Journal of Entrepreneurial Strategies in Agriculture
Year:2023 | Volume:10 | Issue:2|Papers Count:12

Background: Livelihood diversity, with an emphasis on off-farm activities and the expansion of employment opportunities for various active groups in rural communities, has proven to be an effective approach in rural development. Disability is a reality that societies must accept, consciously manage, and plan for, especially in high-risk rural environments where it is more prevalent. Disability increases the burden on communities and raises the cost of living for rural households. This pressure intensifies when disabled individuals who are capable of work are deprived of suitable job opportunities, preventing them from participating in the economic cycle. Research in entrepreneurship has often overlooked the entrepreneurial potential of specific groups within rural communities, including disabled individuals. In Kermanshah Province, rural disabled people represent a significant portion of the unemployed population, with only four percent of disabled individuals in the province currently employed. Addressing the entrepreneurship of disabled individuals has multiple implications across economic, social, and political dimensions. The aim of this research is to identify the factors affecting the entrepreneurship of rural disabled individuals in the Kozran district of Kermanshah Township. Methods: This study utilized a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The qualitative component involved semi-structured interviews with 21 rural disabled individuals from Kozran district and 15 managers and experts from the welfare organization in Kermanshah Province. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling based on data saturation. The qualitative data were analyzed using the grounded theory coding method with Maxqda software. Validity and reliability were assessed through four key concepts: credibility, transferability, verifiability, and reliability. The quantitative aspect employed a descriptive correlational method, with a statistical sample of 130 rural disabled individuals with employability in the Kozran sector. A researcher-developed questionnaire served as the primary data collection instrument. Convergent validity (mean variance extracted) and divergent validity (Fornell and Larcker criteria) were used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Data analysis for the quantitative component was conducted using SPSS22 software, while structural equation modeling with a partial least squares approach was employed using SmartPLS version 3 to explore relationships among the studied constructs. Results: The analysis of the research data revealed 58 concepts related to the factors affecting the entrepreneurship of rural disabled individuals, categorized into 15 structures and four main categories. These categories include the entrepreneurial competencies of rural disabled individuals, which encompass commitment competence, learning competence, communication competence, and strategic competence. Individual factors include utility and social identity, a sense of altruism, entrepreneurial awareness, and entrepreneurial personality traits. Contextual factors encompass perceived local support, challenges and limitations, perceived family support, and human capital. Structural factors include infrastructural and environmental factors, administrative bureaucracy, and measures taken by the welfare organization. Additionally, 27 concepts related to strategies for developing entrepreneurship among rural disabled individuals were identified, categorized into five areas: educational and empowerment strategies, cultivation and change of public attitudes toward the entrepreneurship of disabled individuals, material and spiritual support, diversification of employment fields, and branding of products made by disabled individuals, along with improvements in the quality and quantity of human resources. The results indicated that learning competence, human capital, challenges and limitations, perceived family support, and commitment competence are the most significant factors influencing the entrepreneurship of rural disabled individuals. The findings of the quantitative model revealed that learning competence had the highest impact on entrepreneurship (β=0. 811), followed by human capital (β=0. 679) and challenges and limitations (β=0. 672). Conclusion: The entrepreneurship of rural disabled individuals, often overlooked in discussions of rural employment, can play a vital role in achieving integrated rural development. To realize this goal, it is essential to focus on factors that facilitate the spontaneous employment of employable rural disabled individuals. This research highlights the need for addressing the lagging state of rural entrepreneurship as identified by both disabled individuals and related experts. Creating a supportive environment for employment and harnessing the talents of rural disabled individuals requires a commitment from authorities and the rural community. First, there must be a belief in the potential for disabled individuals to be employed. Second, efforts should be made to identify and empower these individuals. Finally, the three foundational dimensions of this initiative—families, officials, and disabled individuals—must collaborate and take responsibility. Reforms and institutional development regarding the employment of rural disabled individuals are crucial for the successful functioning of these three dimensions. Therefore, it is recommended to update and simplify regional laws and regulations to support investors interested in the ideas of rural disabled individuals. Additionally, facilitating self-employment for rural disabled individuals by identifying and engaging with relevant sectors is crucial. To incentivize private sector engagement, tax exemptions, low-interest loans, and subsidies for energy costs should be considered for employers. Furthermore, networking and showcasing the capabilities of rural disabled individuals within supply networks and the value chain of agricultural and rural products can significantly enhance their employment opportunities.

