Journal of Environmental Studies
Year:2006 | Volume:31 | Issue:38|Papers Count:18

Recognition of quality and quantity of water resource and changes in its future demand trend are main precondition for water source planning and management. Increase in population growth rate, over urbanization, industrialization and changes in land use pattern all cause and uncontrolled and over use of existing sources. in this condition , reasonable management get very difficult and complex. Present thesis aims at selecting a proper monitoring and evaluation program for measurement of “Karaj River” water quality. There are four kind monitoring program in term of different goals and conditions including inventory(survey) monitoring, compliance monitoring,trend monitoring and impact assessment monitoring .This research is carried out in three main steps; Identification/Recognition of prevailing monitoring programs, environmental characteristic of region and its need to adoption of a monitoring program, Selecting the best appropriate of monitoring program fits to region’s conditions or a mixed one. After survey, field of study divided to three distinct sections; dam upstream, lake( in front of dam)and dam downstream.Finally, regarding systematic approach, following programs are derived for different subsystems: 1. Dam upstream: A mixed monitoring program includes impact assessment and compliance Monitoring for assessment the impacts of pollutants on flora and fauna , evaluation the successfulness of watershed management actions and potential uses of water in term of its quality. 2. Lake: trend monitoring for measuring the long term trends in quality of water and sediments of lake.3. Dam downstream: A mixed program includes impact assessment and compliance monitoring for ensuring the water quality sanitation before entering the distribution system.

Carbon monoxide is one of the most important air pollutant gases. It has very serious destructive effects on human health. It use an index gas in the projects of tunnel ventilation planning. For this research, the CO concentration was measured by gas analyzser model Emicont 70 equipment in 5 tunnel of Haraz road in the morning and afternoon of 3 deys. Sampling was done in the 6 minutes at an altitude of 1 meter with the earth surface – respiratory altitude- during the spring. The results show the high concentration of this pollutant gas in investigated tunnels. The concentration of CO was in 9-300 ppm range, that it shows positive correlation with the length of tunnels and real transport.

This paper endeavors to investigate in detail the different types of plant species compatible with the moderate Hircanian climate (the southern margin of the Caspian Sea) and then classifying them in an applicable way to be used in designing urban landscapes. Each species was carefully studied from reliable sources and then analyzed. The endemic and nonendemic species studied have been categorized into specific groups according to their applicable characteristics such as resistance to different urban conditions, pollutions and aesthetic criteria. These categories are free of the botanical classification, being organized merely according to their application and features in designing urban landscapes.

Site selection for MSW land filling in Babol due to different social and environmental considerations such as sporadic settlements and high under ground water table, faces severe difficulties. Thus it is necessary to reduce the stream of MSW and divert it from landfilling. Bio composting is one of the ways to reduce the volume of MSW reaching the landfill.To find out about the percentage of putrescible materials in Babol MSW, random sampling of MSW was carried out through 2002-2003, in spring, summer, fall and winter at Angelsi the only landfill site for Babol MSW. In each season sampling is carried for seven days a week. Each day 20 samples were taken and analyzed. The volume of each sample was 0.5 cubic meter. Therefore 140 samples were taken in each season. In each season 10 samples were taken for humidity measurement and further chemical analysis for C/N determination.The results show that from 200 tons of MSW generated in Babol every day, 148 tons (74%) is putrescible materials. Humidity of putrescible materials is (75%) and carbon to nitrogen ratio is 15. One can adjust C/N ratio of MSW by adding saw dust with C/N 500 to MSW.Each year about 54020 tons of compostable materials with the value of $ 250,000 is buried in Babol MSW landfill site. Hoping this paper paves the way for optimal usage of these materials.

In order to evaluate municipal effluent in irrigation of green spaces an experiment in the Marvadasht sewage treatment plant with panting 14 tree species using effluent and bore hole water with trickle systems (bubbler) for 26 months was conducted. A monitoring program including: evaluation of water quality, trees survival and signs of possible disease was scheduled. This paper deals with water quality assessment and the concentration of some elements affecting on the health of trees and percentage of survival. Results showed the applied effluent was a medium effluent in terms of organic matters, relatively salty, and with medium risk from SAR and Cl and also with the low risk from N and P point of view.E.Microtica with 99% decline was the most successful tree and E.Camaldulensis with 97%, Acacia with 97%, Robiniy with 95%, Fresinos with 94% decline were the other successful trees which had more than 90% decline. The concentration of Boron in the leaf of different trees was not significant. Results indicated that we could use secondary treated sewage with drip (bubbler) irrigation for plantation and development of green space with minimum environmental degradation. In some conditions the effect of effluent on the plant growth is better than the effect of usual irrigation water due to the nutrient contents. In addition, land based disposal of effluent and reuse for irrigation particularly, for plantation due to disposal through transpiration instead of seepage into groundwater or surface water is much safer for environment and optimum use of water comparing with other methods of effluent disposal.

