GEOSCIENCES
Year:2012 | Volume:22 | Issue:85|Papers Count:30

In this research, processing of Dalir area phosphate ore was investigated for reduction of its gangue minerals such as carbonates (mainly calcite and poorly dolomite) and silicates minerals. According to characterization studies, phosphate mineral content of the ore was sedimentary collophane mineral and the predominant constituents of the gangues were calcite and quartz. Liberation degree of phosphate mineral determined by using microscopic and sink and float tests to be 140 µm. Primary flotation tests (un-pre-concentrated) results did not have desirable grade and recovery. So, at first step, phosphates samples was subjected to calcination and scrupping process. After scrupping and removing calcium and magnesium oxide, anionic and cationic flotation tests were done. By using a combination methods (calcining, scrupping and flotation) the grade and recovery of final concentrate reaches to 31% and 62% respectively. Finally a Lab-flowsheet of processing was suggested.

The Mirkuh Ali Mirza gold mineralization is located in north Sarab in the Western Alborz–Azerbaijan structural zone. Mineralization was formed in the form of a vein occurring in Neogene dacitic and rhyodacitic tuff along a series of NW–SE trending fault; Mineralization associated with quartz-sericite-adularia-calcite and pyrite (<1%) assemblages is a typical of low-sulfidation epithermal gold mineralization. The fluid inclusion data from quartz minerals indicate homogenization temperature of 161-260oC and salinities of 0.5 to 6.5 wt% NaCl equiv. The variation in gold grade in quartz vein is 270-3240 ppb. The highest gold content is in lattice and breccias quartz that can indicate direct relationship between boiling to gold deposition. The idea is supported by coexistence of vapor-dominant and liquid-dominant fluid inclusions.

In this research, fracture mechanic concepts and dislocation modeling is used to examine the velocity field of GPS observables on the oblique collision zone of Arabia-Eurasia plates. For this purpose, the significant active faults in the study area were selected and proper boundary conditions applied. Numerical boundary element method with green functions obtained from Okada analytical solution were used to distribute strike slip rates among selected active faults. Velocity field obtained from the model was compared with GPS velocity field of Iranian campaign global geodynamic network and by changing boundary conditions using try and error a better coincidence were generated between model and GPS velocity field. At the final stage the difference of most of GPS observations from model results were inside of 95% confidence ellipse. Regarding accordance among model and geological slip rates, in continue of estimates we tried to get better accommodation between model and GPS velocity fields. For this purpose we tried to get better accordance between deduced slip rates by two methods with changing of boundary conditions and introducing some of geological slip rates as boundary conditions. Slip rates of other faults obtained by initial modeling were considered as boundary conditions for final modeling. These boundary conditions were changed by try and error to get close and close to geological slip rates such that the accommodation of model with GPS velocity field were retained and even get better too. Modeling results show that most of faults modeled slip rates are consistent with slip rates obtained by geological methods. The numerical results also show that most of strike slip faults in Iran are dextral. Regarding that final modeled slip rate for North Tabriz fault (6.4 mm/yr) is more than modeled slip rate for Main Recent Fault (2.2 mm/yr), the model shows that North Tabriz Fault is continuation of North Anatolian Fault in Iran.

In recent decades digging deep wells and a half deep flume was gradually replaced aqueduct that by the relative merits is attended the great environmental effects such as loss underground water level and creating subsidence phenomenon for most regions of interest. Recent studies have been accomplish in order to replace the underground dams instead of medium and small dams in order to optimize storage and use of water resources and reduce the environmental impacts. Site selection of underground dams quite complicated process due to geological, geomorphological and hydrological point of view. Determination of the role adjustment and importance of the variables is based on expert groups thoughts and usually this important is verbalize in linguistic variables form. Analytical Hierarchy process have possible in using the linguistic variables along quantitative variables and essentially is based on expert opinions. In recent years in order to increase the capability of AHP, this method combined with fuzzy method and in the Fuzzy-AHP algorithm is presented. In this paper two methods of AHP and Fuzzy-AHP were used in determining appropriate areas for underground dams. Buckley and Bonissone methodes was used for implementing Fuzzy-AHP method and Yager method was used for defuzzicating fuzzy utility values ũj From totale 56 outputs points of subbasine in AHP method, 26 points and in Fuzzy-AHP method, 15 points were overlapping with suitable and accessible areas. The results showed that the Fuzzy-AHP method has more flexibility and greater ability to determine appropriate areas dam.

