GEOSCIENCES
Year:2014 | Volume:24 | Issue:93|Papers Count:29

In exploratory geophysics, main and primary purposes are determination of researching targets densities, which have a particular density difference with that of the host rock. In this study, hence, we introduce new method for density determination, called "variogram method", which is based on the fractal geometry. It is based on minimizing the Bouguer anomaly surface roughness in which fractal dimension of the surface is used as Bouguer anomaly surface roughness criterion. Through this method, we can determine the optimum density of charak in the South Hormozgan, which is utilized in order to accomplish some corrections and review their results about isostatic circumstances of those regions. There are various methods to illustrate the bedrock topography and we will explain one of these methods at the present paper. The calculation is dome in the Fournier domain. The method mentioned above was implemented to detect the bedrock topography and the results were compatible to the region geology.

The Zagros fold-thrust belt is a young orogenic belt which is characterized by extensive folding in its sedimentary cover, and abundance of earthquakes in which, intends to inner parts of Zagros like a band. The Lar anticline is one of the active folds in this belt which is situated in the coastal Fars arc of the Zagros simple folded belt and intends to inner parts. Earthquakes have several times destroyed Lar town in the northeast of this structure. The most important event was 1960 earthquake (mb~6.0) that caused lots of destruction and casualties. The nearest fault to Lar town, which probably caused this earthquake, was the Lar fault. In order to illustrate the geometry of the Lar fault-related fold a structural cross section with  ~27 km length was prepared. Percentage of total shortening along the cross-section obtained 17.3 % which is equal to 4.6 km. The maximum amount of this shortening equals to 15 % (~4 km) has been absorbed by the Lar anticline. Geometrical comparison between the Lar anticline and fault propagation fold models showed that the Lar anticline kinematically corresponds to a fixed axial surface fault propagation fold that associated with thinning in its forelimb. Investigations showed that the Lar anticline is a mature fault propagation fold, which its core is converting to an immature fault bend fold. This kinematic reorganization has led to elimination of the low viscosity Hormuz salt from anticline core and elimination of the low viscosity units in turn has led to changing ductile behaviour to rigid behaviour. According to the structural cross section, such a mechanical behaviour in the Lar anticline can occur in contact boundary of the Paleozoic rocks in anticline core which can lead to seismic potential increase in the sedimentary cover. So, it is expected that the depth of 1960 earthquake was low (6-9 km) and occurred in the core of the Lar anticline, in relation to its rigid mechanical behaviour. By using geometric equations, we showed that long term relative shortening rate for the Lar anticline is 2 ± 1 mm/yr which is associated with 4±1 mm/yr average slip rate upon the Lar fault.

Lower Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequence in the northwest and southeast of Safashahr (Dehbid) in marginal subzone of southern Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone comprises the Keshtmahaki deposit and few other occurrences of copper (-silver). The oldest rock units in the region are Jurassic shale and sandstone, which are unconformably overlain by the Lower Cretaceous progressive sequence with basal conglomerate, sandstone and silty shale. Copper (-Ag) mineralization occurred in the Lower Cretaceous pyroclastics and volcanic lava. The host rock is a crystal lithic tuff with trachyandesite-andesite affinity in which the stratabound and lenticular ore body is extended discontinuously over 35 km that laterally and vertically changed into orbitolina limestone. Ore minerals include chalcocite, bornite, native copper, digenite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, Ag-bearing clausthalite, covellite, anilite, malachite and azurite. Ore textures and structures are open space filling, vein-veinlet, replacement, disseminated and laminated-like. The lithogeochemical studies in 6 lithostratigraphic profiles from NW to SE of Safashahr indicated Cu (-Ag) mineralization occurrence in a specific stratigraphic unit and a positive relationship with Zn. The lithological, mineralogical, lithogeochemical and microscopic investigations revealed that mineralization initially occurred contemporaneously with volcanism in volcano-sedimentary sequences (absorption of Cu by ferric hydroxide, clay minerals and replacement in feldspar lattice) and then in burial diagenesis during dehydration of pyroclastic and detrital units and alteration resulting from this hydrothermal fluid, Cu released and transported by hydrothermal diagenesis fluids. When this ore-bearing hydrothermal fluid received by the rock unit with high permeability (pyrite-bearing crystal lithic tuff) and reduced conditions resulted from abundance of pyite, replaced them as copper sulphide minerals. S isotopic data of sulphidic minerals indicated that the bacterially sulfate reduction of sea water as an important role provided the nessecary sulfur for sulfide mineralization. Geochemical features of volcanic and pyroclastic units indicated that they formed in an intra-arc rift. On the basis of this study and with respect to some evidences such as tectonic setting, host rock, lenticular shape of the ore body, structure and texture as well as mineral paragenesis we suggest that Keshtmahaki Cu (-Ag) mineralization and surrounding occurrences are Volcanic Red Bed (VRB) type deposit that formed and concentrated contemporaneously with submarine volcanism to deep burial diagenesis processes.