Background: Researchers assert that if the world's population and economy continue to grow at the current rate, the consumption of the Earth's natural resources will surpass its capacity. This scenario raises significant concerns related to environmental protection, a concept known as sustainable development. Sustainable development is defined as development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. More precisely, the strategy of sustainable development aims to establish harmony among humans and between humanity and nature. It emphasizes that sustainability requires societies to manage environmental considerations alongside economic factors in their development and performance improvement efforts. The serious environmental issues resulting from rapid economic development have led to increased attention on the sustainable performance of companies. Growing concerns regarding excessive resource consumption, environmental degradation, and social inequalities highlight the urgent need for a sustainable economy and society. To achieve sustainable performance in today's turbulent and dynamic industrial environment, companies must prioritize environmental considerations. This focus allows them to minimize environmental impacts effectively, addressing customer concerns while also reducing operational costs. Additionally, companies must manage their resources to ensure that the prices of their goods and services remain competitive. Sustainable development has emerged as a broad social goal that emphasizes the necessity of integrating and pursuing human well-being while halting environmental destruction. In this context, some entrepreneurs have sought to achieve sustainable development goals by integrating social and environmental objectives into their business practices. Due to the values and motivations driving these activities, such entrepreneurs are often referred to as sustainable entrepreneurs. This research examines the impact of green entrepreneurial orientation and dynamic capabilities on the performance of green innovation within agricultural and food industry cooperative companies in Mazandaran Province, investigating how these factors contribute to the success of these cooperatives in achieving sustainable performance and improvement. Methods: The research method is applied in nature, utilizing a descriptive-causal approach for data collection, which is survey-based and cross-sectional in terms of time. The statistical population consisted of 1,300 members of agricultural production cooperatives in Mazandaran Province. Based on the Karjesi-Morgan table, 297 questionnaires were distributed among cooperative members using a cluster sampling method. Ultimately, 250 questionnaires were collected, yielding an 84% response rate, which served as the foundation for this study. The primary data collection instrument was a structured questionnaire designed to capture relevant information. Results: The research findings indicated that green entrepreneurial orientation has a direct, positive, and significant effect on sustainable business performance (t=5.942, β=0.266) and green innovation performance (t=6.074, β=0.290). Additionally, green dynamic capabilities also demonstrated a direct, positive, and significant effect on sustainable business performance (t=7.732, β=0.338) and green innovation performance (t=8.249, β=0.390). Moreover, green innovation performance significantly influences sustainable business performance (t=8.672, β=0.427). The study further revealed a positive and significant relationship between green entrepreneurial orientation and sustainable business performance, with green innovation performance acting as a mediating variable (t=4.680, β=0.124). The Variance Accounted For (VAF) statistic was calculated at 0.318, indicating that 31.8% of the total effect of green entrepreneurial orientation on sustainable business performance is mediated by green innovation performance. Similarly, the relationship between green dynamic capabilities and sustainable business performance, with green innovation performance as a mediating factor, was found to be positive and significant (t=5.781, β=0.167), with a VAF statistic of 0.329, meaning that 32.9% of the total effect of green dynamic capabilities on sustainable business performance is explained through green innovation performance. Conclusion: The primary aim of this research is to determine the effects of green entrepreneurial orientation and green dynamic capabilities on sustainable business performance, considering the mediating role of green innovation performance among agricultural cooperative companies in Mazandaran Province. Green entrepreneurial orientation focuses on activities that create economic value while improving and preserving the environment and minimizing negative impacts. To achieve these goals, companies must adopt green entrepreneurial methods and develop appropriate training programs for their employees and stakeholders. It is recommended that managers of agricultural cooperative companies in Mazandaran Province create opportunities for cooperative members to learn new methods and enhance business performance by organizing training courses in green entrepreneurship and sustainable management. Additionally, providing financial support to these cooperatives can guide them toward adopting green entrepreneurial strategies. Such financial assistance may include grants or rewards for companies that excel in green and sustainable entrepreneurship. Ultimately, green entrepreneurial orientation emphasizes creating business opportunities in environmental protection, sustainable resource use, reducing environmental impacts, and delivering innovative solutions to environmental challenges.

Background: Entrepreneurship is a crucial factor in agricultural development, as it significantly contributes to improving the economic and livelihood conditions of rural areas. By creating new employment opportunities and income sources, entrepreneurship plays an essential role in enhancing the overall quality of life in villages. Evaluating the level of entrepreneurship and making efforts to develop and strengthen it is vital for sustainable growth. The process of development, which involves providing the necessary foundations for entrepreneurial activities, holds particular importance in regions facing challenges. The Sistan region, in particular, suffers from inappropriate temporal and spatial distribution of water resources. This issue is compounded by population growth, urbanization, and the expansion of agricultural and industrial sectors, leading to an inevitable increase in water demand. Consequently, effective water resource management is essential to prevent potential crises and tensions related to water scarcity. Given the agricultural capabilities present in the Sistan region, it is imperative to prioritize the factors that influence the development of entrepreneurship to improve the economic status of the local population. Special attention should be directed towards economic activities framed within agricultural entrepreneurship. This study aims to plan and prioritize the factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship in the Sistan region. Methods: To analyze the data, the Electra multi-index decision-making technique was employed. This method is recognized as one of the multi-criteria decision-making approaches capable of complex modeling in high-level systems. In this research, the Electra method was implemented through an eight-step process. The statistical population consisted of 45 experts from the Agricultural Jihad Organization in the Sistan region. Data collection was conducted through a structured questionnaire distributed in 2022, ensuring that the information gathered was relevant and comprehensive. Results: The results of the prioritization of factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship in the Sistan region revealed that economic factors held the highest priority, while environmental factors were deemed the least influential. The factors affecting entrepreneurship were ranked based on their significance. Economic factors received the highest mastery number of 4, indicating their critical role in fostering entrepreneurship. Educational factors followed with a mastery number of 3, highlighting the importance of knowledge and skills in promoting entrepreneurial activities. Psychological factors were assigned a mastery number of 2, reflecting their impact on individuals' willingness to engage in entrepreneurial ventures. Environmental factors received a mastery number of 1, indicating a lower priority, while social factors were assigned a mastery number of zero, suggesting minimal influence on the entrepreneurial landscape in the region. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that when prioritizing the dimensions and influencing factors, economic factors emerge as the most significant contributors to the development of agricultural entrepreneurship in the rural areas of Sistan. Conversely, environmental factors appear to have the least effect on this development. Overall, it can be concluded that new plans and programs are necessary for economic advancement in the rural regions of Sistan. This progress is achievable through the promotion of entrepreneurship and the empowerment of environmental policies. Given the priority of economic factors, it is essential to create an environment that facilitates access to loans and national resources for entrepreneurial farmers in the area. By addressing the economic barriers and providing the necessary support, the potential for agricultural entrepreneurship can be significantly enhanced. This support may include financial assistance, training programs, and access to modern agricultural technologies. Furthermore, the development of educational initiatives aimed at improving the skills and knowledge of potential entrepreneurs is crucial. By fostering a culture of entrepreneurship, the Sistan region can harness its agricultural capabilities, ultimately leading to improved economic conditions and enhanced livelihoods for its residents. In summary, the successful development of agricultural entrepreneurship in the Sistan region hinges on understanding and prioritizing the factors that influence this process. By focusing on economic factors and providing the necessary support and resources, stakeholders can create a thriving entrepreneurial ecosystem that benefits the entire community. This approach not only addresses current challenges but also sets the stage for sustainable growth and development in the region's agricultural sector.