Upper Jurassic rocks are well developed at the western part of the Binalud Range (northeast Iran). These consist mainly of limestone, marlstone and marl with few intercalations of sandstone and conglomerate. The thickness of this succession in the study section (Bormahan, northwest of Neyshabour) is 1084 meters and can be subdivided into 6 members. The lower boundary with the dark siliciclasts of? Kashafrud Formation (Upper Bajocian / Lower4 Bathonian) is sharp. The upper boundary with buff and cliff-forming carbonates of the? Mozduran Formation (Upper Jurassic) is transitional. Ammonites are the most important and abundant macrofossils. Totally more than 300 specimens have been collected, comprising 21 genera and 36 species.The relative abundances at the family level are: Phylloceratidae (48%), Perisphinctidae (42%), Oppeliidae (6%), Haploceratidae (2%), Aspidoceratidae (1%) Based on the ammonite fauna 15 biozones are recognized which can be fairly good compared with the ammonite biozonation of Sub-Mediterranean Province. According to the ammonite fauna an Early Bathonian to Kimmeridjian age is proposed. The ammonite fauna is closely related to those of the Sub-Mediterranean Province, indicading a permanent faunal exchange.

A large widespread outcrop of granitoid - mylonitic gabbros complexes is observed in northeastern part of Serow, NW Iran. Those rocks were considered as Precambrian gneiss and metamorphic rocks (Haghipour and Aghanabati, 1977), or alternatively, a complex of acidic to basic igneous rocks which have undergone intense deformation and dynamic metamorphism by shearing (Mohammadiha, 2000; Mohammadi Torkabad, 2001). The basic mylonitic rocks in the studied area are simply composed of plagioclase, hornblende, actinolite, chlorite, and epidote. They display minor remains of primary pyroxenes which are largely replaced by amphibole. Feldspars have been altered to epidote, and secondary plagioclase (more sodic) and roughly sericite. There are some gabbros with clastic and lentiform fabric which were not affected by dynamic deformation in the shear zone. Cataclastic flow, micro fracturing, dislocation creep, recovery, diffusion creep, grain boundary sliding and pressure dissolution are the dominant deformation mechanisms influenced the complexes. The consequent structures are foliation, lineation, undoluse extinction, porphyroclasts with core-mantle structure, micro fractures parallel and unparallel with brecciation, mechanical twining, mica fish structure, banded differentiated structure and kinked foliation. We conclude that the whole observed evidences demonstrate a major dynamic deformation in a brecciated zone in the studied area.

The accuracy of GPS derived positions in short term measurements largely depends on the better modeling of residual errors which is normally reduced in long term measurements by averaging the obtained results. To increase the accuracy of the movements obtained through the analysis of high rate data in geophysics applications, systematic errors in the existing measurements in the corresponding frequency range should be reduced. Calibration techniques and the error reduction are based on the repeatability of the system constellation. For example, those errors affecting the resulting accuracy of the high rate positions in the time scales of 10-600s depend much on the constellation geometry of the GPS satellites and GPS stations. Since the satellite orbits are fixed, those errors are highly repeatable in time. This characteristic is the base for the development of sidereal filtering techniques for reducing this kind of errors. It is assumed that the repeatability occurs based on the nominal repetition period of the satellites; however, the true time of this repeatability varies even for each satellite. In this paper the mean period is estimated as 23h, 55m, and 55s and used for the noise reduction of time series of the relative displacement. By using this period, noises with frequencies less than 0.01Hz of high rate GPS positions have been reduced significantly. Accessible co-seismic displacements are reduced to less than 4mm in horizontal components and less than 10mm in the vertical components.

