JOURNAL OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENT
Year:2024 | Volume:22 | Issue:2|Papers Count:11

Background and Objective: Poverty is one of the most important consequences of the unfair distribution of incomes among people in the society. The continuation of poverty leads to severe environmental tensions that sometimes involve the entire society. This article has been carried out with the aim of investigating the effects of deprivation-removal programs in promoting environmental sustainability in Qaleh ganj city. Material and Methodology: The research method is in the form of library studies and field surveys. The statistical population of this research is 80 thousand people in the city and simple random sampling has been chosen to determine the number of people. The necessary information to obtain the results was obtained through a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to determine the reliability of the researcher's questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha was used, and its validity was checked through content and exploratory validity. Findings: The conclusions show that the presuppositions related to the tests have an appropriate level and the relationship of deprivation with environmental dimensions, respectively, 0.52, 0.38, 0.49 (land, water resources and genetic resources) were related. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that water resources, trees and pastures are in an unstable state and the only factor that has a relatively stable state is the soil. At the same time, the amount of electricity consumption, urban solid waste and greenhouse gas emissions are at the optimal level from the environmental point of view of the city. The implementation of deprivation programs in the promotion of environmental sustainability in Qaleh ganj city has grown from an unstable situation to a relatively stable one.

Background and Objective: The present article is presented with the aim of investigating urban planning and its relationship with urban livability in three cities of Khorram Abad, Al-Shatar, and Kohdasht located in Lorestan province. The exploratory approach of the research is limited to the research question and seeks to answer the main question, whether the city of Khorramabad will achieve the goals of sustainable development in the future compared to the cities of Kohdasht and Al-Shatar? Material and Methodology: The research method in the present study is descriptive-analytical and exploratory, and the technique of collecting statistics and information, using library methods, using statistical tables of the results of population and housing censuses, urban master plan and field studies. Data analysis has been done using AHP hierarchical model, TOPSIS model and Geographical Information System (Arc GIS) and statistical t-test. Findings: The analysis of the data of this research or the findings of the research consists of two parts: the first part, related to the comparative study of the livability level of the cities in line with the sustainable development of the city under study, the cities of Khorram Abad, Kohdasht and Al Shatar of Lorestan province, from the point of view experts. The second part examines the economic, social and environmental viability of the three cities from the perspective of citizens. In all cases, the community exists in the three cities of Khorramabad, Kohdasht and Al-Shatar. On the other hand, due to the fact that the average of the studied samples is somewhat higher than the value or the standard value (somewhat option= 3), Khorram Abad: (average difference = 0.456) Kohdasht: (average difference = 0.638) Al-Shatar: (average difference = 0.181). Discussion and Conclusion: Therefore, the livability level of Khorramabad, Kohdasht and Al-Shatar cities has been established at a high level in order to reach the goals of sustainable development in the future based on the balanced assessment method (BSC).

One of the most significant human health risks is the pollution of enclosed spaces. The high density of people and the variety of products available in exhibition halls make them perfect locations for the accumulation of polluting particles. Air pollutants are mixtures of suspended solids and liquids in the air, which vary in size, shape, and chemical composition.This study was conducted to measure PM2.5 and PM10 pollutants particles in four seasons consecutively throughout the year in Hall No. 38 of the Tehran International Exhibitions Company (TIEC). This goal was achieved by establishing an (SKC) air sampling pump at breathing height and comparing the results with the standard 24-hour analysis. According to the results, the average PM10 value in the autumn season was 160.8 µg cm-3, which was reported as higher than the standard 24-hour exposure value. There was also a maximum measured value of 198 µg cm-3 of PM10 during the mentioned season. The findings showed that the average PM2.5 value in the same season was 38 µg cm-3, which was reported as higher than the standard 24-hour exposure value (35 µg cm-3).It was mainly the effect of outdoor air quality on the indoor air in halls and the heating system that contributed to the increase in particulate matter in the autumn. According to the studies, it was found that outdoor and indoor air in halls is directly related. Therefore, Tehran Exhibition halls and other similar sites should continually monitor the level of air pollutants to reduce their health effects.

