GEOSCIENCES
Year:2018 | Volume:27 | Issue:106 |Papers Count:25

The Permian volcanic rocks of Central Alborz (northeast of Baladeh-Siahbisheh) crop out between Ruteh and Nesen Formations. The volcanic rocks are predominantly basaltic and plagioclase-phyric. Ferromagnesian minerals such as clinopyroxene and olivine are not modally abundant and sometimes are totally altered. Based on microprobe data, clinopyroxene and plagioclase are diopside (En34. 2-36. 4 Wo43. 1-47. 2 Fs14. 9-18. 1) and labradorite (50

The Farrokhi Formation is the youngest sedimentary unit in Upper Cretaceous of Khur and Biabanak area. Its lithology is mainly consists of limestone, marl, marly limestone with intercalations of fossiliferous limestone. For environmental interpretation of this formation, 23 specimens of marly beds are sampled and washed. . The study led to identification of 23 genera and 29 specious of ostracods. More than 87% of determined Ostracods have straight shell, without any ornamentation and connected to each other. It is concluded that the high rate in sedimentation led to well preservation of this fauna. According to the determined Ostracods, four ecofacies “ i. e. littoral, inner neritic, outer neritic and outer neritic with low to high salinity and warm” are identified for the marly beds under study.

This paper aims to optimally determine petrophysical facies according to well log data. Using the automatic classification method of K-NN (K-Nearest Neighbours), petrophysical facies can be determined even though not optimally. For optimal determination of facies, the K-NN method is combined with FastICA (Fast Independent Component Analysis) and DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) methods. This increases the success rate of the K-NN method. It also brings about optimal determination of petrophysical facies after which modelling and description of hydrocarbon reservoirs can be done. The research is performed in two different ways: In the first approach, the Fast ICA method is applied to data and then classified by the K-NN method. In the second approach, FastICA and DCT methods are applied to data and then classified by the K-NN method. Finally, the success rate of classification by the K-NN method is evaluated in both approaches to optimally determine petrophysical facies. Such evaluations indicate that application of the second method to data significantly enhances the success rate of the classification by the K-NN method, thereby leading to optimal determination of petrophysical facies, which is the very aim of this study. The utilized data including sonic log (DT), gamma rays (SGR), density (FDC or RHOB), neutron porosity (CNL or NPHI), and deep induction logs (ILD), belongs to the Marun oil field in southern Iran.

The study area is located in the Isfahan province and at the north of East Alloun Abad village. This area is a part of Urmia-Dokhtar belt in Central Iran. A large part of the area is formed from Eocene igneous rocks. These rocks include basaltic andesite and pyroclastic rocks of ignimbrite and tuff. These rocks show porphyritic and microlithic texture with plagioclase, amphibole and clinopyroxene as the main mineral constituents. The secondary minerals such as chlorite, calcite, epidote and iron oxide are formed due to alterations. Electron microprobe analyses reveals that clinopyroxenes are diopside-augite. The study of clinopyroxene chemistry showed that the water was between 2 to 10% during clinopyroxene crystallization. The parental magma was calc-alkaline and tectonic setting is a subduction-related environment, based on clinopyroxene composition. Geothermobarometry of clinopyroxene gives temperature range of 925-1091˚ C and pressures range of 2-10 kbars for the formation of clinopyroxene in these rocks.