Airborne electromagnetic data can be obtained in time and frequency domains. In time domain, data consist of the time derivative of the secondary field while in frequency domain it is the absolute value of the secondary field. Here, we have used Occam’s inversion method on airborne electromagnetic data to resolve the resistivity of each layer in an assumed 1D layered earth. In the current modeling the number of model parameters is much more than the number of data. So, by choosing an appropriate objective function to be minimized, we have used the least squares method such that model parameters reached to a minimum structure and data are sufficiently fitted. One of the advantages of this method is that it doesn’t need a primary model and converges to the final model for every starting model. Applying this method on synthetic data provides reasonable results. The method is applied on real airborne electromagnetic data from Kalat-e-Reshm area in the east of Semnan province in Iran. The recovered maps and sections prove the existence of an arc like structure which has outcrop at the surface and is shown in the geological map. Besides, it reveals that the structure is considerably thick due to the alluvium deposits with 10 m thickness covering the area with a dip towards south.

The Esfordi magnetite-apatite ore deposit is located in 35 Km northeast of Bafq city in Central Iran. Bafq is an important mining district which hosts more than 45 iron deposits and a few Zn-Pb massive sulfides, Mn and U deposits. The district is restricted by two main strike-slip faults of Kuhbanan to the east and Posht e Bdam to the west. The Esfordi ores occur in an Upper Precambrian-Cambrian volcano-sedimentary complex composed of acidic tuff, carbonates, shale, and sandstone. This complex intruded by granitic rocks and basic dykes and affected by regional and contact metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration. The Esfordi magnetite-apatite ores occur on top of the acidic tuff which is near to a carbonate layer. The Esfordi deposit is the most rare-earth elements (REE)-rich and most P-rich member of the iron deposits in the Bafq district. The main minerals in the Esfordi mine are Iron oxides, apatite, actinolite, diopside, talc, andradite, feldspars, quartz and carbonates. The REE minerals are closely related to apatite and were mainly formed in or around apatite grains and within veins and veinlets. This paper identifies the REE minerals and presents preliminary information on mineral composition and geological and mineralogical features of the deposit. The REE-bearing minerals are mainly of phosphate, fluorocarbonate and silicate groups. The REE minerals are highly enriched in light REE such as Ce, La, Nd and Pr. Apatite contains a few percent REE in its composition. However, the main part of REE may be from apatite as it is the main mineral of the deposit and apatite-rich horizons contain high-grade REE ore. The metasomatic assemblage, one head crystals of apatite and many mineralized veins and veinlets indicate that hydrothermal process were definitely active in the Esfordi deposit at later stages.

A MN=5.8 (Institute of Geophysics Seismological Center, University of Tehran) earthquake in 2010 July 20 shook southeastern Zagros, over the active ramp of the Mountain Front Fault (MFF). A body killed during the earthquake and it’s aftershocks have affected hundreds of square kilometers around the epicenter. The shook area has experienced many moderate to large earthquakes at the historical time and the MFF recognized as their responsible. With the combination of the waveforms of seismological networks for the Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology of Iran and a local network of the Geological Survey of Iran at Fars province, the source parameters of the earthquake were modified. For this event the ML magnitude computed 5.4 and a depth of 10 km were estimated. This event is related to the growing of anticlines neighboring the MFF with a fault propagated through their cores as of the other reverse earthquakes in Zagros. Tilting and uplifting of young alluvial deposits neighboring them are evidences for this growing. The iso-seismal curves elongated along MFF and the maximum intensity in MM and JMA scales was estimated VII. A small conjugate shear zone with maximum 1 km elongation, 150 m width and 10 cm of both vertical and right lateral dislocations with the strike of N45oE, was mapped. Finally for this earthquake there was not any rupture except this T kind rupture which not merits the earthquake magnitude.

Miocene to Pliocene volcanic rocks in the Raveh region have exposed northern part of the Urumieh - Dokhtar Magmatic Belt. Neogene volcanic rocks are situated on Upper Red Formation. Magmatic activity separated in two phase. The first phase is composed of basic to intermediate volcanic rocks such as basaltic-andesite to andesitic lavas and pyroclastics (Ngv1).The second phase has intermediate to acidic rocks as well as andesite, quartz andesite and dacite (Ngv2).According to geochemical data, these samples show magmatic affinities to the calc-alkaline series. REE and trace element patterns show LREE enrichment relative to HREE, depletion in Nb, Ta and Ti, and also high Th/Yb and Th/Nb ratios relative to MORB and OIB. The parent magma of the Raveh volcanic rocks, with calc-alkaline compositions, has been originated probably from the metasomatized mantle with effective of fluids and sediment resulted from the Neothytian subducting slab. After collision between Arabian plate and Central Iran Block in Early Cenozoic, region experienced of crustal thickening and volcanism activity formed in relation to localized extensional basin in Early Miocene to Early Pliocene. The volcanism postdates continental collision, occurring in transtentional tectonic setting.

