JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES (TEHRAN)
Year:2002 | Volume:4 | Issue:4-5|Papers Count:19

The Method of Moulana lalalddin in composing Mathnavi was, explaning and solving the problems which were discusedin Islamic fields several hundreds years ago. these problemes were arised from misunderestanding rational problems, arised from Quran and traditions has been reach to us from prophet Mohammad (P.b.u.h). In this article we are going to show how Moulana had used some of these traditions through some examples. As I mentioned in other my works, Moeulana had had followed the method of old preachers who present a verse of Quran or a tradition of prophet or Imams (Islamic leaders) and then explain it. They did not pay attention to the source of story and its wright or wrong. They have just presented the verse to get their results.

The Composite Verses including twelve stanzas of Mohtashain -e- Kashani is a considerable elegy for Imam Hossein.These Poems are so unique that have made Mohtasham the most famous poet of all others. In this essay the main factors in composing twelve stanzas which caused Mohtasham to be successful have been studied both in their apparent and inward cases. Apparent case includes: choosing a suitable model, rhyme, poetical order, verbal order, harmony and the proportion of stanzas and verses. Inward case includes: Reporting the Karbala events, the interlocked subjects, the Epic tune, a notable shape of Holiness which has covered the twelve stanzas and an appropriate pattern. And for the first time the influence of composite verses of jamal oddin Abdorrazaq e Isfahani (died in 588 annoHejira) on composite verses of Mohtasham e Kashani has been mentioned.

In certain registers of Persian religious (viz. Shiite) discourse, additional vowel duration conveys several pragmatic meanings. Such additional duration is exerted, for example, on the second vowel in the name Muhammad, the last vowel in the title? emam "Imam, and the first vowel of the title Qa:?em. The duration here serves two purposes: it conveys the preacher"s reverence and politeness toward the dignitaries mentioned and also makes the audience (hearersas well as bystanders) give a variety of appropriate (non-) verbal responses. On the other hand, the phenomenon may well be regarded as a joint-and-collective, hybrid speech act with a short-circuited implicature, too. Additionally, it has an informative as well as an expressive function on the part of the preacher, and a directive function for the audience.

In this article, by an introduction about the importance of recognition of existence, I proceed to existence as a common subject between philosophy and gonastism. The subjects of existence is the most obvious concept and also the most comlex fact in metaphysics. In this article also pointed to the Molla Sadra"s views about the existance and his several profound questions about the significance and recognition of existence... seven reasons from the last chapter of Tahrir -al- Tamhid and reasonof piouses has been explained briefly. Another part of this article is the viewpoints of professor Assar about existence and Ayatolah Rafiee Ghazvini about the existent unity. This article is an introduction to the proposal of research about Ibn Arabi and late Imam Khomeyni" s viewpoints which we are going to explain them later.

The subject of this article is about one of the rhetoric methods or strnctures that is seen in literary and artistic texts. In this method, thephonetic harmony and concordance of words creates new meaning, it means that the sound which is made through the unity or contradiction between consonants and vowels of words, adjust with the meaning that the poet considers. Therefore, in this artistic structure, the sound of word scauses to relay the meaning, unites the meanings that are contradictories and far from each other and sometimes with making a new rhetoric vehicle produces new meaning. The other important point should be considered is that the realm of this strncture is broader than the kinds of music of words, because music of words only hasa formal aspect, but this rhetoric method appears when the formal soundof wordsor alliteration creates new meaning by accident. Consequently, if we substitute the synonyms that doesn"t have this characteristic, the previous harmony, concordance, unity and influence completely will disappear. In this article, the author has tried to study and explain the manifestations of this artistic structure in two volumes of Rumi"s Mathnavi.

By studying the images in Kalim"s poems It has been known that Kalim in the first place highly is interestedin similies and metaphor and irony. He is very able in using different motifs for creating meaning. Thus this genious has made him to be representedas the second person in creating meaning in literary history of Iran. The purpose of this article is to present the way imagesin Kalim"s poems and the way he uses commonly and masterly images.