The Neyriz Formation comprises the lowermost Jurassic strata in Fars area and the last lithostratigraphc unit of the Kazerun Group in the Zagros fold-thrust belt. This study focuses on facies analysis, reconstruction of depositional environments and sequence stratigraphy analysis of the Lower Jurassic Neyriz Formation in its type locality with a thickness of 233 m and Surmeh Mountain with a thickness of 68m in Fars region. Results indicate that the Neyriz Formation consists mainly of carbonates and shale with minor constituents of limestone conglomerates and glauconite-arenite in the middle part of the type section and calclithite sandstones in Surmeh section. Available evidences confirm that this carbonate-clastic succession deposited in various part of a confined and shallow sea (epicontinental) in south of the Main Zagros Reverse fault line. The lower part of the Neyriz Formation is composed of dolomudstone and shale facies with subordinate limestones deposited in a ramp platform due to the first transgression of Jurassic sea over the eastern part the Zagros fold-thrust belt. The subsequent sea-level fall resulted in increased clastic influx and led to development of coastal plain and restriction of carbonate production to the southern part of the platform. This drastic change of sedimentary regime led to the expanding of a tide-dominated estuary system in the High Zagros Belt and the deposition of clastic facies in the middle part of the Neyriz Formation. The clastic unit that pinches out towards the southwest is thought to have received its clastic input from the northeast and it may well be related to the Lower Jurassic continental siliciclastics (Shemshak equivalent) of the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone. As evidenced by the limitation of clastic influx and reestablishment of the carbonate factory, during the subsequent Early Jurassic sea level had risen steadily and platform flooded again. Vertical facies variations and comparison with global sea level curve reveal that the Neyriz Formation encompasses a second-order depositional sequence that correlates with the lower part of Farhad Supersequence (Jurassic of the Zagros Basin). The given sequence by itself includes two unconformity bounded third-order sequences deposited in the middle Liassic time (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian).

Quaternary volcanic activities in Alamut Valley occurred in three stages and covered Neogene red sedimentary rocks. The volcanic rocks are intermediate in composition and are classified as hornblende trachyandesite. The SiO2 content of the rocks varies in a range from 55. 48-61. 88 wt%. Chondrite normalized REE patterns exhibit a steep arrangement of LREEs and MREEs (La/Ho)N =85 and a relatively flat HREE (Ho/Lu)N =1. 3., Large ion lithophile elements (LILE) do not show strong enrichment compared to LREEs in mantle normalized multi-element spider diagrams. Nb andTa are slightly depleted compared to neighboring light rare earth elements. These rocks have high Sr/Y (140-205), La/Yb (113-142) ratios, accompanied by high K2O/Na2O (0. 7-0. 9) and resemble C-Type adakites. Geochemical evidence suggest that these rocks are resulted from partial melting of thickened eclogitic lower crust in presence of abundant residual garnet. Partial melting of lower continental crust probably triggered by thickening of crust as a result of late Cenozoic orogenic phases especially the Passadenian Orogenic phase.

Goshtasb anticline is situated in southeast of Shiraz. The dimension of this anticline is about 54 km length and maximum width of 7 km in the level of the Asemari– Jahrum carbonates exposure. The general trend of the structure is NW-SE which swings to an E-W trend in its eastern plunge possibly offsetted by branches of the Sarvestan fault. The northern flank of the anticline is steeply dipping to overturned whereas the southern flanks dips about 25-35, and therefore the anticline shows a distinct asymmetry to northeast in surface. In this research we show that this geometry is a result of activation of intermediate detachment levels in the stratigraphy succession specially Triassic evaporites of the Dashtak Formation, and the surface culminations of this anticline are merged together at depth to form a single structure (the Mozaffari anticline) in the Dehram level. In this research, an integration of field survey and available subsurface data combined with modern structural ideas have been used to study of the geometry of the Dehram horizon. For this purpose, 6 geological cross sections with the total length of 147 km and one 51-km-long longitudinal section have been constructed. Also an underground contour map of the Dehram horizon is produced using structural cross sections. According to this map, the areal and vertical closure of the Goshtasb anticline are 11. 5X47 km² and 2000 m, respectively.

