, IFN-g Mitogen-Nill, IFN-g Mitogen, IL2 Mitogen - Nill” are more than %80. Individual -Level surrogacy of these factors are not enough.Conclusion: Based on our analysis, At the trial-level, we can expect that effects of Exposure to Mustard Gas on skin in Long time (based on “Martyrs and Veterans Affair” assignment) be translated into effects of Exposure to Mustard Gas on each of “IL2 Mitogen, IFN-g Mitogen - Nill, IFN-g Mitogen, IL2 Mitogen - Nill” factors, with these factors being easier to interpret clinically. At the individual-level surrogacy we don’t find any relationship between the two endpoints, conditioning upon Mustard exposure

Background & Objective: The aim of this study was of determine the age at menarche and it’s relation to body structure (weight, height and BMI) and socioeconomic status.Materials & Methods: This is an analytic, descriptive (cross sectional) study that has been done on 236 female students of Secondary schools who had menstruated for the first time in the last two months before the performance of the study. The sampling was done randomly based on purpose of the study and the required information was gathered through some inquiries including demographic data from subjects and their parents and some characteristics of their first menstruation. The evaluation of weight, height and BMI also was done. The subjects were grouped in to three socioeconomic statuses and were evaluated.Results: Findings indicates that age at menarche was 13.1±1.81 (years), the average height at that time was 153±5.66 (cm), the average weight was 44.62±8.06 (kg) and the BMI was 18.87±3.17 (kg/m2). In this study there was no meaningful relation between weight and BMI with the age at menarche but the relation between height and menarche was meaningful. This study also showed there was not significant difference between three socio-economic status and age at menarche, weight, height, BMI and some menstrual characteristics.Conclusion: The menstrual age could be a good indicator of socio-economic development but as the social status differences decrease, the differences observed in monarchal age and body composition disappears. According to the results the physical characteristics are not good indicator for prediction of menarche.

Background & Objective: Chronic morphine consumption has a profound disturbing effect on central nervous system cased morphine dependence. Regarding to low efficacy of chemical drugs for relief of addiction, and with respect to recommendation of medicinal plant in new therapeutic medicine we use a most candidate herb Datura stramonum for this purpose.Materials & Methods: Animals were addicted with escalating morphine consumption in drinking water. Naloxone (2.5mg/kg, i.p) was injected for precipitating of pharmacological withdrawal syndromes. The signs were observed for 40 min after naloxone injection. Physiological withdrawal syndrome was followed 48 h after disruption of morphine consumption. In treatment groups the ED50 dose of each drug were applied to the animals during addiction period.Results: Our data show the dosage of 100 mg/kg of the extract close to effective dose (ED50). The grade physiological sign, ejaculation was significantly diminished by methadone and Datura seed consumption (p<0.05). Also, teeth chattering sign was markedly reduced in methadone and Raha groups (p<0.05). Also, the physiologic chocked sign diarrhea was markedly reduced by Datura seed and methadone. Pharmacological grade signs wet dog shakes and weight loss due to Datura seed and jumping sign by Datura seed, methadone and Raha were decreased more than control ones (Respectively p<0.05 and 0.01). However, ejaculation sign by methadone and Datura seed and teeth chattering signs by methadone, Datura seed and Raha were significantly relieved. In addition the pharmacological chocked sign diarrhea was more significantly diminished by Datura seed and methadone.Conclusion: The present study show regarding a little disperse effect of the extract comparison to methadone, meanwhile it have no significant effect on physiological withdrawal signs. However comparison of the effects of methadone and the extract on pharmacological withdrawal syndrome show the more potency of the extract on relief of the signs. Finally, the future investigation on effective components of the extract and its cell signaling pathways were recommended.

Background & Objective: Enuresis is the most common children disease second to allergic disease. This is international health problem and should be approached seriously. Although several factors involved for it, its' clear cause has not been determined. Several studies have demonstrated that Enuresis manifest it self with many behavioral and psychological disorder. It is considered as a disaster for the family. So, the survey of the affected children is of high importance and identifying factors related to Enuresis can clear the way for taking appropriate measure to solve this problem. In this regard, the survey was carried out to determine the factors related to Enuresis in children aged 6-12 years in Yazd city.Materials & Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 501 subjects assigned to experimental and control groups. After random sampling primary schools of Yazd city, experimental group were selected from children aged 6-12 years who were available in the primary school in Yazd, and the subjects in the control group were 251 healthy children with the same age and sex as the experimental subjects. The data were collected through interviewing the parent's of children, using questionnaire including personal and familial particulars, anxiety and depression in children based on diagnostic criteria DSM-IV.Results: The results of study showed, there was a correlation between positive family history (p<0.001), urinary tract infection history (p<0.001), depression (p<0.001), familial problem (p<0.001), family size (p<0.048) educational state of parents (p<0.001), and enuresis which was statistically significant. Also the result of study showed that 85.1% and 55.1% of children suffered from nocturnal primary Enuresis and 60.8% of the parents received no medical advice.Conclusion: It seems necessary to take extensive and effective measures to control factors which effect enuresis. Increasing knowledge and consultation for families and control of their psychosocial problem is mandatory.