Marun Oil Field is located in the southern part of Dezful embayment, in the mid part of the zagros simple folded mountain range and along the Ramin and Aghajari anticlines. In this study, based on the subsurface data and using subsurface analytical methods the folding mechanism and fractures of this anticline has been studied. In this research, using the primary results of geophysical data, analysis methods, geometric curvature changes, mud loss and reservoir engineering data, geometry of anticline and fractures associated with folding have been analyzed.Folding mechanisms in this anticline is a combination of flexural-sliding folding and folding with neutral surface. In other words, the Marun subsurface anticline is a thrust fault- related fold and also a faulted detachment fold. Seismic profiles showthat the Marun anticline as a concentric fold that from surface to depth space has been decreased. This decrease of space associated with faulting in the southern flank and these faults disappear in the Gachsaran formation. A good conformity among geometric analytical methods, mud loss data, index productivity on bending region in the Marun anticline and presence of fractures in this region exist. The data analysis shows that the highest density of fractures is related to the bending region in the Marun Oil Field. Finally, using these parameters, it is recommended that for further drilling of development and production wells these parameters must be regarded and the northeastern part of the Oil Field as well as southern flank of the anticline must be given full consideration.

Development of modern energies is one of the most important issues that all countries have focused on and have tried to find a new model in that respect. One of the greatest energy-resources in the world is oceans and tidal currents are one of the specific indicators of oceanic current.The movement of oceans waters caused by tidal current has a great deal of energy. On the other hand, development of new energies causes to search new plan in all countries. In this study, the potential energy obtained from daily, monthly and eventually annually average of 18-years (1990-2007) tidal range difference data in the Chabahar station. The average of tidal range was 2.09 m. The average energy estimated to be 5.5 w/m2 and the average power estimated to be 0.44 w/m2. According to the obtained results, producible energy of tidal currents in Chabahar is very low and it has no economic importance.

Due to the extensive areas of potential mineral reserves in the country, it seems necessary to have a systematic approach to identify and convert indices of mineral deposits into mines. Existing various conceptual models of mineral deposits, variety of both quantitative and qualitative data to explore mineral deposits and the expertise and different interests, cause the mineral potential mapping process to be very complicated. So far, various methods such as the overlap index, fuzzy logic, neural networks and weights of evidence are used for modeling this complexity.Consideration the fuzzy nature of mineral exploration in the process of modeling exploratory data, applying expert knowledge and flexibility for all types of mineral deposits in the form of an integrated system is essential. Compared with other methods fuzzy inference system has stated characteristics. To verify this, in this study, a fuzzy inference system for modeling mineral potential was proposed and for the Chah Firoozeh copper deposit was implemented. The main stages of this research include fuzzifying factor maps using the appropriate membership functions and linguistic variables, combining factor maps using fuzzy inference (by creating if_then fuzzy rules database and using an appropriate decision-making model) and generating mineral potential map with defuzzification output. In the resulted mineral potential map, porphyry copper mineralization prone area is located in the central regions with north-south extension. For evaluation, 24 exploration boreholes in the area are complying with the mineral potential map. Based on the four classification types of mineral potential map, the compliance rate was calculated as 63.64%, 75%, 63.95% and 80.23%. Obtained mineral potential map is more accurate in the very low potential areas and 81.52% of the holes with very low state are located properly. In addition, resulted mineral potential map was compared with the mineral potential map generated using only fuzzy operators and without fuzzifying factor maps. The comparison shows that the mineral potential map that was generated using fuzzy inference system, in four classifications used in this study has 6% greater compliance with the exploration boreholes in average.