Badr Chachi is one of the poets of 8th century and he is a competent follower of Khaghani whose poems to date have no and overal treceived sufficient attention in Iran. In this article, first after introduction to Badr Chachi and hisposition amonge the Indian poets reciting farsi poems, his poetic notions and style is discussed. Finally, some of the less applied characteristics of his poems will be presented.

Title (Pazhname) is a name other than the main name that contains a praise or blame; such as "Hakimolmamalek" (the Philosopher of Lands). Titling was common in pre-Islam period and in Hendushah Nakhjavani"s view, this titling became common among Arabs during Ale Buye and Saljuqids and later in Iran, It replaced pseudonym, an Arabic practice. Title is sometimes a common name given to different persons as a title and rank, like "Amiroshshoara" (Kings of thr poets) and sometimes it is a proper name such as "Zorriasateyn" (with two director"s responsibilities) as was the title of "Fazl Bin Sahl Sarakhsi" Most titles in persian have a compound form with an "AI" preface (Zollam) which should be taken as an attributable non-verbal conjuctive compound adjective. If the title (in Persian) comes before the main name, it is indicator or psudopronoun. Sometimes title replaces the main name in this case, it might be called as a "nick-name".

In this paper we have shown that, in the firstplace, despite the views held by some major critics, Naser Khosrowe"s poems are not simply ascetical. Secondly, a deeper study of the metaphors employed in his poetic writtings indicated his hatred towards the ignorance of his contemporaries.

This essay has provided by studying and investigation in Manavi-Mathnavi, the complete works of shams, the five tomes of Nezami"s poetical works, the complete works of khaghani, Bostan and all of Attar"s poetical works. Therefore, we have extracted distichs at first. that relate to medicine and ancient ideas in this course, then, by referringto valid ancient books, we have collected related informations to each distichs. It is necessary to mention that in some of literature, medical properties of a material or a medical herb had considered by poet and in some other, it has spoken from a kind of illness, its causes and symptoms and or its treatment style. In some cases, we also face to miscellaneous problems of medicine. In this essay have stated under four general titles: «Medicine and image-making» «Medicine and allegory» and «Medicine and poem contexts».

Xaje Sharafod-din Shapour [Arjasb] -e- Tehranirazni no,e- de-plume to "Faribi, shapour,shahpour" is one of the poets shiite Religion of the second half of the 10th and the first half of 11th century. He is oneof the first poets of Indian style that we can see the characteristics of this style in his poems. beside the Indian style, khorasani style, Eraghi style, and Maktab -e- voghou [Realism] have affected on his poems. therefore his style is the combination of current styles of language of Persian poems from Eraghi style to Indian style in his poems.

The literature of constancy during Iran and Russia wars; that was created in Persian language, was the main factor that prose and verse exited from court towards common people. The courtier literature that was along with eulogyizing of the kings became familiar with corrent events. The presence of religious leader who persuade people to defend their country caused a new movement in literature of constancy. This movement caused the literature. of constancy and Holy war. The courtier poets who inspired from war came to a new stageand became the pioneer of literature of constancy.

Iranian Fiction is very extensive and productive; various types of narration can be seen in it, and pleasure and satisfaction can be found in each; a large portion of these is the traditional ones which, in spite of great extensiveness and varirety. no serious measures have been taken for their classification yet. The work done in this connection, which has been touched upon in this article, is still in its infancy. Here, the classification of teaditional stories has been discussed as a suggestion paying special attention to the work done so far.

In this article, holy manifestations of tree, as the symbols of human and his wishes; have been taken into account, and been compared with myths of Iran with those of India, China, Greece, Japan,... and also with some religions. The items discussed in several texts of Persian literature as Ferdowsi"s Shahnameh, Nizami"s Khamseh, Attar"s Mantegh -Al- Teyr. And told that tree between our literary symbols has a high situation.

Defamilarization is one of the basic conceptions in the theory of Russian formalists. in a broadsense defamllarzation consistsof all devices and techniques the writer or poet uses to defamilarise the word of text to readers. One of the main methods of defamilarization is deviation from the notm. In Shams odes various types of deyiation are usedas in: terminological deviation, periodical deviation and syntactic deviation.