A large area in Hashtgerd plain, in southwest of Tehran, is subject to the land subsidence induced by overexploitation of groundwater. In this paper, in order to study the subsidence SAR interferometry (InSAR) and global positioning system (GPS) are used. The small baseline subset (SBAS) algorithm is used for deformation time series analysis. Time series analysis is performed using 6 interferograms calculated from 4 ENVISAT ASAR data spanning 4 months in 2008. A smoothing constraint that reduces the atmospheric noise, unwrapping and orbital errors whereas it preserves the non-linear deformation features is added to the least-squares solution. The time series results revealed that the area is subsiding continuously. Mean LOS deformation velocity map obtained from time series analysis demonstrated a considerable subsidence rate of 47 (mm/month). In order to assess the time series analysis results a dense GPS network consisting of 18 measuring stations is then established. The network design is carried out based on the subsidence spatial pattern extracted from an interferogram calculated from radar data of 2003-2004. The GPS stations are collecting the data simultaneously with radar data acquisitions. Horizontal and vertical components of the subsidence are extracted from GPS measurements. The comparison of InSAR and GPS time series shows the high compatibility of the results demonstrating the high performance of InSAR technique.

Based on data processing for 51 stream sediment, 115 rock and 22 heavy mineral samples, together with field evidence for mineralization and alteration, mineralization pattern for Rahimi copper-gold prospecting area was analyzed. Twelve primary and secondary geochemical halo maps for Au-Ag-As-Ba-Cu-Co-Hg-Mo-Pb-Sb-W-Zn as well as maps showing iron-oxide minerals in heavy mineral samples were analyzed using new geological and mineralization field evidence for the area. Therefore, two distinct promising areas, with IOGC and porphyry copper mineralization patterns were proposed for semi-detailed studies.

In this study, we estimated a local seismic hazard map for the Alborz tectonic region located in north of Iran. The technique of mapping local recurrence time, TL, was used to map major asperities of the region and the asperities considered as the area with maximum hazard probability. The analysis was done on the epicenter of more than 5000 events recorded in 19 stations of the Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran (IGUT), during 1996-2008. Based on the idea that b-value is inversely related to applied stress, we calculated local b-values for each grid and areas with lowest b- and a-values, and as a result shortest TL were interpreted as asperities. Because the ruptures start from the asperities, the mentioned regions have considered as the region with the maximum seismic hazard. The rupture location of MW 6.3 Kojour-Firooz Abad earthquake compared to the recurrence time map and it resulted in the location of this event had showed anomalously short TL based on the background seismicity of region in a decade before it. We computed TL map based on the seismicity before and after Kojour-Firooz Abad earthquake and showed that this large event redistributed the applied stress in the Alborz region. Redistribution by large earthquake led to migration of the applied stress from west of region to east. Based on the microseismicity of the region after Kojour-Firouz Abad earthquake, there are three anomalies in TL map positioned in eastern Alborz. These anomalies are introduced as the regions with maximum seismic hazard for future large earthquake.

