JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES (TEHRAN)
Year:2007 | Volume:58 | Issue:182|Papers Count:13

The European travelogues, who came to Iran during the seventeen century, are well known because of their numbers and valuables. One of these travelogues is the Oleaginous work. He was a learned scholar and was professor of Latin languages at Liepzik University. His academic background helped him to provide an analytical account of the Iran at that time. The Olearious travelogue contains many subjects such as cultural, historical, social and political aspects of Iranian society. This travelogue had been. Published in Germany after return to his homeland and were republished several times during the next three decades and translated to the European languages. It became a model for the other European travelers who came to Iran later.

From the last years of nineteenth century up to 1907 the Persian Gulf was dominated by the rivalry of great European powers, mainly Britain and Russia. Since 1860s, Russia the traditional rival of Britain throughout the nineteenth century and early twenty century was threatening India by advancing into central Asia. The danger of Russian military operations in the direction of India at the early twenty century was not only from North West India, Sistan and Bluchistan, but also via sea when the Russian gunboats and merchant ships appeared in the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf. At the time, Britain was dominant in the Persian Gulf due to some technological developments and improvement of communications such as the successful operation of Persian Gulf telegraph system, the opening of Suez Canal, and the introduction of steamship to the region. The rivalries intensified when both powers were looking to find a foothold at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, but the events in Europe and European diplomacy of these two rivals ended with the conclusion of 1907 agreement, the result of which was the removal of the Russian threat in the Persian Gulf.

Invisible have important role in the shia history, That perplexed shii society. In this period, shii society should be resolved self problems with hhem struggle.For this reason, shii jurists would face with many new questions. That is created new condition for shia. Jurists were necessary for find new resolved on the basis of jurisprudence and politic. The important new problem for shii society, in what way relation and cooperation with contemporary governments, because they are usurper in jurisprudence view.The purpose of the present paper is the answer of the new questions: what thought jurists about this question? What is behavioured about? What is political principle for them thought and behaviour. The jurists confessed government and they beliefs the all governments are usuarper but they are attempt for come out shii society from crisis. For this reason, they are cooperated with shii government. But they have different thought about.The present paper separate two faction: believed for limited of conditioned of the cooperation, believed for expanded of condition of the cooperation.

This article narrates Shams AI' Din Bey (Ottoman's Embassedor in Iran) Report on lran's Constitutionalism. Circa thirteen years (1313-1326), he was Ottoman's Great Representative i1ran. For several years, he had" Moghadem AI' Sofera" topic in Iran. It shows his high position among other countries's embassy in Iran and Qajar state. In this report, he, as a foreign observer, represent his analysis of Iran constitutionalism to Ottoman officials. Shams al' din report is important, because it shows Ottoman official position on Iran Constitutional changes, England and Russia responses to the event, and possible outcomes of constitutionalism in Iran.

To give a model for the study of press structure from constitution to the present time, it has been tried to put the emphasis on two independent variables: political power and civilized society. These two independent variables which are extended or strengthened, by two factors, the political culture of the elite and the problem-solving offices for social unrests, form the developed or undeveloped press structure of Iran.The author pays his attention to the role of the press in deferent historical eras since the constitution revolution up until present time based on the two variables.

This article, briefly, reviews the view points of Talebov on different aspects of the new European culture and civilization, freedom, democracy, science, teaching and colonialism. Talebov’s view point on the way the Iranians faced western civilization and westernization, is also reviewed briefly, to define his role, position and effect on "westernizations dialogue "in twentieth century Iran.

Local historiography is the third well-known type of historiography after dynasty and general histories. Each state or city according to political, social and economic stations more or less has got one, two or more local history works.At the same time, vast state of kerman located between Fars and Khorassan has got a relatively rich local history writing and comparing its local historiography with other states, one finds that it becomes third after Khorassan, and the Caspian border states. Since there is a direct relationship between rise and fall of local governments of that region and its local historiography.The most famous local historian or, in other words, the father of historiography of Kerman state is Afzal-al-din Kermani writing his works, he started the local historiography of the same state.After that historiography of Kerman never faced a cease, and several works about the history of this region were written.

The Iranians were aware about Christianity from long last times ago. This religion was spread at some of historical period in Iran. The Christianity was changed during the history and was divided into different sects, especially Catholicism, Protestantism and Orthodoxy. In this article tried to show the measure of the Iranian awareness about this division, with emphasis in the first reflections of Protestantism in Iran.

Since the ancient time, the history of Sistan had a special position in national history of Iran- and even in the Islamic world. During the early years of the Islamic period, under the rule of the Saffarids, the history of Sistan appeared as the main center for the Iranian history due to its significance in the political events. After the fall of the Saffarids, A new group of the Sistani king, known as the Muluk of Nimruz, established their rule in Sistan and the adjacent area. By the rise of the Safavid rule, the Muluk of Sistan shared their power with the central government. After the collapse of the Safavids, these Muluk attempted to re-establish their authority there. The rule of Malik Mahmud of Sistan can be considered as the epoch of this activity. The information on the Maliks of Nimruz are scattered and there are nothing detailed information on the conditions of the Muluk in Zand and Qajarid sources. In recent years, according to new discovered manuscripts, titled as Shajarat al-Muluk, we can shed light on the history of Sistan during the period between the fall of the Safavids to the early years of the Qajara. The main task of this study is to examine the sources of this period and to focus on the importance of the Shjarat al- Muluk information on the history of the Kiyanid or the Maliks of Nimeuz.

With the sad demise of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) the political system of Islam was confronted with a serious challenge, and was subjected to many revisionist developments, despite the relentless efforts made by the disciples of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), particularly by His Eminence Ali (PBUH) in a bid to safeguard it and to ensure its continuity.The verdicts issued by sources of jurisprudence and Islamic thinkers, particularly by the Sunni Alims on issues of caliphate and Islamic governance, especially ever since the Third Century, are in fact a comprehensive reflection of the historic developments in early centuries after the advent of Islam. The influence of the various civilizations with which the Islamic civilization has been entangled on Islamic thought, too, are reflected n some of those political verdicts. The Sunnis, that have ever since the demise of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) up to the present day, been engaged in governing affairs is various eras and different parts of the Islamic World, have naturally a richer and more comprehensive set of verdicts on governance than the Shi'as do. Proof for that claim is that the Sunnis have allocated many exclusive books of jurisprudence to the issue of governance.

The princes of Hormuz are considered as local governors of Iran who governed between the 6th and 11th hejri centuries (12-17 AD). The origin of the founder of this dynasty, Deramko, is an equivocal problem, which has not received enough attention in persian Gulf researches; while their influences covered some areas in the southern and northern parts of the Persian Gulf.In the article it has been tried to deal with the racial origin of the princes of Hormuz and this subject matter is outlined in historical and literary resources.