Background: In response to the goals of sustainable development, a new socio-economic system known as the shared economy has emerged. This model focuses on sharing resources among individuals, which helps to mitigate negative environmental and social impacts while also reducing costs. The agricultural sector in Iran, however, is particularly vulnerable to instability, making it essential to explore strategies that promote and implement the shared economy within this field. This study aims to identify the barriers to implementing a shared economy in agriculture, specifically in the central plateau region of Iran. The shared economy in agriculture involves collaborative farming practices where resources such as land, equipment, and labor are shared among farmers. This approach not only enhances productivity but also fosters community engagement and sustainability. However, the successful implementation of shared farming initiatives is often obstructed by various barriers. Understanding these obstacles is crucial for developing effective strategies that can facilitate the transition to a shared economic model in agriculture. Methods: The research employs a descriptive-survey methodology and is classified as practical in terms of its objectives. The statistical sample comprises 15 experts and farmers engaged in shared farming initiatives in the central plateau of Iran. Participants were selected using a judgmental sampling method to ensure that those with relevant expertise and experience were included in the study. The research began with a comprehensive review of existing literature to identify the barriers to establishing shared farms. Based on this review, expert opinions were solicited to localize the identified barriers, leading to the formation of a decision tree. This decision tree served as a framework for analyzing the various obstacles to shared farming. Subsequently, pairwise comparison matrices were constructed at each level of the decision tree, allowing for a systematic evaluation of the barriers. To rank and prioritize these barriers, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was employed, utilizing Expert Choice version 11 software. This method enables the assessment of complex decision-making scenarios by breaking them down into simpler components, thereby facilitating a clearer understanding of the relative importance of each barrier. Results: The findings of this research revealed that the barriers to implementing shared farms in the central plateau of Iran can be categorized into four main groups: economic, social, technical, and stakeholders' barriers. Each of these categories encompasses various sub-barriers that contribute to the challenges faced in establishing shared farming practices. Economic barriers emerged as the most significant obstacle, particularly the high capital costs associated with initiating shared farming projects. Many potential participants are deterred by the substantial initial investments required. Additionally, the lack of financial incentives exacerbates this issue, as many farmers are hesitant to invest in a model that is not well-established. Social barriers also play a critical role in hindering the adoption of shared farming practices. A notable challenge is the lack of willingness to change among farmers. Many individuals are accustomed to traditional farming practices and may resist adopting new methods, even if they promise greater efficiency and sustainability. This reluctance often arises from a fear of the unknown or a lack of awareness regarding the benefits of shared farming. Technical barriers were identified as another significant challenge. Many farmers in the region lack access to modern agricultural technologies that could facilitate shared farming practices. Without the necessary tools and resources, implementing a shared economy becomes increasingly challenging. Furthermore, inadequate communication platforms hinder collaboration among farmers, limiting their ability to coordinate efforts and share resources effectively. This barrier highlights the need for improved networking and collaboration within the agricultural community. Based on the prioritization of these barriers, the study found that the most pressing sub-barriers include capital costs, lack of incentives, reluctance to change, lack of technology, and insufficient communication platforms. Addressing these issues is crucial for facilitating the successful implementation of shared farms in the region. Conclusion: The results of this study underscore the significance of understanding and addressing the barriers to implementing shared farms in the central plateau of Iran. Among the identified barriers, economic challenges, particularly capital costs, emerged as the most critical obstacle to the successful establishment of shared farming initiatives. Therefore, it is imperative that a comprehensive revenue model and return on investment (ROI) calculations are developed and communicated to potential partners before initiating shared farming projects. Furthermore, recognizing the importance of incentives is vital for promoting a culture of shared farming. To encourage participation and foster successful implementation, both material and spiritual incentives should be considered. Material incentives could include financial support, subsidies, and the provision of necessary facilities. On the other hand, spiritual incentives may involve recognizing and appreciating successful shared farming ventures, thereby motivating others to participate. In summary, the development of a shared economy in agriculture holds great potential for enhancing productivity and sustainability in the central plateau of Iran. By addressing the identified barriers and fostering a supportive environment for shared farming practices, stakeholders can contribute to the overall improvement of the agricultural sector, ultimately benefiting farmers and the broader community.