Background and Objective: Significant decline of groundwater reservoirs in all plains of the country and its adverse consequences are intensifying day by day, so the purpose of this study is to comprehensively assess the trend of favorable and unfavorable changes in the national plan to rehabilitate and balance the country's groundwater resources. Material and Methodology: According to the purpose of this research, from all upstream documents in water science and engineering, including water resources balance reports of the country's study areas, summary reports and feedback of regional water companies in all provinces after the implementation of this national plan and extracting information from library resources and face-to-face talks with Experts from the Ministry of Energy were used. Findings: According to the latest available information (Ministry of Energy), there are more than 858,000 active wells in the country, of which about 50 billion cubic meters are discharged for various purposes. During the last half century, as a result of depletion of groundwater resources more than the feeding of aquifers and consecutive droughts, more than 410 out of 609 study areas of the country have been banned. With the aim of balancing water withdrawal with natural discharge capacity and repairing lost groundwater reserves over a period of 20 years, the plan to rehabilitate and balance groundwater resources in 2014 was approved by the Supreme Water Council and control the average annual deficit 5.6 billion cubic meters of aquifers (leading to the water year 2015-16) have been defined and planned in the 5-year period of the Sixth Plan in the country. In this regard, the Ministry of Energy has developed an action plan at the level of provinces and study areas covered. Discussion and Conclusion: With the passage of a decade since the implementation of this national plan, in this study, the results of the field performance at the level of the country's provinces were extracted and compared with the annual goals. Considering the trend, it becomes clear that the extent of water governance for the protection of underground water resources is in an unfavorable situation. The results show that not supporting this plan will face the country with irreparable challenges and consequences in the not too distant future.

Background and Objective: The current research was carried out with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the environmental, tourism and safety indicators of Derkeh and Darband rivers in Tehran. This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of carrying out work. Material and Methodology: The studied community is also urban planners and experts in the 1st district of Tehran in the field of multi-criteria decision-making methods (AHP and TOPSIS). The statistical population of the research in the questionnaire section of ordinary people, tourists of the green spaces of Derkeh and Darband are 300 people per day, and in the first population, 15 people from urban planners and specialists of the 1st district of Tehran were selected as a statistical sample using available sampling method. Also, the statistical sample in the questionnaire was 169 tourists from Derkeh and Darband green areas, who were determined based on Morgan's table. In this research, the data collection tool was pairwise comparison questionnaire (AHP) and TOPSIS, and in the data analysis part, inferential statistics methods were used to test the hypotheses using Expert Choice and SPSS software (one-sample t-test or Friedman.) Findings: According to the results of the research, the first priority belongs to the environmental management criterion, the second priority belongs to the tourism criterion, and the third priority belongs to the safety criterion. The coefficients of the Friedman test were also for the sub-criteria of the 3 main criteria: environment (122.80), tourism (77.34) and safety (59.83) Discussion and Conclusion: According to the analysis, it was found that the environmental standards in the green spaces and rivers of Derkeh and Darband valleys of Tehran are the cleanliness of the environment in these areas, the necessary maintenance of plants, the necessary measures to reduce noise pollution in Parks, the variety of available plants and trees, the presence of enough trash cans, air pollution, the slope in the area, the variety of bird species, the necessary measures to prevent river water pollution, the efforts of passers-by and shopkeepers for the cleanliness of the environment. Also, the criteria of tourism in the green spaces and rivers of Derkah and Darband valleys of Tehran include the presence of a specific route for tourism, the compatibility of the music played with Iranian culture, the presence of sufficient and available restaurants, cafes and buffets, the presence of benches and gazebos for tourists to rest, and the presence of sports equipment. and children's play, the presence of adequate and accessible toilets, the presence of a parking lot or a suitable parking place for cars and motorcycles. The safety criteria in the green spaces and rivers of Derkeh and Darband valleys in Tehran include suitable paving stones and physical protection on the sidewalks, the presence of sufficient lighting in the dark, the presence of warning and guidance signs on the way of tourists, safety in electrical and recreational equipment such as traps. Siege, the presence of an emergency and ambulance base and a fire station, the presence of physical protection officers and guards in the area, the safety of children's playgrounds, taking into account safety measures against natural hazards such as floods and earthquakes.

Background and Objective: Urban landscape is one of the essential elements of daily urban life and the most important part of cities, and they are considered an important part of public spaces and representation of modern urban life and environments for recreation, leisure and social and cultural life. Therefore, paying attention to the visual and aesthetic qualities of these landscapes can have an effective role on the vitality and mental health of citizens and ultimately lead to achieving the urban landscapes sustainability. In the meantime, color as one of the most important visual elements can have an active and effective expression in the aesthetic qualities of a city's landscape. Color qualities in urban spaces can create a distinct and powerful identity and give people the ability to easily separate spaces and to separate different spaces from each other. Therefore, it can be claimed that the improvement of aesthetic qualities requires harmonious, diverse and meaningful use of the element of color. Unfortunately, today our cities are suffering from color poverty and the fundamental use of this powerful and valuable element in urban landscapes has been largely neglected. In this regard, the Narges Park in district 18 of Tehran municipality was selected as a case study in this research and the purpose of this research is to review the color qualities of this park in order to improve its aesthetic qualities. Material and Methodology: This research studies and examines the main components related to color theory, which includes color attributes, color contrast, and color composition, in order to determine the effectiveness of each of these factors on the improvement of aesthetic qualities in Using these factors, the environment should redesign the Narges park with the aim of improving its aesthetic qualities. The research method is a descriptive-survey type, and its data collection tools are library and field (questionnaire and survey), and the data collected in the stage of knowing the scope of the study by using the SWOT technique and the data collected through a questionnaire from It will be analyzed through SPSS version 21 software. Findings: The results show that the composition of colors with a beta coefficient of 0/31, the use of contrast with a coefficient of 0/22, and the appropriate use of color attributes with a coefficient of 0/19 can influence the improvement of the aesthetic qualities of Narges park and can add space to the space and give unity and make it distinct and identity from the surrounding spaces. Discussion and Conclusion: Finally, based on the results, it has been tried to provide suitable solutions for redesigning and finally a strategic plan in this park, and according to the results of this research, it has been tried to focus more on the arrangement and combination of colors and their use together in the proposed plan.

