JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES (TEHRAN)
Year:2005 | Volume:56 | Issue:173|Papers Count:13

In this research, it has been tried to investigate and present the impact of the linguistic attitudes of the individuals of a community on its linguistic policy. The theory of linguistic attitudes, as Baker (1992) believes, originates from total attitudes. Hence, this study is related to both sociolinguistics and social psychology. Therefore, in this framework, the viewpoints of different linguists concerning the function of linguistic attitudes in language planning have been considered first. Then the theory of linguistic attitudes has been defined and scientifically explained. The relationship between the covert policy of language and the linguistic attitudes of the individuals of a community, along with the linguistic culture, in comparison with the overt policy of language has also been thoroughly presented. At the end a research plan regarding the language planning in Iran and the linguistic consciousness have been introduced.

No one can understand any sciences completely and comprehensively unless he studies the terminology of that science quite well. Through knowing the terminology, he will be able to perceive that science profoundly and have a better understanding of its various aspects, the textual structure of its reading materials, etc. Hence, one should first know the specific terms of that science well. This sort of language, as a cultural phenomenon, is quite different from the ordinary speech of the people. On the other hand, in order to develop any science, one should flourish his aspects of creativity and innovation. Thus, so as to improve these aspects one should practice creativity in literature and various literary grounds.

The terms,"qaheri" and "delbari" were used in the Persian poetical works of Iqbal Lahori to present divine majesty and divine beauty and show the manifestation of these characteristics among the believers. From his own perspective, a true mystic should have both the divine majesty and divine beauty inside him. Not having these major features can be considered as a main defect for him. Since the divine beauty of God always exceeds His divine majesty, a true mystic should have more lenient characteristics than his violent ones.

The literary critics believe that words may be classified in four major classes. This classification is called the religious, lexical general and specific traditions. They also believe that each of these four classes of words may have the real or figurative sense as well. Hence, if one wants to understand the exact meaning and message of the terary, mystical cultural, ... texts quite well, he should first know these four traditions. Then, he can perceive the various levels of meaning in these mystical texts.

Continual advancements in all branches of science have caused to create new words and expressions. Hence, the Arab philologists and linguists tried to find out certain new ways in order to enrich the Arabic lexicon. They have also attempted to establish various linguistic institutes. Some of these foundations are the Academy of Damascus (1919), the Academy of Egypt (1934), the Academy of Iraq (1947), the Academy of Rabat (1961), etc.

A speaker should speak in such a way as the situation appears to be. For instance, he should use a predicative sentence in order to convey the statement, or he should use an injunctive sentence so as to convey a request, and so on. But, in order to be eloquent, he should sometimes ignore this principle. Therefore, he speaks in such a way unlike what the situation seems to be. It is called expressing an utterance ignoring the appearance of the situation. In this research, it has been tried to investigate the above-mentioned category in detail. The advantage of each case, when he ignores the situation, has also been presented.

The Persian literature in "Mashrooteh" period was quite under the influence of the social political and cultural conditions of that time. This extensive development was due to the fact that many Iranian elites, such as the university students, businessmen, explorers, diplomats, etc. started traveling to the Western countries. On the other hand, many Western experts, esp. the European orientalists, began to take a trip to Iran. The major characteristic of the Persian literature in  this period was to use the simple and colloquial form of the Persian language so as to communicate with the masses much better than before.

Many Iranian and foreign critics and researchers have considered Ferdowsi as one of the most outstanding Persian poets. Hence, many researches have been done on his great masterpiece, i.e. Shahnameh. In this research, it has been tried to survey the wise and the unwise in Shahnameh. Then the reason for attributing these two qualities to the characters has been found out and put forward. It should also be noticed that the term of "wisdom" from the Shahnameh viewpoint, is a practical one and an oriental wisdom.

In this research, it has been tried to survey and analyze one of the narrations of "Kalileh and Damneh" entitled, "The King of Elephants and the Rabbit". This scientific analysis has been done from the mythological point of view. This narration was also put forward in the third chapter of "Mathnawi" on the basis of a moral presentation.

The fifth century (A.H.) was the period of the various cultural contacts in the Islamic countries. Hence, the Arabic language and literature was greatly used by different Muslim scientists. Arabic has always been under the direct influence of the miraculous form of the Qur'anic verses, along with the supreme concepts of the Islamic terms and notions. In this way, Arabic played a very significant part in the ideas and works of the other scholars and poets. One may find many Qur'anic terms and Islamic concepts in the literary works of this period. Naser Khosrow was one of the great figures of this trend. Therefore, in this research, it has been tried to present two concepts of "liking" and "disliking" in the poetical works of this massive literary figure.

The late Prof. M. Qazvini was the first Iranian scholar who used textual criticism methods in editing the Persian literary works. He published four major Persian texts in Gibb Cultural Series. They can be considered as the most standard samples in this area. In this research, it has been tried to present and survey these books scientifically.