Background: The development of businesses and job creation are fundamental needs for developing countries, including Iran. Given the expanding global markets and the unique climatic and resource conditions of Mazandaran Province, cultivating medicinal plants in suitable areas can significantly contribute to rural development and job creation. This research was designed to explore the factors influencing the development of medicinal plant cultivation in Mazandaran from the perspective of experts, with the ultimate goal of improving employment opportunities for farmers. Cultivating medicinal plants offers a viable solution for enhancing agricultural productivity and diversifying income sources for rural communities. As global demand for natural and herbal products continues to rise, Mazandaran Province can leverage its environmental advantages to establish a robust medicinal plant industry. This study aims to identify key factors that can facilitate this development and improve the livelihoods of local farmers. Methods: This research adopts a quantitative paradigm and is categorized as descriptive-correlational. A survey technique was employed to gather data from experts at agricultural Jihad centers in Mazandaran Province, comprising a total of 434 experts. The required sample size was determined using the Krejcie and Morgan sampling table, and a simple random sampling method was utilized for sample selection. The data collection instrument was a structured questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts in agricultural extension and education. The questionnaire was distributed both online and in printed form, resulting in the collection of 166 completed questionnaires for analysis. To assess the necessity and priority of addressing various factors related to the development of medicinal plant cultivation and improving farmers’ employment status, Borich's needs assessment model was employed. Results: The findings revealed several critical factors related to the development of medicinal plant cultivation and the enhancement of farmers' employment status. In the dimension of producers’ training, the most pressing need identified by experts was the establishment of model farms for medicinal plants. These farms would serve as practical examples, demonstrating effective cultivation techniques and the economic benefits of growing medicinal plants. In terms of institutional and structural factors, the research highlighted that standardizing product packaging was the top priority. This is crucial for ensuring that products meet market expectations and can compete effectively both domestically and internationally. Additionally, providing low-interest credit facilities for farmers to cultivate medicinal plants ranked second in terms of necessity. Access to affordable financing is essential for encouraging farmers to invest in medicinal plant cultivation, which may initially require higher inputs compared to traditional crops. Conclusion: The results of this study underscore the importance of addressing the needs of farmers, particularly in a province where many farmers are older, traditional, and risk-averse. Establishing model farms can significantly influence the acceptance and growth of medicinal plant cultivation by showcasing its feasibility and benefits in local conditions. Therefore, it is recommended that planners and policymakers, especially within the Agricultural Jihad Organization, prioritize the creation of model farms in their strategic plans. Moreover, it is vital for organizations such as the Agricultural Jihad Organization and the Ministry of Industry, Mine, and Trade to provide necessary support and training for farmers. This includes guidance on effective cultivation practices and assistance in developing appropriate packaging for their products. By enabling farmers to present their products attractively, they can access both domestic and foreign markets more effectively, leading to increased sales and income generation. In conclusion, the development of the medicinal plant sector in Mazandaran Province holds significant potential for enhancing employment opportunities and improving the economic conditions of rural communities. By focusing on training, financial support, and product standardization, stakeholders can foster a thriving industry that benefits both farmers and the broader economy.

Background: Economic growth, while not the sole criterion for economic development, has consistently been regarded as a critical indicator of progress. Its significance often surpasses that of other development indicators. One of the primary manifestations of economic growth is the increase in production levels. In today’s world, productivity is recognized as a key factor influencing the economic conditions of nations. Enhancing productivity not only contributes to an increase in gross domestic product (GDP) but also bolsters the competitiveness of countries, ultimately leading to improved public welfare. This study aims to examine the effectiveness and ranking of productivity barriers within the agricultural and industrial sub-sectors in Mazandaran Province. Understanding the dynamics of productivity is essential for fostering economic development, particularly in regions like Mazandaran, where agriculture plays a vital role. The agricultural sector not only provides food security but also supports livelihoods and contributes to the overall economy. Similarly, the industrial sub-sector is crucial for economic diversification and job creation. Therefore, identifying and addressing the barriers to productivity in these sectors is imperative for enhancing economic performance and ensuring sustainable development. Methods: To investigate the obstacles and challenges affecting productivity in Mazandaran Province, a survey was conducted during the summer of 2022, resulting in the completion of 65 questionnaires by experts and senior managers from various executive bodies in the province. The questionnaires were designed to gather insights on the perceived barriers to productivity within the agricultural and industrial sectors. To analyze the data and estimate the results, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed, utilizing Expert Choice software. This method allowed for the systematic ranking of various productivity barriers based on expert opinions. Furthermore, to examine the interrelationships among the relevant criteria and sub-criteria, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied using Smart PLS software. This dual approach enabled a comprehensive understanding of how different barriers interact and influence each other, providing valuable insights into the complex landscape of productivity challenges. Results: The analysis yielded normalized weights for the identified criteria, specifically environmental barriers, organizational barriers, and individual barriers. The weights were calculated as follows: environmental barriers received a weight of 1.00, organizational barriers were assigned a weight of 0.966, and individual barriers were given a weight of 0.983. These results indicate that environmental barriers are perceived as the most significant obstacles to productivity, while organizational barriers were viewed as the least impactful. Additionally, factor analysis revealed meaningful relationships among the barriers. Specifically, the hypothesis that environmental barriers influence individual barriers was supported, as was the hypothesis that organizational barriers affect environmental barriers. This suggests a complex interplay between different types of barriers, indicating that addressing one category may have cascading effects on others. The findings from the Analytic Hierarchy Process highlighted specific sub-criteria that emerged as particularly impactful. Among the individual barriers, the low leadership skills of managers were identified as a critical issue. This underscores the importance of effective leadership in driving productivity improvements. In terms of organizational barriers, the lack of a robust performance evaluation system was noted as a significant challenge. Such a system is essential for assessing productivity levels and identifying areas for improvement. Lastly, from the perspective of environmental barriers, the presence of incomplete performance information was highlighted as a major obstacle. Access to accurate and comprehensive data is crucial for informed decision-making and strategic planning. Conclusion: The results of this study underscore the multifaceted nature of productivity barriers in Mazandaran Province. The Analytic Hierarchy Process indicated that low leadership skills among managers, the absence of an effective performance evaluation system, and incomplete performance information are the most pressing issues affecting productivity. These findings suggest that targeted interventions are necessary to enhance leadership capabilities, establish comprehensive performance evaluation frameworks, and improve access to performance data. Overall, the study reveals that environmental barriers hold the highest importance according to the perspectives of high-ranking officials in organizations across Mazandaran Province. Furthermore, the results of the Structural Equation Modeling analysis reinforce the notion that environmental barriers significantly influence individual barriers, while organizational barriers also play a role in shaping environmental challenges. Addressing these barriers is essential for promoting productivity and, by extension, economic growth in both the agricultural and industrial sectors. Policymakers and stakeholders should prioritize initiatives that enhance leadership training, develop robust performance evaluation systems, and ensure the availability of accurate performance information. By doing so, Mazandaran Province can improve its productivity levels, thereby contributing to broader economic development goals and enhancing the welfare of its citizens. In conclusion, the findings of this research provide a valuable foundation for future studies aimed at exploring productivity challenges in other regions and sectors. Understanding the intricate relationships between various barriers will be crucial for developing effective strategies to foster productivity and drive economic development in a sustainable manner.