Background & Objective: Heart failure is a clinical syndrome and increases in rate by aging. Because changes in ECG and electrolytes are variable, specific and sometimes independent to the disease with different methods to be diagnosed, in this study we tried to find a way to diagnose them.Materials & Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive-analytic study. Data was collected from decompensate heart failure patients with EF<40% admitted to one of the educational hospitals in Tehran from 1382-84 with analyzing ECG changes (at least 3 times), cardiac enzyme, blood glucose and serum electrolyte in their files. Patients with severe valvular heart disease were excluded from this study data was analyzed by SPSS 11.5.Results: 157 patients studied, mean age: 69.69±10 years, 54.8% men, 45.2% women, median of EF range was 30 ejection fractions was 30. 42.5% had normal heart rate (60-100). The changes were: Sinus tachycardia in 30.6%, abnormal (low) heart rate variation was present in 93.1% with no relation with EF. increased QT interval in 77.7% that had significant relation with EF (p<0.05), left axis deviation in 30.6%, left atrial enlargement in 58%, left ventricular hypertrophia in 50.3%, none of them had any relation with EF 7% had low voltage that had significant relation with EF. Poor-R progression in 25.5% and Q wave in 35% both had no relation with EF. In 79%, ST.T had changes with significant relation with EF (p<0.009). First degree A-V blocks in 26.8%, second in 1.3% & AF rhythm in 16.6% that all had no significant relation with EF. Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) in 20.4%, that had significant relation with EF (p<0.008), left bundle branch block in 15.9% that had significant relation with EF (p<0.001). LDH in 59.1%, CPK in 9% and CK-MB in 19.3% were increased. 44.2% had abnormal fasting blood glucose at the time of admission. Abnormal sodium level in 20.6% and abnormal potassium level in 15.7% was present.Conclusion: In a vast majority of patients in this study, we detected different ECG changes such as atrial and ventricular hypertrophia, ST-T change, sinus tachycardia and … some according to the severity of heart failure, some not. So it seems that paying attention to the ECG changes is helpful in diagnosing & prognosis assessment of patients with heart failure.

Background & Objective: Knowledge of allele groups and specific alleles present in individuals has important implications in organ and stem cell transplantation and in disease association studies. In organ transplantation application of molecular HLA typing allowed to improve typing quality, leading to a more precise matching assessment with better clinical outcomes. In this study, we have developed the reverse Dot-Blot (RDB) hybridization technique as a rapid and simple method for detection of HLA-DRB1*01 group alleles.Materials & Methods: For high-resolution typing of HLA-DRB1*01 group alleles, we performed amplification of the alleles of this group using allele-specific primers. Productive DNA amplification occurs if an allele perfectly be complementary to the two primers chosen is present. This technique is often referred to as PCR-SSP. Then for specific discrimination between these alleles (HLA-DRB1*0101, 0102, 0103, 0104), we hybridized PCR product, labeled with biotinylated primers during the amplification, with spots of immobilized probes on a membrane. Variety of immobilization methods could be used. We developed a covalent attachment between 5’-amino probes and carboxylated membrane surfaces. The presence of the PCR product bound to the specific probes at specific locations is detected using streptavidin-AP conjugate and NBT/BCIP as a chromogenic substrate.Results: The presence of each specific allele was detected by the appearance of a dot on the membrane. Obtained results were compatible with those of expected for standard allele samples. Furthermore, results obtained for several other samples which were typed by our technique, were confirmed using sequencing.Conclusion: Our results suggest that HLA typing by RDB method has proved to be a high-resolution, high specificity, rapid and accurate, suitable for clinical application with a greater precision than serological techniques.