In order to study the Gurpi formation for biostratigraphical purposes the 310 meters thick section was sampled at Mish-khas Sectiona, Ilam province. The sequence is mainly made up of monotonous marl, limy marl and Limestone and contains two formal members of Lopha (with brachiopod, Echinoid and Bivalve) and Emam-Hasan. Lower boundary Gurpi formation is contineous with Ilam Formation. At boundary both formation, Gray marl Gurpi formation located on limestone and limy marl at Ilam formation and upper boundary is continus with Pabdeh Formation. Sixty seven species belonging to 26 genera were identified and fourteen biozones were differentiated. These are: 1.Globotruncanita elevata partial range zone, 2. Globotruncana ventricosa interval zone, 3.Radotruncana calcarata total range zone, 4. Globigerinelloides subcarinatus partial range zone, 5.Globotruncana aegyptiaca partial range zone, 6. Gansserina gansseri partial range zone, 7.Contusotruncana contusa partial range zone, 8. Pseudotextularia intermedia partial range zone, 9. Racemiguembelina fructicosa partial range zone, 10.Pseudoguembelina hariaensis partial range zone, 11. Pseudoguembelina palpebra partial range zone, 12. Praemurica uncinata interval zone, 13. Morozovella angulata- Globanomalina pseudomeandri interval zone, 14. Globanomalina pseudomenardi total range zone. According to the planktonic foraminifera the formation encompases Lower Campanian to late Paleocene (Thanetian). lack of Marginotruncanid and Dicarinella asymetrica showing lower campanian for bas of section. There is distinct hiatus in Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary based on paleontology and sedimentology evidence. Analysis of Planktonic and Benthic foraminifers' assemblage at this section with Cretaceous biostratigraphical provinces is indicating a close similarity with those of Tethyan provinces.

The landslide hazard zonation was executed by different methods and many of these methods were based on special condition of the study area. This research, at first, Pishkuh region (fereyidonshahr administration) was selected with 77646 hectars area in west of Esfahan province. Then, landslide inventory map was obtained by using airial photos, satellite images (ETM+2002), geology maps and surveying of the field. Also, the 8 important factors are effective in occurrence of landslide including slope gradient, aspect, lithology, landuse, rainfall, and distance to fault, road and drainage were determined by using inspect of feild, literature review in similar regions of northern Karoon and Dez basins in scale of 1:50000. In order to increasing of precision, speed and facility of analysis, all of the attribute and spatial data were entered into ArcGIS software. After producing of information layers and weighting to effective factors by using inventory map, landslide hazard zonation was created by two bivariarte statistical methods including to Information value and Density area methods and the results were assessed. When the density ratios (Dr) Index (for the purpose of camparing between hazard classes) increase in each two method, then hazard rate will increase and the separation between hazard zone classes is acceptable and increasable. The quality sum (Qs) and precision (P) indices (in order to comparing of methods together) for Information value method are 0.65, 0.034 and for Density area method are 0.56, 0.028, respectively. It is clear that the information value is better than Density area in landslide hazard zonation.

Seismic vulnerability assessment is a multi attribute decision making problem based on geospatial information where the weight and importance of each of the criteria is determined by experts. Geospatial information deals with some uncertainties. One of the ways for integrating this information is evidential reasoning theory. The theory is based on independent assumption of information sources which is not correct in many cases including geospatial information. This paper propose a new method of intelligent decision making based on cautious conjunctive rule of combination for seismic vulnerability assessment in Tehran by assuming activation of the north fault. Also assumed that activation of this fault does not affect on activation of other faults in Tehran. This combination rule does not need independent assumption of information sources and can be used on data sources that have overlapping information and uncertainty.

In the north of Abyek - Qazvin main road, various volcanic units contain olivine basalt, basalt, andesitic basalt, dacite, andesite and their associated tuffs with Eocene to Quaternary age are exposed. In order to examine geochemical and petrographic features effect on pozzolan activity, five samples of different rocks in the area crushed and analysed by thermogravimetric method in Housing and Building Research Center. Unweathered glassy tuff s with 26.83% pozzolanic activity ranked as good quality pozzolan. Relatively weathered tuffs and dacite present pozzolanic activities in the range of 21 to 24 % and are medium quality pozzolan. Lithic tuffs with 19.70% pozzolanic activity are in the weak quality pozzolan category. Generally, tuffs and dacits with no alteration and glass in their matrix are suitable alternatives to use as pozzolane in mix cement and lithic bearing tuffs with weathering are poor in pozzolanic features and are not recommended to be used in cement composition.