Background: Today, knowledge-based economies have become a strategic and important issue in the economies of various societies and fields, including agriculture. Since agriculture is crucial for a country's food security, it is essential for this sector to adopt a knowledge-based approach. Technological and knowledge-based companies, particularly those in agriculture, serve as key institutions that transform knowledge into goods and services. However, these companies in Iran face numerous challenges that hinder their growth and development. Therefore, this research aims to identify the challenges faced by agricultural knowledge-based and technological companies, fairs, and startups in Mazandaran province. Methods: To identify these challenges, an inductive strategy, qualitative data, and thematic analysis were employed. Data collection was conducted through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 20 founders or managers of agricultural technology and knowledge-based companies located in the Mazandaran Science and Technology Park, as well as incubators associated with Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Statistical samples were selected using the snowball method, continuing until theoretical saturation was reached. The ATLAS.ti 7.5 software was utilized for data analysis, and a peer review method was used to validate the thematic analysis. Results: The analysis revealed 151 fundamental themes identified through ATLAS.ti 7.5. The main themes in this study included challenges involved in generating ideas and formulating comprehensive business plans, challenges related to establishing a company in an incubator or science and technology park, R&D and sample product production challenges, marketing and product introduction challenges, sales and market stabilization challenges, developing new market challenges, and market survival and competition challenges. Conclusion: It is suggested that the policies and regulations supporting knowledge-based companies be carefully examined and analyzed to ensure they are better aligned with the needs of these technological and innovative ecosystems.

Background: The agricultural sector is a crucial component of a nation's economy, playing an indispensable role in its economic development. This sector not only ensures food security but also provides employment opportunities and contributes to rural development. The integration of technology into agriculture is vital for increasing production, enhancing efficiency, and facilitating access to global markets. Recent advances in emerging technologies have led to a significant paradigm shift within the agricultural landscape. This transformation, driven by digital technologies, is increasingly recognized as a flexible and sustainable solution for modernizing agricultural practices. This research aims to investigate technological trends and their functions in the agricultural value chain, ultimately facilitating a successful transition to smart agriculture. By exploring these trends, the study seeks to highlight the potential benefits of adopting innovative technologies in agriculture, including improved productivity, better resource management, and enhanced sustainability. Methods: This research is practical in its objectives and systematic in its approach to data collection. The statistical population includes all English-language articles published in the field of smart agriculture between 2011 and 2022, sourced from the Web of Science and Scopus databases. In the initial phase, 3,257 articles were identified and analyzed using Vos Viewer for scientometric analysis. This software allows for the visualization of scientific data and the mapping of research trends, providing insights into the evolution of the field. Following this analysis, the research question was formulated, and the Prisma approach was applied to refine the selection of articles. Ultimately, 33 articles were chosen for a comprehensive qualitative study. This combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies enables a thorough exploration of the topic, offering both statistical insights and in-depth analyses of the selected literature. Results: In the quantitative section of this research, knowledge maps were utilized to illustrate the growth trend of scientific articles in the field of smart agriculture. This analysis included the identification of key journals, research centers, and active countries contributing to this body of work. Furthermore, the study pinpointed authors with the highest publication outputs and assessed scientific networks to evaluate their influence within the field. The results indicate a growing interest in smart agriculture, reflected in the increasing number of publications and collaborations among researchers. In the qualitative section, the research findings reveal that the Internet of Things (IoT) is the most significant technological domain in the agricultural sector. IoT enables the interconnectivity of devices and systems, facilitating real-time data collection and monitoring, which are essential for informed decision-making in agriculture. Other important technologies identified include artificial intelligence, machine learning, big data analytics, blockchain technology, wireless sensor networks, remote sensing, various types of sensors, cloud computing, fog and edge computing, and low-power wide-area networks. These technologies can be categorized into four primary groups based on their functionalities: data collection, computation and communication, data security and integration, and prediction and classification. Data collection technologies facilitate the gathering of agricultural data from various sources, enabling farmers to make data-driven decisions. Computation and communication tools process and transmit data efficiently, ensuring timely access to critical information. Data security and integration solutions protect sensitive agricultural data while integrating various systems for seamless operation. Prediction and classification technologies assist in forecasting agricultural trends and categorizing data for better management practices. The insights generated from this research are expected to serve as a critical foundation for managers and policymakers. Understanding the current technological landscape will enable them to formulate strategies, policies, and development programs that effectively leverage these innovations to enhance productivity and sustainability in the agricultural sector. Conclusion: Based on the identified trends, it is clear that government intervention is essential for fostering the development of smart agriculture. By adopting strategic measures and creating appropriate frameworks, the government can significantly contribute to this sector's advancement. Key actions include developing technical infrastructure, investing in human capital, supporting research and development initiatives, encouraging smart agricultural practices, providing financial support, and establishing guaranteed markets for agricultural products. These efforts will not only enhance productivity in the agricultural sector but also promote sustainable development, ultimately leading to an improvement in the country's capabilities. The transition to smart agriculture represents a significant opportunity to address the challenges faced by the agricultural sector, including climate change, resource scarcity, and the need for increased food production. By embracing technological advancements and fostering an environment conducive to innovation, nations can ensure the long-term viability and competitiveness of their agricultural industries. In summary, the findings of this study underscore the importance of technological integration within the agricultural value chain. As the sector continues to evolve, stakeholders must remain vigilant and adaptive to emerging trends, ensuring that they harness the full potential of technology to drive growth and sustainability. Future research should continue to explore the impacts of these technologies on agricultural practices and investigate additional strategies for enhancing their adoption across diverse agricultural contexts. This comprehensive approach will not only benefit individual farmers but also contribute to the broader economic and social well-being of communities, ultimately paving the way for a more resilient and sustainable agricultural future.