Kavir bentonite in the northeast of Isfahan province is a part of the Khur bentonite horizon and lies in the Central Iranian structural zone. This deposits formed by the alteration of Eocene andesite-basalts. Based on the field observation several active faults are responsible in transporting siliceous fluids to the surface and their precipitation as geode, jasperoid and silicic veins. Microscopic observation indicates that these fluids outward alternatively in an alkaline aqueous basin. Chemical compositions of both siliceous and bentonitic samples as well as host volcanic rock show the same trend in trace elements and support the role of this hydrothermal fluid in bentonite formation. Depletion on LILE elements and Cs Positive anomalies is observed in siliceous and bentonitic samples. Oxygen and deuterium stable isotope study document that bentonites formed in temperature of about 83oc and hydrothermal fluids are essentially derived from a meteoric water origin.

The Gazestan magnetite–apatite deposit is situated 78 km east of Bafq. The Gazestan deposit is located in Bafq-Poshtebadam subzone of Central Iran structural zone. The rock units in the area belong to the Rizu series and consist of carbonate rocks, shale, tuff, sandstone and volcanics. In addition to sedimentary and volcanic rocks, intrusive rocks in the form of stock and dyke outcrop as diorite gabbro, gabbro, diabase, quartz-monzonite and granite in various places. The green rocks with acidic to intermediate composition (trachyte and dacite demonstrate green color due to alteration) host iron and phosphate mineralization which in some localities, show subvolcanic facies. The alteration is more obvious in the volcanic rocks and includes chloritization, argillic, silicification, and also formation of mafic minerals such as epidote, tremolite and actinolite. The host rocks are strongly altered. Mineralization at the Gazestan deposit comprises a combination of iron oxides and apatite with various ratios accompanied by quartz and calcite, observed in different forms mainly within the trachytic-dacitic rocks and a small proportion in the rhyolites. Five forms of mineralization are distinguished in the area including massive iron ore with minor apatite, apatite-magnetite ore, irregular vein-veinlets (stockwork) in the brecciated green rocks, disseminated, and pure massive apatite veins. The host rocks in the Gazestan area plot on calc-alkaline field. Comparison of the most important characteristics of the Gazestan deposit (including tectonic setting, host rock, mineralogy, alteration, structure and texture) with those of various types of mineralization in the world suggest that the deposit is quite similar to the iron oxide - apatite deposits.

Study of geochemical stream sediments is an effective method for prospecting mineral deposits especially in preliminary exploration stages. In this regard, generally multivariate analysis, for example factor analysis, is used to elicit an indicator component of the mineralization type sought. There are still several problems with regard to usage of factor analysis that have been discussed in several published papers. In this research, we have used the stepwise factor analysis, which is a new approach to create geochemical stream sediment evidential map. Using the stepwise factor analysis, we have succeeded in recognizing more effective indicator components, increasing the intensity of geochemical halos and explaining higher percentage of the total variance of the data. We have also improved the prediction rate of mineral occurrences and consequently, increasing the exploration success. In this research, we have successfully used the stepwise factor analysis to generate enhanced geochemical evidential map for prospecting two different deposit-types in two different areas of Iran for case studies. Using the stepwise factor analysis, the total variance relevant to the indicator component of porphyry copper mineralization has been increased from 13.43 to 20.05, and the prediction rate of mineral occurrences has been increased from 34.37% to 46.8% for cumulative percentile of 95% frequency. Hence, the exploration success has been increased up to 13% at least in the study area. Furthermore, using stepwise factor analysis, there are much simultaneous present of geochemical anomalies and geological indicative features.