As a part of Takab Metamorphic Complex (TMC), Belqeis Mountain has a variety of metamorphic rocks including orthogneiss, pelitic schists, meta-ultramafics and mafic rocks and dolomitic marbles. This complex was metamorphosed, faulted and folded during Late Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian Pan-African orogeny and invaded by granitoid pertinent to the subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic crust beneath the Iranian crust during Tertiary. Geochemically, the protolith of orthogneiss of Belqeis Mountain is high K and has calc-alkaline affinity and both fractional crystallization and magma mixing have been incorporated significantly to produce the protolith of them. The pattern of trace elements normalized to chondrite and primitive mantle points to enrichment in LILE and LREE, depletion of HFSE and HREE and shows negative anomalies in Eu, Ba, Nb, Sr, Ti and P. Depletion in HFSE was accompanied with enrichment of LILEs and LREEs indicating the generation of protolith in subduction setting related to active continental margins. Tectonic discrimination diagrams suggest a combination of volcanic arc and continental collision settings for the studied samples. There are many evidence including La/Nb>1 and relatively high values of several ratios such as Zr/Nb (14. 7), Th/Nb (1. 5), Ba/Nb (58), La/Nb (3), Ti/Zr (14. 9), Nb/Ce (0. 24) and (La/Sm)n (3. 76), close to crust values, confirming that mantle was not incorporated solely but both crust and mantle sources were contributed in origin of these rocks. All aforementioned points in addition to occurrence of paleo-suture zone and ophiolitic rocks (i. e. serpentinites, meta-mafic and meta-ultramafic rocks) around these medium to high grade metamorphic rocks confirm that subduction of an oceanic lithosphere followed by collision in the study area.

Mass movements, especially landslides, are one of the natural hazards that to a large extent occur, are controlled, or are prevented by human. It is obvious that human interferences in nature regardless of stability conditions and its natural balance leads to physical reactions from the environment to return the sustainability and balance. Damages caused by the landslides, which have been growing in recent decades, have made humans to find appropriate solutions to reduce and control this phenomenon. Zonation of areas susceptible to landslide is one of the most widely used methods to avoid hazardous areas or applying controlling methods in hazardous areas. This research uses artificial neural network for zonation of landslide susceptibility in the Qazvin-Rasht quadrangle area. The studied area is one of the most susceptible areas for landslide event in terms of topography, climate, and geology, as the history of the area shows 338 recorded landslides. Fifteen variables studied in other researches as effective variables in occurrence of landslides were selected to investigate this area. By combining these variables and the map of existing landslides, value of each of the 15 variables was extracted for sliding points. In the next stage, a number of points (1000 points) were randomly selected from the area and values of these variables were extracted for them. Each of the two data sets was divided into two training (70%) and test (30%) categories. We combined each of the two training and test categories, and used their output for training and testing the network. The number of internal layers of the neural network was determined to be 9 layers based on trial and error method and calculation of the root mean square error value (RMSE = 0. 4041). The constructed neural network is of feedforward networks type with back-propagation algorithm and its training algorithm is of Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation training algorithm type. After training and testing the network and conducting necessary corrections on it, the constructed neural network was used to predict the sensitivity of landslides in studied area. We placed results of this prediction in a range from 0 to 1 and obtain the best zonation map of the landslide susceptibility by choosing a threshold. Final evaluation of the zonation map of landslide susceptibility in the Qazvin-Rasht quadrangle shows an error of approximately RMSE = 0. 4164 and the constructed neural network identifies 298 out of 338 occurred landslides in the high-risk zone, indicating the accuracy of 88. 1%.

Siriz iron deposit is located in Central Iran structural zone, 75 km northwest of Zarand, Kerman Province. Iron mineralization occurred mainly as irregular ore bodies, lenses and veins in Paleozoic metamorphosed dolomitic limestone known as Kuhbanan Formation and the skarn units at the contacts of Siriz granitoid pluton. The Siriz iron deposit shows a simple mineralogical composition including magnetite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, hematite and iron hydroxides. The Siriz granitoid pluton is composed of quartz syenite, quartz monzonite, syenite and syenogabbro, with a calc– alkaline origin. Based on geochemical studies and classification, this pluton shows A-type characteristics with A1 subclass, originated from a mantle source. The Siriz skarn mineralization system consists of Siriz granitoid pluton as heat and mineralization source, skarn zone, massive magnetite iron ore lenses and veins, and metamorphosed dolomitic limestone (marble). An advance contact metamorphism between Siriz pluton and the dolomitic limestone of Kuhbanan Formation originated a calcic marble with granoblastic texture with garnet-wollastonite-marble (calcite) assemblage in limestone and garnet-clinopyroxene-phlogopite assemblage in dolomitic limestone. The Ca(-Mg) silicate minerals formed at this stage are mainly anhydrous and are not associated with iron mineralization. The peripheral high temperature magmatic-hydrothermal system changed to lower temperature system during the progressive cooling of the Siriz granitoid pluton. This stage was recognized by formation of epidote, tremolite– actinolite, biotite, muscovite, chlorite, talc, calcite and quartz mineral assemblage in the Siriz iron deposit skarn unit. The association of iron mineralization and the late retrograde mineral assemblages, suggests that the iron mineralization is probably related to the fluid mixing with cooler meteoric water and decline in ore fluid temperature.