Background: Acquiring entrepreneurial competencies among higher education graduates is essential for enhancing their participation in economic development and improving the overall welfare of their social lives. In today's rapidly changing job market, the ability to think critically and solve problems is paramount. Therefore, training entrepreneurial graduates has become one of the fundamental goals of the higher education system in many countries. Among various educational methodologies, practical courses stand out as a significant opportunity to develop essential skills and equip graduates with the necessary entrepreneurial competencies. Practical courses offer a unique blend of theoretical knowledge and hands-on experience, enabling students to engage in critical thinking and problem-solving. These courses are designed to bridge the gap between academic learning and real-world application, fostering an environment where students can experiment with their ideas and learn from their experiences. This research aims to investigate the role of practical courses in enhancing the entrepreneurial competencies of students at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU). By focusing on this specific context, the study seeks to provide valuable insights into how practical training can influence students' readiness to enter the workforce as competent entrepreneurs. Methods: The research employs a quantitative and descriptive-survey approach to gather and analyze data. The statistical population consists of students enrolled at SANRU, specifically those pursuing Ph.D. and Master's degrees, as well as final-year Bachelor's students, totaling 1,611 individuals. From this population, a sample of 310 students was selected using a stratified random sampling method. This sampling technique ensures that various subgroups within the population are adequately represented, enhancing the reliability of the findings. To assess the effectiveness of practical courses in improving entrepreneurial competencies, a structured questionnaire was developed. The validity of this questionnaire was evaluated by faculty members at the university, utilizing both the Content Validity Index (CVI) and the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) to ensure that the instrument accurately measures the intended constructs. Furthermore, the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed through a pre-test, followed by the calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which indicated a satisfactory level of internal consistency. Results: The findings of this research reveal that, according to the majority of the students surveyed, practical courses have an average effect on improving their entrepreneurial competence indicators. Among the different types of competencies assessed, individual and communication competencies received the highest average ratings, indicating that students feel more confident in these areas. In contrast, technical-specialist competencies were rated the lowest, suggesting that there may be opportunities for improvement in this particular aspect of entrepreneurial training. Additionally, the research highlights the influence of educational level on students' entrepreneurial skills. Notably, Ph.D. students reported higher average scores in entrepreneurial competencies compared to their Master's and Bachelor's counterparts. This suggests that advanced education may correlate with a deeper understanding of entrepreneurial principles and practices. Among the various practical courses offered, the internship course emerged as the most impactful in enhancing students' entrepreneurial skills. This finding underscores the importance of experiential learning in fostering the competencies necessary for successful entrepreneurship. Conclusion: The research concludes that the entrepreneurial competence of Ph.D. students is notably higher, and they possess a stronger belief in the effectiveness of practical courses in improving their entrepreneurial skills. While the overall effect of practical courses on each dimension of entrepreneurial competencies is considered moderate, this perception is significantly reinforced as students' educational levels increase. The internship course, in particular, has proven to be highly effective due to its immersive nature, allowing students to engage directly with real-world challenges and opportunities. In light of these findings, several recommendations are proposed to enhance the impact of practical courses on improving the entrepreneurial competencies of students. First, universities should consider integrating more hands-on experiences into the curriculum, particularly in technical and specialized areas, to bolster students' confidence and skills. Additionally, fostering partnerships with local businesses and organizations can provide students with valuable internship opportunities and exposure to industry practices. Moreover, it is essential to create a supportive environment that encourages collaboration and networking among students, faculty, and industry professionals. This can be achieved through workshops, seminars, and mentorship programs that facilitate knowledge sharing and skill development. By adopting these strategies, higher education institutions can better prepare their graduates for the challenges of entrepreneurship and contribute to the overall economic development of their communities. In conclusion, the findings of this study emphasize the critical role of practical courses in developing entrepreneurial competencies among students at SANRU. As the job market continues to evolve, equipping graduates with the necessary skills and experiences will be vital for their success as entrepreneurs. By prioritizing practical training and fostering a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship, higher education institutions can significantly enhance the employability and readiness of their graduates, ultimately contributing to the broader economic landscape.