Heiran area is located in northwest of Ardabil and southwest of Caspian Sea. Field evidences indicate submarine volcanic activities in this area.The rocks in this area are of basaltic composition. The outcrops of pillow lavas, prisms, dykes and lava flows in different points are evidences showing the existence of oceanic crust in this area. Studies on other locations of southern margin of Caspian Sea as well as structural and petrological similarities between Heiran and these areas may confirm the fact that Heiran area is part of geo-suture of Caspian Sea southern margin. The submarine lavas in this area attributed to late Cretaceous-Eocene. With regard to petrographical characteristic, these rocks range from andesitic basalt to olivine basalt, and belong to alkaline series. The tectonomagmatic environment of these lavas is related to back arc basin. These magma originated from sub continental lithospheric mantle and formed in a supra subduction environment. During late Cretaceous-middle Paleogene, the closure of Sevan-Akera-Qaradagh led to the formation of marginal basin in the form of a back arc basin in the margin of Caspian Sea. The submarine lavas of Heiran likely originated from the volcanic activities in this marginal basin.

The Torud-Chah Shirin volcanic-intrusive arc, in the south of Kavir-e-Chah Jam depression (SW of Damghan), hosted many Pb, Zn, Cu, Ag and Au occurrences and deposits. Cheshmeh Hafez (Pb-Zn±Cu±Ag±Au) and Challu (Cu-Au±Ag) polymetallic vein-type ore deposits are the major one located in the central part. The Tertiary calc-alkaline volcanism and related mineralization occurred along the main Anjillo fault in the north and the Torud fault in the south with NW-SE trend. The exposed rocks in the Torud-Chah Shirin consist of volcaniclastic sequence composed of siltstone, thin bedded sandstone, lapilli tuff and volcano breccias and mostly andesitic and andesitic-basalt flows. Main host rocks at Cheshmeh Hafez are andesite and andesitic-basalt, while in Challu are trachy-andesite and basaltic trachyandesite, hosted polymetal hydrothermal mineralization in the area. Mineralization in the Cheshmeh Hafez occurred in three main stage includes stage 1) vein and disseminated pyrite and chalcopyrite hosted in quartz with homogenization temperature of 188 to 238oC and salinity of 6 to 14 wt.% NaCl equiv, stage 2) main sulfide mineralization with vein, disseminated and brecciate texture hosted in quartz with homogenization temperature of 243 to 276oC and salinity of 11 to 18 wt.% NaCl equiv and stage 3) replacement mineralization and vein-type (quartz and barren calcite) with homogenization temperature of 148 to 185°C and salinity of 4 to 11 wt.% NaCl equiv. Mineralization in the Challu district with low expanse and simple mineralogy occurred at two stage composed of stage 1) vein and veinlet pre-mineralization stage includes specularite, magnetite, chalcopyrite and pyrite (I) hosted in quartz with homogenization temperature of 332 to 356oC and salinity of 7 to 11 wt.% NaCl equiv and stage 2) brecciate and stock-work post-mineralization stage includes pyrite (II), bornite, tetrahedrite, vein-type calcite and chlorite with homogenization temperature of 290 to 322oC and salinity of 3 to 7 wt.% NaCl equiv. According to the recent studies, it can be inferred that with distance increasing from Challu district to Chesmeh Hafez mining area, homogenization temperatures (Th), salinity and depth of mineralization decreases gradually and mineralization at Challu and Cheshmeh Hafez districts have characteristics of an individual mineralization system that caused by mixing of hydrothermal fluid with meteoric water.

In order to study of the Surgah Formation in Southwest of Ilam City, one section in the Shah Nakhjir anticline was selected. The thickness of the Surgah Formation is about 161 meters and consists mainly of green shales and olive green marly shales with intercalation of gray shaly limestones. The lower and upper boundaries of the Surgah Formation are the Sarvak and Ilam Formation, respectively and are conformable with sharp lithology and abundant iron nodules. In this study, 52 species belonging to 28 genuses of foraminifera and 3 biozones were identified. Based on the planktonic foraminifera and identified biozones, the Surgah Formation has an age of Late Turonian to early Late Santonian. Comparison of biozones identified in this section with those of the type section in Tang-e- Garab shows that these two sections are similar in biozones and age, and the only difference is in thickness of biozones.