Hydrochemical properties of water resources in Lenjanat plain and the effect of natural and anthropogenic factors have been determined. For this purpose, 162 water samples including groundwater, surface water and industrial wastewater seasonally in 1387 were collected. The results of field and laboratory measurements of physicochemical parameters, major, minor and trace elements show that the high EC (561-11390 mS/cm) in groundwater is due to high concentration of major elements (Na, Ca, Cl and SO4). Specific elements of evaporates and carbonate deposits (B, Ba, Br, Sr, I and Li) are higher concentrations than the other minor and trace elements measured in the aquifer. Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF), hydrogeochemical graphs, certain ratios and saturation index from geochemical modeling indicates that the dissolution of evaporation deposits (halite and gypsum) and cation exchange are the most important processes affecting the chemical composition of groundwater. The results of applying statistical techniques (factor and cluster analysis) confirmed water/rock interaction in the aquifer and show the effect of human activities on groundwater quality by increasing NO3 ion. Concentration of nitrogen compounds and the presence of bacteria indicate the impact of agricultural, industrial and domestic wastewater on the Zayandehrud River. Industrial sewage has no affect on groundwater quality.

Blasting processes as an essential phase in processing circulation is used in blasting of mines and development operations. Released energy in a blasting of an open mine, in addition to breakdown stones and heat them up, causes propagation of seismic energy around the environment of mine. In order to examine the effects of blasting in the mine of Toyserkan Sarabi dam (located 10 km on the east of Toyserkan city), three short period L-4C components recorded on the layer floodgate of dam by the use of some PDAS numerical seismographs with seismometers. By polishing recorded seismograms in the mine area of Toyserkan Sarabi dam, counters of maximum isoparticle velocity for blasting were registrated. Finally, seismic radiation model which is resulted from blasting around the floodgate was provided and the results indicate that the area seismologically is safe and stable.

Gandom Beriyan, as a part of Quaternary volcanism of Iran, is a kind of messa which is covered by very dark lava flows. The flows are generally fresh to rarely altered alkali olivine basalts and cover an area around 480 km2 in southern part of the Lut desert in northeast of Kerman. The common textures of basaltic lava flows are porphyry to glomeroporphyry with an intersertal to intergranular groundmass. Their major minerals are olivine and clinopyroxene phenocrysts along with plagioclase microlites. Plagioclase microlites are recognized as the major silicate phase in these rocks. Three-dimensional shape of plagioclase crystals and also rate of nucleation and growth time was estimated by thin section image processing and using crystal size distribution (CSD) method. Based on this, it is revealed that the shape of plagioclase microlites is tablet with aspect ratio of 1:10:10 for short: intermediate: long axes, respectively. The uniformity of CSD graph and its constant slope show that the effect of physical processes such as magma mixing was limited during ascent of basaltic magma toward the surface. Based on these calculations, growth time (t) and rate of nucleation (J) were estimated 2.53 to 3.21 years and 10.17´10-9 to 9.53´10-9 mm-3/s-1, respectively. The results are completely matched with nature of alkali basalt magmas.

Nepheline syenite intrusive of Kaleybar is located in South and West of the Kaleybar city in eastern Azarbayjan province. This zoned intrusive complex is formed by penetration of two separated silica undersaturated and saturatated magmatic phases with Oligocene-Miocene ages. Undersaturated rocks are composed of alkali pyroxenite, mela alkali-gabbro to nepheline gabbro-diorte, nepheline syenite and nepheline sodalite syenite dikes. Silica saturated rocks is consist of a quartz monzonitic stock, which has penetrated in the center of nepheline syenite intrusive and related quartz syenite - micro syenite dikes. Undersaturated phase has potassic alkaline affinity and nepheline syenites are miaskitic Malignite. In contrast, silica saturated rocks belong to high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic magma. Field observation, petrographical and geochemical studies, indicates that undersaturated rocks are comagmatic and crystal fractionation, accumulation and low density minerals floatation processes play significant role in their magmatic evolution. High enrichment of rare elements especially LREE and LILE compare to variable depletion of HREE and HFSE are infer a basanitic parental magma generated from a previously subduction-metasomatised lithospheric mantle source. Silica saturated magma of Kaleybar was probably resulted form the lower crust Partial melting and geochemical similarities resulted from partial melting of lower crust and its geochemical similarities with undersaturated parts is due to magma mixing and contamination. Repeatedly injection of alkaline and calc-alkaline magmas could be occurred in a post collision setting after Eocene in Azerbaijan region.