In the Boshgaz area in 50 kilometers northwest of Sarbisheh and eastern margin of Lut block, Tertiary volcanic rocks with basaltic andesite, andesite and dacite composition are cropped out. The main texture of these rocks are porphyry with microlithic-glass groundmass, glomeroporphyritic and vesicular. The main minerals in andesite lavas are plagioclase, pyroxene, amphibole and biotite and in dacites are plagioclase, quartz, amphibole and biotite. Geochemical investigations show that these rocks have medium to high-K calk alkaline nature. Enrichment of Sr, Zr, Cs, Th, K, depletion of Nb, Ti, P, Ba and enrichment of LREE relative to HREE in the studied rocks show that these rocks are related to a subduction zone and active continental margin setting. On the basis of trace elements diagrams, volcanic rocks of the Boshgaz area are formed in an immature arc or early stage of subdution. Mg# values in volcanic rocks of the Boshgaz area are ~48 indicating the role of mantle constituents in their formation. Low ratio of Sm/Yb (<2. 5) in the studied lavas show absence of garnet in the source. Low ratio of Zr/Ba (average 0. 34) and high ratio of La/Nb (2. 22-3. 19) for the studied lavas are characteristics of lithospheric mantle source. MREE/HREE diagrams show that lavas of the Boshgaz area originated from spinel-phlogopite lherzolite. Low ratio of Ba/Rb (<20) and high ratio of Rb/Sr (>0. 1), support the existence of phlogopite in the source. The uniform pattern of REEs and medium values of LaN/LuN(8-14) in intermediate and acidic rocks of Boshgaz indicate genetic relation between them.

In the Zagros sedimentary basin, the maximum thickness of the Guri Member carbonates is belonging to the eastern parts of the Bandar-Abbas region. In this research, the Guri Member in five outcrops at the Bandar-Abbas region has been sedimentological and stratigraphic studied. The Guri Member mainly consists of limestone with interbedded marl with a variable thickness from 540 m at the Handun outcrop to 52 m at the Nakh outcrop. According to facies study and using the 87Sr/86 Sr isotopic ratio (amounts 0. 708522 and 0. 708790 values) of the basal carbonate layers of this member, the beginning sedimentation of these deposits occur during the Burdigalian and Langian times within the five carbonate facies. Fieldwork observations and facies distribution suggested a shelf carbonate platform for deposition of the Guri Member at the Bandar-Abbas region. Petrographic investigation in addition to trace elements (Sr, Mn and Fe) and isotopic (oxygen and carbon) geochemical analyses, also indicate the main influence of the marine to shallow-burial diagenetic process with the marine fluids after primary deposition of the Guri Member. The comparison of the oxygen and carbon isotope values of the Guri samples with the least-altered oxygen and carbon range for the early to middle Miocene marine calcite and also the more variations of the oxygen isotope values (between-1. 19‰ to-5. 39‰ PDB), and lees variations of carbon isotope values (between-1. 05‰ to 2. 2‰ PDB), indicate the effects of shallow-burial fluids (marine-phreatic) on the carbonate of the Guri Member.