The area is located in 25 Km southwest of kazerun city in the Zagros folded zone. The Phosphate beds have been deposited in the core of the Sarbalesh-Baznak anticline with NW-SE trend. Stratigraphically, the Gurpi, Pabdeh, Asmari, Gachsaran, and Bakhtiyari Formations are outcropped in this area. Petrographic studies show that phosphate-bearing layers are composed of calcite, phosphate, glauconite and iron oxide with packstone to wackestone texture. Microfossil studies proved the age of Oligocene for the phosphate layers. The XRF and XRD analyses demonstrated that the phosphate-bearing mineral is fluor-apatite (Ca (PO4)3F). Sedimentary phosphate in this area was formed under the high energetic environment condition, phosphate saturated waters, and in the boundary of oxidation-reduction zone.

The alkali feldspars and plagioclases in the Kuh-e Dom intrusive rocks show compositionally and microtexturally zoning structure. The feldspar crystals in the various lithologies such as granite- granodiorite samples, diorite- gabbro samples and relatively high frequency microgranular mafic enclaves existing in the acidic intrusion were analyzed using electron microprobe. The results of the microprobe analysis in the acidic, basic- intermediate rocks and enclaves indicated the normal and reverse zoning in the samples. The chemical compositions of plagioclases ranges from albite (An 9.4) in the rim to labradorite (An: 50.6) in the core for acidic rocks, and from andesine (An: 30.5) in the rim to labradorite (An: 56.4) in the core for the basic- intermediate rocks, and from oligoclase (An: 19.8) to labradorite (An: 66.5) in the enclaves. The frequently of rare elements such as Ba, Sr, Fe and Mg in the feldspars show various and oscillatory patterns. The oscillatory pattern of the major and minor elements from core to rim in the feldspar crystals suggests an effective role of magma mixing phenomena in forming of the Kuh-e Dom intrusion.

The Dalichai Formation is among marine deposits in Jurrasic period that has a geographic expansion in north of Iran. In order to palynological studies in eastern part of the Binaloud Mountains an outcrop of this formation, in the bar village was selected. The thickness in bar village section is 255 meters includes dark gray shales. The study of 112 slides of 28 samples taken from this formation showed that the most of the samples contain palynomorphs specifically dinoflagellates.53 species belonging to 27 genera of dinoflagellates were identified. According to dinoflagellates, a middle Jurassic age was determined for the Dalichai Formation in the Bar village section. Based on the study of three main groups of phytoclasts, marine palynomorphs and amorphic organic matters and result of the statistical studies of different factors, sedimentary environment of the Dalichai Formation in studied section was open marine basin with shallow and low oxygen condition.

Iron oxide - apatite deposits are one of the most important REE resources that occurred in the Posht-e-Badam and Zanjan regions of Iran. REE mineralization in the Zanjan region is associated with Sorkhe Dizaj, Aliabad, Morvarid, Zaker, Oskand and Golestanabad iron oxide-apatite mineralization. The deposits are located in the Tarom area, which is a part of western Alborz - Azarbaijan zone. The Eocene volcanic sequences such as olivine basalt, trachyandesite, andesite as well as volcanoclastic rocks are the main units in the area which are intruded by the late Eocene plutonic rocks. Plutonic rocks in the region include porphyric micro-quartzdiorite and quartz-monzonite to quartz-monzodiorite. Magnetite-apatite mineralization in the Zanjan region is related to quartz-monzonitic to quartz-monzodioritic rocks. The mineralization is observed in the form of vein and stockwork (irregular veins and veinlets of magnetite-apatite). In the Tarom magnetite-apatite deposits, apatite crystals are associated with magnetite some of which have sizes up to 20 cm. Monazite is the main REE-bearing mineral at these deposits occurring as inclusion in the apatite. The apatite minerals contain 0.4-1.6 wt% REE, and have an REE distribution pattern with a strange LREE/HREE enrichment. The results of this research indicate that the iron oxide - apatite mineralization in the Zanjan region is formed by a quartz-monzonitic magma with calk-alkaline affinity, which occurred in a magmatic arc setting. This research shows that the magnetite - apatite mineralization in the Zanjan region is an important REE concentration in Iran.