A stratigraphic section in west of Maraveh Tappeh town has been selected and measured in order to study the Aitamir Formation in north west of Kopeh Dagh. The Aitamir Formation with 1070 m thickness, consists of sandstone in the lower part and shale and marl in the upper part. The lower and upper boundaries of the Aitamir Formation with Sanganeh and Abdraz Formations are conformable. The biostratigraphic studies led to identification of 34 genera and 58 species of planktonic and benthonic foraminifera. Based on foraminifera assemblage three biozones are suggested as follows: Rotalipora appenninica zone, Rotalipora brotzeni zone, Whiteinella aumalensis –Dicarinella canaliculata zone. These biozones coincidence with global biozones. Based on foraminiferal fauna, a Late Albian to Late Cenomanian age is suggested for the upper shale member of Aitamir Formation.

In this work a new method for measuring landslide displacements using moiré technique is presented. A linear periodic pattern (carrier grating) is pasted on the surface of a wall that has a crack due to the landslide displacements. The crack has been opening in the last few years. Lines of the carrier grating are in parallel with the line of the crack. A suitable imaging system takes the image of the carrier grating and superimposes it on a physical grating (probe grating). A moiré pattern is formed. The displacements continually distort the image grating and the moiré fringes greatly magnify the displacements. By processing the relative displacements of the moiré fringes on both sides of the crack in successive frames, one can measure the amount of crack opening through time with high accuracy. The implementation of the technique is straightforward; displacements can be magnified by more than a factor of ten in a comparatively simple and reliable way. The method is applied to study the landslide of the village of Gholghati in Zanjan Province in the summer and the fall of 2009. The total amount of crack opening during the mentioned time 4 mm was measured. In this work, the measurement precision of crack opining was about 0.04 mm.

The south Dehshir tectonized Ophiolite located at the extreme northern part of Sharbabak-Dehshir Ophiolite belt comprise of mantle peridotite and crustal sequence. The mantle peridotites are well serpentinized and consist of cpx- bearing harzburgite and lherzolite, cross cut by isolated diabasic dikes. There is no layered gabbro in the crustal sequence and that comprise of high level isotrope gabbro with cumulative character which gradually change to diabase sheeted dike complex on top of the sequence intruded by wherlitic intrusion, quartz diorite, pegmatite gabbro and plagiogranite- tronjemite. The volcanic sequence of this association consist of alternation of chert, radiolarite, pelagic limestone have Upper Cretaceous microfaunas at base and hyaloclastic breccia, hyaloclastite, tuff and pillow lava on top the sequence. The sheeted dike complex oriented in N- S direction with couples of inclinations toward either the east or the west. Listvenite and rodingite are the sporadic metasomatic rocks that expose inside the tectonized assemblage. A few dislocated amphibolites and calc-silicate blocks are tectonically exposed. Base of chemical analyses the crustal sequence show variety in composition and have tholeitic to calc-alkaline trends. In the tectonomagmatic diagrams, these rocks are often placed in the regions associated with the volcanic arcs and in some occasions they are plotted in the oceanic basin regions. The primitive mantle-normalized spider diagrams show depletion of Nb in most of analysis and depletion of Zr and Ti in some of them which indicating a supra- subduction origin. These types of patterns located in different levels and characterized by enrichment of LILE, might be related to diversity in mantle source and different degree of partial melting. The behavior of elements in different diagrams and comparation with the different tectonic setting, show that they tend located far from MORB type and near by the Arc type. The values of the elements such as Ba, Th, Nb, Yb, indicate the influence of the fluids releaved from the subducted slab on the mantle wedge. These geochemical characters and the expose of wherlitic intrusions and the small intrusions of quartz diorite-quartze monzodiorite indicate that the South Dehshir tectonized Ophiolite display a consistent sequence of events during their formation and evolution, includes birth, youth and maturity stages which is a natural consequence of the Supra- subduction zones. It seam that the Dehshir Ophiolite formed in a forearc basin with a distance from margin could be interpret with the downgoing of Neo-Tehytis in Late Cretaceous.