Main Travertines of Iran are located in a NW-SE trending belt (Urmia-Dokhtar Belt), extending from Tabriz to Zahedan. Neo-tectonic activities (Plecene to now) with travertine deposits around hot springs and volcanic features can be seen along this belt. In this study, East Azerbaijan travertines (northern of Urmia-Dokhtar structural zone) is investigated and are compared with Kurdistan and West Azerbaijan travertine (northern of Sanandaj-Sirjan structural zone). The studied samples classify in thermogene category, using geochemical, mineralogical and 18O and 13C isotopes studies. Based on facies studies, northern Urmia-Dokhtar travertines fall in oncoid crystalline while Sanandaj-Sirjan travertines show oncoid, crystalline crust and pebbly facies. Using the measured δ 13C values of travertine gives the δ 13C of the CO2 released from the water during travertine deposition. Source of the CO2 in the water springs was crustal magmatic water. The stable isotope composition of two areas were compared with Turkey travertines and they show similar genesis, CO2 source and isotopic composition.

The intrusive bodies of Almogholagh Batholith, in western Iran are emplaced into the Sanandaj– Sirjan magmatic-metamorphic zone and comprise three main groups: (1) gabbro-diorite, (2) quartz syenite, and (3) quartz monzonite, which crop out in most of the area. The quartz syenite and quartz monzonite rocks, having characteristics such as metaluminous, generally ferroan, alkalic to alkali-calcic types, high content of Na2O+K2O, Zr, Ce, Ga, Y, Nb, Ta, REE, and depletion in Eu, Sr and Ti, show the features of borderline between A1 and A2-type granitoids with more A1-type affinity. On the basis of the results of the various diagrams, the gabbroic-dioritic rocks show between A1 and I-type granitoids nature with more I-type affinity. Distinctive peak patterns in spider diagrams accompanied by (La/Yb)CN values of 2. 4 to 6. 1 and Ba/La ratio >3 indicate magmatic activity in a volcanic arc environment, and the characteristics (Ba/Rb)CN<1, (Ba/Th)CN <1 and Th/Ta ratio from 1 to 20 suggest magmatic activity at a continental margin setting., Amphiboles is abundant in Almogholagh Batholith intrusive rocks and biotite is absent. Therefore, these bodies belong to post-collision setting. 143Nd/144Nd > 0. 512638, ε tNd >0, ε tSr >0, high content of Nb, Ta and very high content of Zr (589 ppm) indicate that there was a subsidiary subduction after the initial collision for a long time and the magmas of Amogholagh batholiths were originated from mantle wedge, overlying the subduction zone or from mantle components around fragments resulting from delamination between continental crust and mantle lithosphere, demonstrating the involvement of subduction zone fluids, high flux of mantle-derived halogen-rich volatiles, and contamination within the crust during the petrogenesis of intrusions.

The Asmari Formation is a thick carbonate sequence in Zagros foreland basin (southwest of Iran). It was deposited during Oligocene – Early Miocene ages. The formation with a thickness of 233m cropped out in the Dashtroom section (15 km south of Yasuj). This formation was studied from microfacies, sedimentary environment and biostratigrarphy point of view. Study of benthic foraminifera led to recognition of 23 genera and 32 species. In general, three assemblage biozones were recognized in this formation, consisting of: 1. Lepidocyclina-Operculina-Ditrupa assemblage zone 2. Miogypsina– Elphidium sp., Peneroplis farsensis assemblage zone 3. Borelis melo curdica-Meandropsina iranica assemblage zone An age of Early Oligocene (Rupelian-Chattian)-Early Miocene (Burdigalian) is suggested for the formation at the study area. Based on laboratory studies, nine microfacies related to three subenvironments (lagoon, bar and open marine) were identified. This study revealed that, the Asmari Formation deposited on a homoclinal epicontinental carbonate ramp.