Background: Entrepreneurship is a vital component of any society, serving as a driving force for employment, economic growth, and competitive advantage. Due to its significant contributions to the economic development of countries, its role in fostering innovation in the market, and its ability to create new job opportunities, entrepreneurship has become a high priority in strategic planning. Planners and policymakers recognize the importance of entrepreneurship in shaping sustainable economies. This study aims to present a strategic entrepreneurship model specifically tailored for the agricultural tourism industry. By focusing on this niche, the research seeks to explore how entrepreneurial strategies can enhance the growth and sustainability of agricultural tourism, ultimately benefiting local economies and communities. Materials and Methods: The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative methodologies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 academic experts and managers in tourism and entrepreneurship. This data collection utilized a grounded theory approach, ensuring that the insights gathered were deeply rooted in the participants' experiences and expertise. The sampling method was both theoretical and purposeful, selecting individuals with relevant knowledge in the field. For the quantitative aspect of the research, the statistical population consisted of business owners and stakeholders in the tourism industry within West Azerbaijan province. A sample size of 400 participants was randomly selected using Cochran's formula, which is appropriate for unknown populations. Data collection methods included both library research and field surveys, with a researcher-made questionnaire designed to gather specific information relevant to the study. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics were employed along with exploratory factor analysis using SPSS version 25. For model fitting and testing the relationships between variables, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using Smart PLS 4 software. This allowed for the determination of convergent and divergent validity, as well as the composite reliability of the structural equations involved in the research. Methods: The final model developed through this research outlines several critical components. The causal conditions identified include the diversification of the rural and agricultural economy, a growing tendency toward agricultural tourism entrepreneurship, and the competitiveness of small-scale businesses. Background factors contributing to these conditions include the physical and environmental infrastructure necessary for tourism, supportive institutional policies, self-confidence among entrepreneurs, risk-taking behaviors, and various social and cultural factors. Intervening conditions were also identified, including the initiatives taken by farmers or farm owners, motivational influences, and the necessity for training programs aimed at enhancing entrepreneurial skills. The strategic entrepreneurship model thus formed within the agricultural tourism industry emphasizes several key strategies: networking and leveraging relationships, effective management and organization, and the importance of public support. The results indicate that if these strategies are successfully implemented, they will lead to four significant consequences: the flourishing of job opportunities, growth in income and productivity, enhanced prosperity and development of tourism entrepreneurship, and overall social and cultural development within the community. These outcomes highlight the potential of agricultural tourism as a catalyst for broader economic and social benefits. Results: The final model developed through this research outlines several critical components. The causal conditions identified include the diversification of the rural and agricultural economy, a growing tendency toward agricultural tourism entrepreneurship, and the competitiveness of small-scale businesses. Background factors contributing to these conditions include the physical and environmental infrastructure necessary for tourism, supportive institutional policies, self-confidence among entrepreneurs, risk-taking behaviors, and various social and cultural factors. Intervening conditions were also identified, including the initiatives taken by farmers or farm owners, motivational influences, and the necessity for training programs aimed at enhancing entrepreneurial skills. The strategic entrepreneurship model thus formed within the agricultural tourism industry emphasizes several key strategies: networking and leveraging relationships, effective management and organization, and the importance of public support. The results indicate that if these strategies are successfully implemented, they will lead to four significant consequences: the flourishing of job opportunities, growth in income and productivity, enhanced prosperity and development of tourism entrepreneurship, and overall social and cultural development within the community. These outcomes highlight the potential of agricultural tourism as a catalyst for broader economic and social benefits. Conclusion: The findings of this research demonstrate that agricultural tourism, when approached with a strategic entrepreneurial mindset, can lead to substantial achievements. These achievements include the creation of vibrant business opportunities, increased income and productivity, and the overall prosperity of tourism entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the development of agricultural tourism is crucial for the sustainable development of the country and plays a pivotal role in its economic advancement. To realize these benefits, it is essential to implement effective strategies such as fostering networking opportunities, enhancing management and organizational practices, and ensuring robust public support. Additionally, the research identifies social and cultural factors as the most influential elements impacting the success of agricultural tourism initiatives. Motivational effects were noted as significant intervening factors, while public support emerged as the most critical strategy within the strategic entrepreneurship model for the agricultural tourism industry. In summary, this study underscores the importance of adopting a strategic entrepreneurial approach to agricultural tourism, emphasizing the need for collaboration among stakeholders, investment in training and education, and the development of supportive policies. By harnessing these strategies, agricultural tourism can thrive, contributing not only to economic growth but also to the cultural and social enrichment of communities. Future research should explore the long-term impacts of these strategies and examine additional variables that may influence the success of agricultural tourism initiatives, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of this dynamic sector.

Background: Existing research highlights several critical factors that significantly influence the development of innovative and entrepreneurial performance within the agricultural sector. These factors warrant serious attention from stakeholders, policymakers, and entrepreneurs alike. The present study investigates the impact of open innovation strategies and their feasibility on innovative performance, specifically focusing on the mediating role of entrepreneurial opportunities in startups operating within the agricultural sector of the country. By examining these relationships, the study aims to provide insights that can enhance the performance of agricultural startups and contribute to the overall growth of the sector. Methods: This research employs a survey-based methodology, categorized as applied research due to its practical implications and objectives. The field data were collected using a composite standard questionnaire designed to assess various dimensions of innovation and entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector. The statistical population consists of managers and experts from 200 active startups in the country’s agricultural sector. Given the challenges associated with accessing the entire population, a sample of 40 startups was selected from 12 provinces. These startups are specifically engaged in the production or trade of agricultural products and services, making them relevant to the study's objectives. The sample included 160 managers and experts from these startups, and ultimately, 120 complete questionnaires were collected for analysis. The selection process ensured a diverse representation of perspectives, enhancing the robustness of the findings. The questionnaire was designed to measure various constructs, including open innovation strategies, entrepreneurial opportunities, and innovative performance, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of the relationships among these variables. Results: The findings of this research confirm the conceptual model, demonstrating that the implementation of open innovation strategies significantly enhances the innovative performance of startups in the agricultural sector. Specifically, the results indicate that startups that adopt open innovation approaches are better equipped to leverage external knowledge and resources, leading to improved innovation outcomes. This finding aligns with existing literature, which emphasizes the importance of collaboration and knowledge sharing in fostering innovation. Moreover, the mediating role of entrepreneurial opportunities was found to be significant in this context. Startups that effectively identify and exploit entrepreneurial opportunities are more likely to achieve higher levels of innovative performance. This suggests that fostering an entrepreneurial mindset among managers and employees can lead to more effective innovation strategies and outcomes. The study emphasizes the need for startups to cultivate an environment that encourages creativity, risk-taking, and proactive identification of opportunities. Several challenges facing the agricultural sector have been identified in recent years, which further complicate efforts to enhance innovation. Key challenges include water scarcity, inefficiencies in the supply chain, lack of reliable data and processing capabilities, food safety concerns, and significant waste of agricultural products. Additionally, there is a notable lack of awareness and knowledge among agricultural operators regarding modern practices and technologies. Financial constraints, including inadequate capital and resources, further hinder the ability of startups to innovate and grow. To address these challenges, it is essential for agricultural startups to adopt a feasibility-driven approach to nnovation. This involves carefully assessing the viability of new ideas and strategies before implementation, ensuring that resources are allocated efficiently and effectively. By focusing on entrepreneurial opportunities and aligning innovation efforts with market needs, startups can develop solutions that not only address existing challenges but also create new value within the agricultural sector. Conclusion: The results of this study underscore the importance of adopting appropriate open innovation strategies to enhance the innovative performance of startups in the agricultural sector. It is crucial for stakeholders to recognize the mediating role of entrepreneurial opportunities in shaping these strategies. Policymakers and industry leaders should prioritize the development of supportive ecosystems that encourage collaboration, knowledge sharing, and innovation among agricultural startups. Furthermore, addressing the identified challenges within the agricultural sector will require a concerted effort from all stakeholders involved. Initiatives aimed at improving water management, enhancing supply chain efficiencies, and providing access to reliable data and processing technologies will be vital in fostering an environment conducive to innovation. Additionally, investing in education and training programs for agricultural operators can help bridge the knowledge gap and empower them to adopt modern practices. In summary, the findings of this research provide valuable insights for enhancing the innovative performance of agricultural startups through the strategic implementation of open innovation and a focus on entrepreneurial opportunities. By embracing these principles, startups can navigate the complexities of the agricultural sector and contribute to its sustainable development. Future research should explore additional factors influencing innovation in agriculture, including the role of technology, market trends, and consumer preferences, to further enrich our understanding of this dynamic field.