Background & Objective: Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are a kind of stem cells with high pluripotency. The BMSCs can differentiate into mesodermal and non mesodermal cells. Because of availability of them, they are a suitable source of adult stem cells for cell therapy. Some inducers were used to differentiate stem cells into neural phenotype, such: retinoic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide, deprenil & et al are cytotoxic compound. Lithium is a mood stabilizer drug that has supportive effect on neuronal cells. Our goal in this study is use of lithium chloride as a safe inducer for induction of BMSCs into neuronal phenotype.Materials & Methods: The BMSCs were isolated from bone marrow of female rat’s femurs and tibias by aspiration and culturing. After 4 passages they were induced by lithium chloride (0.5mM) for 24 hours. Then they evaluated with microscopic and immunocytochemistry methods. In immunocytochemistry, anti-neurofilament 160, 68 and 200 KD and anti-synaptophysin antibody were used to characterize the neuronal phenotype.Results: The results indicated that lithium chloride (0.5mM) can induced the BMSCs into neuronal phenotype after 24 hours. The percentage of fibronectin immunoreactive cells before induction was 95% and the percentage of neural markers immunoreactive cells after induction were 89.6% for neurofilament (NF) 68, 92% for NF-160, 93.2% for NF-200 and 70.2% for synaptophysin.

Background & Objective: Clomiphene is an effective and cheap drug in induction of ovulation or super ovulation in infertile women. Although it induced ovulation in 80-90% of cases, pregnancy rate is 30-40% due to anti Estrogenic effect on endometrial and mucosal cervix. The goal of this research is to evaluate the inhibition of antiestrogenic effect of clomiphene citrate by using of ethinyl estradiol.Materials & Methods: A double blind clinical trial was performed in 62 infertile patients. They were 20-35 years old and 3 months before treatment they didn’t used any drugs for their infertility. They had BMI < 30 and in normal range of FSH, LH, TSH, PRL and testosterone on the third days of menstrual cycle. They were randomly divided into two groups A and B. Group A received 100 mg/day clomiphene citrate in the 5th day of menstrual cycle for 5 days and 0.05 mg/day ethinyl estradiol for 5 days from 8th day of menstrual cycle. Group B received only clomiphene citrate 100 mg/day in the 5th day of menstrual cycle for 5 days. Patients whom have follicles growth of greater than 18 mm have prescribed 10,000 HCG and 36 hours later IUI was performed for all patients.Results: Our results show that pregnancy rate in patients who received clomiphene citrate plus ethinyl estradiol was higher than patients who received only clomiphene citrate, 14.3% versus 9.7%, respectively. This difference is not significant. Mean size of dominant follicles in groups A was less than group B (p=0.0001) and cancellation rate was higher in group A (p=0.005). Endometrial thickness and appearance in two groups was similar.Conclusion: Although ethinyl estradiol could not either increased endometrial thickness or improved endometrial appearance. It could not also decrease follicular growth rate that to our best knowledge was not reported previously. But it could increase pregnancy rate from 9.7% to 14.3%. Although this differences is not significant (p=69%) it is important from clinical point. This difference may be due to differences in etiology of infertility between two groups or other causes. More studies are needed in future.

Background & Objective: Hemodialysis as one of the most common methods in controlling renal insufficient brings about a lot of changes in the patients’ method & QOL. Patient’s training is one of the effective factors in improving the QOL. By increasing the patient’s awareness about self - care & family care the patients’ QOL can be improved. This study investigates the effect of training on hemodialysis patients’ QOL in 2007-2008 in Maragheh.Materials & Methods: This quasi-experimental research (pre - and post -) was carried on using randomization on 32 patients. The instrument of data collection was the questionnaire including demographic data, the level of information about self care and SF36. The evaluating instrument of the level of information has been devised by researcher (researcher made questionnaire) witch the validity through the content validity and its reliability assessed by cronbach’s alpha (a=0.68). The reliability and validity of SF36 had been previously confirmed. In the first stage (before intervention) the questionnaire was completed through an interview. After determining the educational needs and designing a self - care educational schedule based on Orem’ self - care model and consulting renal and nutrition specialists the training sessions were held teaching only one patient in each session. This training lasted for four weeks 3 to 4 half - hour and one hour sessions during the morning, after noon and night. Three months after the last day of the training, the questionnaire was used by the researcher and colleagues through interview. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistic, T-Test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation.Results: The average quality of life and the level of information gained about self care before and after training indicated a meaningful difference (p<0.001). The average of life quality increased from 31.61 to 36.71 and the average of the information gained about self care was increased from 6.531 to 11.59. The self-care training caused the meaningful improvement at the level of general health (p=0.044), physical function (p<0.001), vitality (p=0.015) mental health (p=0.002), and the whole understanding of health (p<0.001).Conclusion: Considering the results of the study, suitable training in the hemodialysis section can improve the patients ’quality of life through enhancing general health improving physical function and mental conditions and vitality and finally general understanding about health.