Tourism is a valuable and quick-impact on economic approach and is raised to land use considerations, and has fewer risks and costs in the field of investment due to the availability of resources compared to other projects. The purpose of land use planning is to balance geographical distribution of economic, social and cultural activities in the area toward natural and human resources, and therefore to achieve sustainable development. Tourism as one of the multi-dimensional aspects of spatial development of a region has the potential to be the first in the development planning. In the last decade, “ geoparks” as geotourism targets are considered the main approach of development in many advanced countries and those that have limited resources or related industries. National and international introduction and registration of empowerment zones called “ geoparks” is the new initiatives in the development of geotourism, and is important strategies in order to achieve goals such as sustainability and environmental protection, rehabilitation and economic stability of local communities (employment, income), creation of social welfare in rural areas and low population centers which are of low interest of industrial, mining and oil budgets. In this paper, with the use of descriptive survey method (review the attractions and potentials of the Lorestan province), using SWOT strategic plan, necessary strategies to establish geoparks have been developed and proposed. Based on IE matrix, the sum of total score of internal factors of geopark role in the province geotourism was obtained to be 3. 916, which means strength of the internal factors in the province. Therefore, the province capabilities in the creation of geoparks has overcome the weaknesses. The sum of total score of external factors was obtained 3. 674, which means opportunities overcome the threats in the creation of geoparks. So, the creation of geoparks as a preference option in empowerment in Lorestan province was proposed and studied, and aggressive strategy was determined as the prioritized strategy in this regard.

Dehaj-Meiduk area is located at North of Shahre-babak. There are nine porphyry intrusive bodies in this region, which include Meiduk, Parkam, Iejoo, Segino, Chah Firouzeh, Narkoh, Ayoub Ansar, Sara and Keder. Meiduk, Chah Firouzeh, Parkam, Iejoo and Segino are productive among them and Narkoh, Keder, Ayoub Ansar and Sara are barren. These intrusive bodies are mostly composed of porphyry diorite, quartzdiorite and granodiorite. Geochemical studies indicate that the magma of these rocks has the peraluminous to metaluminous nature and magma series are calc-alkaline with high potassium and shoshsonitic nature. The geochemical variation diagrams of major oxides and minor elements, illustrate the continuous spectrum of rock compositions for the studied samples, which indicates high crystallization differentiation during magmatic processes. Field observations, petrographic and geochemical studies suggest that the rocks in the Dehaj-Meiduk area are I type. All available data demonstrate that these rocks are result of subduction of Neotethyan oceanic crust beneath the central Iran continental crust. Flat subduction happened in some parts of the study area and because of that, partial melting rate has been low and as a result adakitic rocks are produced. The adakitic rocks have formed intrusive bodies in Pliocene. Since magma is depleted in metallic elements by forming earlier stage productive plutons, the later rocks do not contain metallic elements and are barren.

This study aims at analyzing structural lineaments, fractures and blind faults of the Avaj-Abegarm region and determining the related fractal patterns using remote sensing techniques. The lineaments map was extracted using appropriate algorithms of spatial data, Landsat 8 satellite images and Shaded Relief Model with a semi-automatic method, and then field studies and instrumental recorded earthquakes have been used for identification of structural lineaments. The fractures pattern and structural lineaments of the study area were calculated using fractal analysis and Box Counting method and fractal dimension obtained in the Hassanabad and Avaj fault zones from Log– log plots. Based on calculated fractal dimensions of structural lineaments, location of the longitudinal faults and epicenter of destructive Changureh-Avaj 2002 earthquake, the Abdareh and Kharrud faults are active blind faults beneath the alluvial deposits of the study area, . The density of faults in the Hassanabad fault zones and the higher fractal dimension of fractures in this zone in comparison with the Avaj fault zone, indicate higher activity level of the Hassanabad and KharRud faults.