The Late Miocene- Quaternary volcanoes including Sahand, Ararat, Nemrut, Suphan, Tendurek and Lesser Caucasus volcanoes in the Arabia- Eurasia collision zone, are studied in this paper. The volcanoes have been erupted pyroclastic materials and lava flows with basaltic to rhyolitic composition, in several times. These volcanic rocks have calk-Alkaline (Sahand) to Alkaline nature (Tendurek). The Nb, Ta, Ti and Y depletions in accompanied with Rb, Ba, K, Sr and Th enrichments are the common geochemical features of these volcanic rocks in primitive mantle normalized multi element diagrams. In addition, enrichment of LREE relative to HREE in chondrite–normalized REE patterns is visible in all volcanic rocks of the regions. The enrichment of LREE and depletion of HREE in Sahand and Lesser Caucasus volcanic rocks is implying that their magma is derived from fraction melting of garnet-lherzolite of mantle source. In contrast, the volcanoes of eastern Anatolia melted from spinel-lherzolite rocks of mantle. The negative Nb, Ta anomalies in primitive mantle normalized multi element diagrams of volcanic rocks indicate geochemical features of Pre-collision subduction component in parental magma of studied volcanoes. High contents of La, Th, Ce and Rb indicate magma contamination during parental magma emplacement in crust accompanied with assimilation, fractional crystallization process.

Kahang copper and molybdenum mine is located in Esfahan province and 10 Km far from the east of Zefreh town that is on Urumieh-Dokhtar volcanoplutonic belt. The Kahang region is an alteration and breccia zone. Generally, hydrothermal fluids have affected more than % 90 of rocks of this region. These alteration are related to Copper (Cu) and Molybdenum (Mo) porphyry deposits. Most of the rocks are acidic, semi acidic and sub volcanic. Several kinds of alteration are observable in kahang as propylitic, argilic, silisification and phyllic. The basic oxides were highly decreased in dacite and rhyodacites of exploration area. This is an evidence of argilic alteration effect on the rock units considering that main deposit is not affected by erosion, placed in depth and potassic alteration is not exposed at surface. In study of existing alteration several methods such as remote sensing, studying of thin section and the chemical analysis of samples were used. Another issue that has taken into consideration in this paper is the magma mixing. This subject is confirmed by petrographic evidence such as sieve texture, corroded rims in primary phenocryst quartz, and hydrothermal effects on plagioclases especially in porphyritic andesites. Moreover, the extensive acidic rocks, notable alteration expanse, and also two generations of mineralization reveal assimilation in the studied area. This text has examined the similarities between Kahang and other porphyries in the Urumieh-Dokhtar zone.

Structural analysis of folds in the Kharapeh area clears tow co-axial folding stages in the Cretaceous metamorphic rocks, in this part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. First stage folds are tight to isoclinal recumbent folds that were co-axially refolded by second stage upright open to close folds. Normal faults, mafic dykes and abundant quartz veins oriented sub-parallel to the axial surface of the kharapeh antiform implying that the extensions were synchronous with folding perpendicular to the fold axis, during second stage folding process in the area. This is well concordant with tangential longitudinal strain folding mechanism for the second stage folding. By this folding mechanism, tension was produced at the outer arc of the Kharapeh anticline and quarts veins were generated by compression in the core area and filled in the tension fractures that were mostly produced in the fold hinge area during the folding process. In fractures where it was accompanied with shearing, some clasts from wall rocks were engaged in the fault zone breccias. The field observations reveal that the fractures were produced synchronous with the second folding stage in the Kharapeh anticline and filled by the gold bearing quartz veins.