Generally, general Geographical Information Systems (GIS) has brought a great change in the Environmental data analysis, but a big volume of spatial data and relative complexity of common Environmental Models, make the analysis process time consuming. Goals of this study include: investigating the possibility of automatic execution of Degradation Model in the GIS environment and programming of user friendly software in GIS-ArcView.By Avenue language, required scripts for executing of degradation model were programmed. All scripts constituted a unit set called Degradation Model (IRAN) Extension. This Extension consist of one menu (involving 15 submenu) and two tools in tools bar. The first and second parts of menu are for input data. Third part of menu consist for storing data analyzing. In the forth part, degradation model coefficient is calculated according to the model for each unit. After classification of degradation coefficients, susceptible area to development, undevelopable areas and sensitive areas are determined. Tools of this extension are used for drawing of grid on study region and inputting degradation factors intensity.To verify this extension, environmental impact assessment process was executed in an area (320983 hectare) with both manual and automatic methods.Comparison of results of two methods showed that automatic method decreases required execution time considerably and increases accuracy of model execution by 13/4 percent

The Ghenou Mountains is an interesting part of Zagros System in its Southeastern Portion. As upland to hot dry plains of Southern Iran and as an ecotonal landscapes in between two different biogeographic districts it has important ecological function and supplies important environmental services، typical of mountains landscapes in such locations. Nevertheless management of this valuable protected area remains inefficient and traditional without sound scientific principles. A regressive tendency is dominant and increasingly demands a rational rehabilitation and management plan. This necessity was the basic problem for preparation of this paper. It includes: 1- Collection of field information2- Capability evaluation, and3- A zoning for managerial objectivesAlthough Ghenou has less significance in terms of wildlife but in terms of its vegetations cover it has a rich plant diversity،due to microclimatic variation. Six differences zones were observed and their management requirements were then defined separately. These were comprised of conservation and tourism ،as well as، integrated watershed management and other objections. According to the natural capability of this zones and relative importance of conservation, tourism and integrated watershed management, managerial policies were defined which are based on evidences it was finally proposed to increase its status to a National Park.

Increasing development and accelerating destruction of nature has promoted the need for conservation of some natural places for the future. Establishment of National Park and protected area is a response to this need. Correct selection, zoning and preparation of management plan as a policy or document of control has an important role for the existence of this area. In fact these tools are requisites of efficient management. This study follow two aims:1- Ecological and socio-economic capability evaluation of “Khabr National Park”area 2- Zoning of “Khabr National Park” according to its need for protection and planning for efficient management of this national park.Adopting a system analysis approach environmental resources of Kh.N.P were surveyed, analysed integrated and mapped with the aid of GIS, then environmental capability of the area was evaluated for zoning purposes.According to the results obtained “Khabr and Rochoun” area has enough to be considered capability for a National Park. About 35% of the park posses vegetation of high value for conservation and 48% of this park has very good habitats for wildlife. The result also indicate that 37/4 % of Kh.N.P may be considered as Zone 1 (restricted Zone) 38/18% as Zone 2(conservation zone),4/7 % for extensive use(Zone 3) 2/7 %for intensive use (Zone 4) about 0/06 % remains as cultural - historical Zone and finally16/7%for Zone 6 (rehabilitation zone). At last an Environmental Management Plan( EMP) is proposed to control and protect “Khabr National Park” and to develop it in accordance with aims of National Park policies.

Camparing to the traditional view about environment Protection that is based on corrective approach and end of pip (EoP) treatment , modern view is based on Pollution prevention (PP) approach in continum of changing and reducing raw material , continious improvement of process , reengineering of production , recycling and reusing . PP approach is evolutionary result of total quality management (TQM) that according with , Social benefits of industrial activities are depended on two fundamental factors: cost – effectiveness and maximum efficiency (productivity).These factors help that sustainable industrial development with objective of integration of industrial growth and environmental quality by means of appreciate selection of raw material , reducing consumption of resources , continious improvement of production process .reducing defects , enhancement of a industry in improvement of production process and protection of quality of environment is possible .Future of organizations in new trend of globalization depends on two variable: economic efficiency and quality assurance of environment. In this way in developing countries, appreciative actions include: basic revision on industrial policies and strategies, restructuring and reengineering of current industries. In this paper with description of pp approach , significance of preparing of condition for applying this approach in industries and its potential advantages is discussed.