Background: Agricultural tourism has emerged as one of the most popular sectors within the broader tourism industry. This form of tourism not only enhances the experience of travelers but also serves as a vital catalyst for rural development. The influx of tourists into rural and agricultural areas significantly contributes to economic growth and spatial development, fostering entrepreneurship and local business initiatives. In the contemporary world, agricultural tourism has transformed communication methods and lifestyles for both tourists and local communities. Social media, in particular, plays a crucial role in this transformation by providing a platform for communication and promotion. Rural areas can leverage social media to enhance their visibility and attract tourists, thereby promoting rural tourism effectively. The primary objective of this research is to explore the various factors influencing agricultural tourism in Khuzestan province, Iran. By understanding these factors, the study aims to identify strategies that can enhance the development of agricultural entrepreneurship in these rural areas. Methods: This research falls under the category of applied research, focusing on practical implications and real-world applications. The data collection method utilized in this study is categorized as quantitative, employing structured questionnaires to gather information. The statistical population consists of tourists visiting the target villages known for agricultural tourism in Khuzestan province. The sampling method used is non-probability convenience sampling, allowing for the collection of data from readily available respondents. To ensure the validity of the research instruments, face validity was established through consultations with research experts in the field. Construct validity of the questionnaire was assessed using factor analysis, while the reliability of the variables was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, ensuring that the survey instruments were both valid and reliable. Results: The findings of this research reveal several key insights into the dynamics of agricultural tourism. One of the most significant results indicates that the sense of perceived mass on the route coefficient has a positive and substantial effect of 26% on the way tourists interact with the brand of tourist villages. This suggests that tourists’ perceptions of the community and its offerings significantly influence their engagement with the brand. Moreover, self-knowledge emerged as another influential variable affecting interactions with the tourism village brand, showcasing a path coefficient of 36%. This indicates that tourists’ understanding of their preferences and motivations plays a crucial role in shaping their experiences and interactions with agricultural tourism brands. The study further highlights that the manner in which tourists interact with villagers has the greatest impact on their intention to travel to rural destinations, with a remarkable path coefficient of 90%. This underscores the importance of personal interactions and relationships in agricultural tourism, emphasizing that meaningful connections with local residents can enhance the overall travel experience. Additionally, identification with the local culture and community has a positive and significant effect on the way tourists interact with villagers, reflected in a path coefficient of 60%. This finding suggests that fostering a sense of belonging and connection to the local culture can enrich tourists’ experiences and encourage deeper engagement with agricultural tourism. Furthermore, the intention of tourists to travel to the target villages in Khuzestan province is positively influenced by their interactions with the tourism brand, with a route coefficient of 88%. This indicates that effective branding and marketing strategies can significantly enhance tourists’ willingness to visit these rural areas, ultimately contributing to the development of agricultural entrepreneurship. Conclusion: The results of this research underscore the importance of understanding the social and psychological characteristics of tourists in the context of developing rural agricultural entrepreneurship. It is crucial for stakeholders to analyze these characteristics to tailor their marketing strategies effectively. Trust in the agricultural tourism brand and the intention to visit these areas are influenced by the nature of interactions with the destination brand. Moreover, the branding of tourism destination villages is significantly affected by the social and psychological satisfaction of tourists. These variables can provide a solid foundation for the development of rural tourism in the study area. The findings indicate that tourists’ subjective perceptions of themselves have a positive and significant effect on their interactions with the agricultural brands of Khuzestan province. Additionally, the study reveals that the ways in which tourists engage with the brand of rural tourism destinations positively influence their travel intentions. This highlights the critical role of branding in attracting visitors and fostering loyalty among tourists. The research also emphasizes the transformative impact of social media on communication with tourists. In this digital age, it is essential for rural tourism brands to be aware of consumer values, needs, and shared beliefs when crafting their advertisements. Variables such as the sense of perceived mass, self-knowledge, the manner of interacting with villagers, and self-identification should be given special attention in marketing strategies. In conclusion, the development of agricultural tourism in Khuzestan province presents significant opportunities for enhancing rural entrepreneurship. By leveraging social media and understanding tourists' psychological and social characteristics, stakeholders can create compelling tourism experiences that benefit both visitors and local communities. Future research should continue to explore these dynamics, focusing on innovative strategies to promote sustainable agricultural tourism that respects local cultures and fosters economic growth.