The studied area in the Saghand fifth anomaly is located in the Bafgh-Posht-e-Badam metalogeny belt in the Central Iran zone. Uranium, Thorium and Rare Earth Elements mineralization are hydrothermal and metasomatism type related to area intrusion bodies (Granite and Gabbro available in the north of study area). Uranium of hydrothermal type followed by deep fracture systems and concentrated around the magnetite bodies. The reasons are geochemical environment and alkaline metasomatism of Uranium - Thorium and Rare Earth Elements produced under an important metalogeny cycle in the Central Iran and studied area. The tudied area in special case, Cerium and Yttrium show positive correlation with mineralization of radioactive materials (Uranium – Thorium). Considering the genetic relationship between these elements (Cerium and Yttrium), popular separation of anomalous elements carried out by using classical statistical methods for lithogeochemical data and calculated statistical parameters. Then, the frequency distribution histograms along the calculation were plotted and consequently, the separation of anomalous element populations carried out. High positive correlation among the radioactive elements (U & Th) and Rare Earth Elements such as Cerium and Yttrium indicated that their mineralization phase generated from the same origin. Compilation of geochemical and geological rock unit maps designated that the radioactive ore mineralization was controlled by metasomatism, which produced different types of albite metasomatite, amphibole metasomatite, and albite-amphibole metasomatite from the rocks of pyroclastics, diabase, dacite and gabbro in the area. Uranium and Thorium anomalies calculated by classical statistical methods are mostly distributed in the west, southwest, and central part of the area, but in the central part the Th-intensity relatively was stronger than the Uranium. The anomaly trend for Cerium and Yttrium are the same as the Uranium and Thorium, but Yttrium anomaly in the central part is more intensive than the others.

This paper is part of the results of researches carried out on geochemical characteristics of sediment-hosted copper deposits in the Tabas-Ravar block trying to identify the mineralization host rock characteristics and the source rock of the sediments in the area. For this purpose, not only the common geochemical samples but also a number of heavy mineral and rock samples were collected from the stream sediments and outcrops of the mineralization host rock, respectively. The clastic parts of minerals and components of sediments in this area have been determined based on the heavy mineral and thin section studies. After this stage, the spatial distribution map of included feldspar and metamorphic components of collected samples were prepared based on the sample sites, using "Indicator Kriging" estimation method. Through comparison made between the drawn map and the uniform geology of the neighbor blocks, the source rock supplying the clastic sediments was identified in the west margin of the Ravar – Tabas block in the area of Kalmard and Posht- e Badam Structural blocks. Zircon crystals were used in order to find out the range of age for the probable source rock from which the clastic contents of the host rock of sediment-hosted copper deposits were derived. Zircon was extracted from host rock and heavy mineral samples taken from the study area. The results for zircon crystals dating indicated the presence of four distinctive statistical populations while the principal population of dating results were in conformity with the range of age of the known source rock in the west margin of the basin source rocks and the frequency distribution of zircon crystal ages have a good coincidence with known orogenic processes in Central Iran. Another part of dating results with over 1Ga, suggests two orogenic phases: one in 1.7-2Ga and the other in more than 2.7Ga for basement mother rock of Central Iran.

Development of advance tools in remote sensing and airborne geophysics during recent decades shows this industry importance. In this paper, aster sensor imagery (Advanced Space born Thermal – Radiometer) and airborne geophysics employed in order to zoning alteration area, mineralization system analysis and prospecting in 1: 25000 Oghlansar sheet, which is situated in north of Sarab City in East Azerbaijan province. The area is located in structural zone of the Eastern Alborz-Azerbaijan. The lithology of area contains Eocene-Neogene magmatic-volcanic complex such as andesite, rhyodacite, rhyolite, and granodiorite associated with pyroclastics such as tuffs, volcanic breccia and lava flows. In this investigation, we applied different methods of spectral analysis and normal classification such as SAM (Spectral Angel mapping), MF (Match Filtering) using ASTER images. Furthermore, spectral analysis methods on airborne geophysics data were engaged in order to extract shallow bodies and recognition of faults. ASTER imagery process and airborne geophysics data led to primary potential mineral map of the area. For credibility of results, 200 samples were taken and analyzed by XRD, XRF and ICP methods. Consequently, 190 samples (95%) confirmed the results of remote sensing and airborne geophysics processes. Conclusions of this research revealed that applying concurrency both the remote sensing and airborne geophysics data could be led to improve the precision of the results.