Due to high cost, risk and time consuming nature of field operations and mineral explorations, the discovery of probable mineralization area is profoundly important. Thus, preparations of potential mineral map by means of GIS techniques for compilation all exploration factors is an essential matter. Various methods of mineral potential assessment have been developed. One of those most efficient techniques, based on nature of geology and mineral phenomena, is Analytical Hierarchy process (AHP) and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy process (FAHP). In this investigation, in order to prepare probable porphyritic gold copper zones map in 1: 100000 sheet of south of Sehchangi, AHP and FAHP have been implemented. In the study area, the witness layers including geology layers (thermal source rock and host rock), alteration, tectonic and geochemical layers depending on target (porphyritic gold-copper mineralization) are weighted and then compiled by aid of AHP and FAHP. In final compiled map resulted by two mentioned methods, the anomalous zones are separated by fractal method. The comparison of final maps of probable porphyritic gold-copper mineralization zones indicate that the results derived byFAHP is significantly more precise than AHP. Anomalous zones derived by this method (FAHP) are evaluated, anomalous zone 1 derived by FAHP is approved by previous analysis. The analysis results of mineralized samples of anomaly 2 indicate that samples have experienced copper enrichment and moreover, gold and arsenic elements are enriched as well. The results presented here and results of previous analyses approve mineral potential assessment derived by Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy process (FAHP).

The Upper Dalan and Kangan formations with the late Permian-early Triassic age are considered as the main reservoir rocks of some fields in the Persian Gulf. These formations with carbonate-evaporate interval are composed of shoal, lagoon and tidal flat facies deposited in shallow parts of a carbonate ramp under the warm and arid climate condition. In these facies, dolomitization is a common diagenetic process which has been discussed in terms of the formation, distribution and its relationship with the reservoir quality. This process with regard to the original sedimentary properties, and also the effect of such diagenetic processes as dissolution and anhydrite cementation, has different effect on the reservoir characteristics. Dolomite has been mainly distributed as replacement with an insignificant part as cement. Fine crystalline replacive dolomites in mud dominated facies of tidal flats, have been formed by surface evaporation and pore water concentration in early diagenesis. In contrast, replacive dolomites in grain dominated facies, as fabric selective and non-fabric selective, have been developed by the effect of evaporate brines penetration during the burial diagenesis. In these facies, anhydrite has been formed as patchy and pervasive cement. Dolomitic facies with pervasive anhydrite, similar to fine crystalline facies of tidal flats, show low reservoir quality. Dolomitic facies with patchy anhydrite and also coarse crystalline replacive dolomites have higher reservoir quality. The results show that dolomitization when is associated with development of fabric destructive and coarse replacement dolomites, especially within the grain dominated facies, has an effective role on reservoir quality improvement.

Mesgarabad area is located in ~10 km southeast of Tehran, the Central-Alborz structural zone (CASZ) of Iran. The rock units exposed in the area consist of Eocene volcanics, volcano-sedimentary and sedimentary rocks intruded by post upper Eocene granodiorite to quartz monzo-diorite. These subvolcanic intrusive bodies show porphyroid to microgranular textures and have calc-alkaline magmatic nature. These bodies produced hydrothermal fluids causing extensive alteration zones developed along the Se-Darreh-e-Bozorg strike-slip fault. The effects of hydrothermal fluids on the entire Eocene rock units and subvolcanic intrusive bodies are remarkable. The main alterations are silicification, sericitization, chloritization, epidotizaton, actinolitization, argillization, carbonatization, and alunitization-jarositization, which provided suitable physico-chemical conditions for ore-mineralization. The penetration of subvolcanic intrusive bodies into the Eocene volcanics, volcano-sedimentary and sedimentary rocks brought about skarn mineralization and epithermal barite veins. Microscopic studies and advanced analysis showed that the principal mineral phases in the epithermal zones are magnetite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, barite, Cu+Sn+Fe alloy, hematite, psilomelane, jacobsite, martite, geothite, and lepidochrosite. The skarnification processes occurred at two distinct stages, (1) progressive and (2) retrogressive. The pyrometasomatic anhydrous minerals such as andradite-grossularite formed during progressive stage and the hydrous minerals like hematite, epidote, chlorite, tremolite-actinolite, calcite, quartz, pyrite, chalcopyrite and chalcocite were developed during retrogressive stage. Fluid inclusion studies on primary aqueous inclusions trapped in barite crystals revealed fluid that mixing of two fluids having different physicochemical conditions played an important role for ore deposition.