Supply chain activities have major impacts on the environment. Consuming natural resources leads to environmental pressures, simultaneously, releases of various pollutants have exerted serious environmental defects. Therefore, a set of rules, laws and standards is developed for supply chains in local, national and international levels in order to protect the environment. These environmental legislations have created new challenges for management of supply chains. A part of this broad subject is potential application of operational research techniques in effective environmental decision-making. The present paper reveals different applications of operational research in environmental management. Some examples of macro and micro environmental problems are mentioned in which operational research methods could be employed. Waste management, recycling management and prevention management are examples of micro environmental problems and in the macro level, local, regional and international environmental management problems which the governments are dealing with are discussed.

Land use planning is an important tool in adequate spatial distribution of land among various activities and functions at local, regional and national planning. Recent developments in information technology such as GIS and PPS (planning support system) has significantly improved the analytical abilities of land use planners in developing land use plan based on more accurate and detailed data as well as use of more sophisticated techniques. What if? Is a PPS developed especially for land use planning? What if? uses GIS technology and land use planning models to help planners create land suitability reports, land demand analysis, land allocation, and land use protection based on pre selected assumptions and scenarios.This study reports the applications and results of what if? In developing land use scenarios for Abadeh region in Fars Province of Iran as one of the first regional Application What If? Both in Iran and abroad. The results show that What If? Despite some software and conceptual limitations, can improve planner"s ability in producing various land use scenarios according to different assumptions for large regions within an adequate time frame and using the existing digital data.

Pure plantations reduce soil fertility so sustainable production can"t be accessible. Because poplar plantations can be means for reducing harvest from forest so it is essential to have special plans for them before developing there plantations. In these study nutrients of live and senescent leaves of plantations of Populus deltoides Marsh. and Alnus subcordata C.A.Mey. have studied in pure and mixed plantations in a completely randomized block near Chamestan in north of Iran. Nitrogen content of live and senescent leaves of A. subcordata was greater than P. deltoides but Ca was greater in live and senescent leaves of P. deltoids and Mg was greater in senescent leaves of P. deltoides and P and K don"t show any significant differences. Live and senescent leaves of P. deltoides in mixed treatments with A. subcordata showed more N than pure ones. There haven"t seen any important differences about other nutrients. Finally we can conclude that mixing A. subcordata in plantations of P. deltoides in this location and with these conditions is profitable.

The southern coast of the Caspian sea is an increasingly urgent problem, because of pesticide applications is increasing. This research is based on management of pesticide that is a component of integrated pest management (IPM), which seeks to minimize pesticide use through application of alternative tactics. The response of Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) to different percent of mineral oil and determination of LC90 & LC50 using bio – assay technique was tested.The treatment applied in three different techniques including: submerging fruit in the treatment, using spray tower and backpack (bp) sprayer. Probit analysis has been done using P/PROBAN computer programme. Laboratory evaluation of mineral oil indicated that in very low concentration of mineral oil the mortality were very high, using submerging technique. The LC90 & LC50 were calculated 0.37 & 0.74 %, respectively, using (bp) sprayer .According to LC90 and its corresponding fiducial limits ( 0.65% & 0.94% ) using (bp) sprayer, suggested that dilute application of 0.8% mineral oil should control the citrus rust mite (CRM)x2= 0.474 which shows that the CRM population was susceptible homogenes to mineral oil. According to the results of this study the CRM is very sensitive to mineral oil and it is not necessary to apply any acaricide. Applying just mineral oil to control this pest can help reducing the harmful effects of acaricides and prolonged the efficacy of environmentally safe pesticides to control the population of this pest.

Shadegan Wetland as a permanent Salty, Brackish and Freshwater is highly important for protection of resident and migratory bird,s species.This wetland acts as drinking water supply reservoir, breeding habitat, feeding ground for the resident and migratory birds.This wetland provide a refuge and temporary resting site for passage migratory birds. Identification of the waterfowl species of this wetland began on 15th August 2000 and ended on 15th December 2001 in the seven stations.9 families with 26 species of waterfowl were identified.Laridae had the highest No. species (the most diverse)with 11 identified and Phalacrocoracidae the last No. of species with 1 identified.Winter season 2000, had the highest No.(46%) and Shannon diversity (H"=2/41) of waterfowl species and Autumn 2001 had the least No.(3%) and Shannon diversity ( H" =0/3) of waterfowl.