The marine facies of the Qom Formation was deposited between two detritus continental facies of the Lower and Upper Red Formations. The type section of the Qom Formation was observed in Qom city, but its most thickness has been reported from the Dokhan area in west Saveh. Stratigraphic studies revealed that its thickness has sudden changes in the Dokhan area through short distances. Geometry of the structures was strongly influenced by change of thickness in different rocks of the Qom Formation. The main question that has been answered in this study is what caused change of thickness in short distances. The geometry and kinematic observations of the major faults in the Dokhan area showed that their displacement style during sedimentation influenced on change of the thickness and folding style during deformation of the Qom Formation. This study showed that the Dokhan area is located in the extension termination of the NW-SE trending major strike-slip faults such as the Tafresh, Talkhab and Indus faults.

Present study is the first report of the rhenium and osmium isotopic data in the hypogene Cu-Fe sulfides (chalcopyrite and pyrite) from the Kerman porphyry copper deposits. Although data set was limited in this study, their interpretation helped to understand the possible sources of the metal for mineralization in the porphyry copper system. Based on this study, initial 187Os/188Os value in deposits recorded at least 0.1 to maximum 10 that the variation range for this ratio is much larger than the range detected in the Chilean porphyry copper deposit (from 0.15 to 5.2). The recorded non-radiogenic to radiogenic values for initial osmium ratio in primary sulfides of the Kerman porphyry copper deposits revealed isotopic heterogeneity and diversity in metal source for mineralization in these deposits. The record of the non-radiogenic values for initial 187Os/188Os (0.10- 0.15) in sulfides of the Miduk and Now Chun deposits, in the range of mantle values showed the main role of ore-forming fluids derived from mantle-derived magma (intrusive body) for supplying of the metal required for,) 0.15 0.13- (mineralization in these deposits. In contrast, too large deviation observed in initial 187Os/188Os values in sulfides of the Kerver (10) and Abdar (1) deposits respect to the mantle values showed the greater share of crustal sources (continental crust) rather than mantle sources in supplying of the metal for mineralization in these deposits. The Sar Cheshmeh deposit revealed less radiogenic value of initial osmium ratio in potassically sulfides (0.22) respect to phyllically sulfides (0.79), showing the contribution both the mantle and the crustal materials in supplying of the metal for mineralization, although the role of crust during the final stages of mineralization has been more important. The observed general trend in 187Os/188Os values being more radiogenic from old, high-grade deposits (middle Miocene) to young, low-grade deposits (upper Miocene- Pliocene) in the Kerman porphyry copper belt is attributed to increasing of the crustal sources contribution in generation of the young sub-productive-to-barren magmas and also in supplying of the metal for associated weak mineralization. This relationship can be suggested as a key for distinguishing and exploration of porphyry copper deposits with economic grades, the deposits that have been inherited greater share. of the mantle source for generation of productive magma and also required metal for mineralization in porphyry system.

Estimation of rock type, porosity and saturation are the main applications of petro physical logs. Several equations are presented for mentioned estimations, and deficiencies of these equations are widely investigated. In this paper, general deficiency of well logs processing methods is discussed. In general, because of smoothing trait of estimators, variability of estimated data is less than raw data. Since rock type, porosity and saturation are estimated from various well logs, it is anticipated that they have less variability in comparison with raw well logs. Therefore, it seems that energy (equal to information) of Fourier transform of estimated well logs in low frequency bands have to be more than similar energy of raw well logs. This study has been done on raw and estimated well logs of more than 100 wells of Iranian south and southwest oil fields. The results showed that estimated well logs have more variability, which confirms a fundamental deficiency in current well log processing methods.