Background and Objective: Phytoremediation is a low-cost and environmentally-friendly technology. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of tomato and cotton plants in stabilizing urban sewage sludge with an emphasis on organic carbon, lead and cadmium removal. Material and Methodology: In this experimental study on pilot scale, in order to achieve the research objectives, we planted Tomato and Cotton plants in a condensed sludge bed. Also, a non-plant bed was considered as control bed. The performance of the phytoremediation was measured by the changes of organic carbon, pH, electrical conductivity and heavy metals of lead and cadmium during 120 days. Findings: Results of statistical analysis showed that after 120 days, the removal efficiency of organic carbon, lead and cadmium in Tomato were 35 ± 0.4%, 74.29 ± 0.3% and 91.42% respectively and in Cotton were 38 ± 3.7%, 54.93 ± 3.2% and 93.2± 0.3% respectively. The difference in mean efficiency in Tomato and Cotton was not significant until 30 days (p>0.05). Moreover, the results of this study showed that the concentration of organic carbon, cadmium and lead in sludge treated with Tomato and Cotton plants was significantly lower than that of control treatment sludge. Discussion and Conclusions: The results showed that the noted plants have a high ability to stabilize urban sewage sludge and eliminate organic carbon, lead and cadmium. Therefore, this method can be used as an option to stabilize sewage sludge and reduce its organic and inorganic pollutants on a large scale.

Background and Objective: Cities are complex systems that are vulnerable to natural hazards. This research was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the indicators affecting the urban resilience of Bam city and modeling the state of urban resilience in dealing with earthquakes. Material and Methodology: To achieve the objectives of this study, with the help of 19 experts and completing two rounds of the Delphi questionnaire, 13 criteria, and 35 sub-criteria were selected in the form of four dimensions including economical, social, ecological, and infrastructure, as the first step. Analytical Network Process (ANP) and Super Decisions software were used to perform pairwise comparisons and determine the final weights. As the next step, the 15-year statistics of the research criteria were collected to complete the equations for the urban modeling stage. And finally, the Bam urban resilience model was designed using Stella architect 3.2 software for a period of 30 years from 1385 to 1415. Findings: The results showed that the ecological dimension with a weight of 0.439 plays the most important role in the resilience of Bam city. Also, the modeling results revealed that Bam urban resilience index in 1401 is estimated at 44.96%. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the final results, it can be concluded that Bam city does not have ideal conditions in terms of urban resilience in dealing with earthquakes, and in case of similar incidents, this city will not have the ability to be resilient in critical situations.

Background and Objective: Waste management program is carried out in urban areas in order to prevent the effects and risks of environment and health on public health. The purpose of this study is to select a landfill in the new city of Hashtgerd according to the criteria defined by the Environmental Protection Organization and the Management and Planning Organization. Material and Methodology: Based on these criteria, environmental parameters were studied and the maps were prepared by the geographic information system in the study area. AHP method was used to weight the environmental layers and these weights were defined for each environmental layer separately in the GIS and all weighted layers were combined using GIS. Findings: The results of the GIS identified 3 areas suitable for the construction of landfills. In order to prioritize the 3 options obtained, a multi-criteria decision model was used to create the burial site, and among the methods defined in the MCDM model, the TOPSIS method was selected to prioritize the options. TOPSIS method calculations were performed using TOPSIS SOLVER software. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of this software show that option 2 is the best option for constructing a landfill at the study area. One of the most important solutions in the location process is the use of remote sensing and the use of international standards.

Background and Objective: Concerns for nature conservation and the conservation of natural resources have also increased with increasing travel and people's interest in tourism and nature tours. The concern of all environmentalists is how to use natural resources properly and protect them for future generations. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of social capital on environmental behavior. Material and Methodology: This research has been done with a descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population of the study includes tourists entering Ilam city in 2018, of which 384 are selected using Cochran formula by simple random sampling method. The Nahapit and Guchal (1998) social capital standard questionnaire and Emamgholi (2011) environmental behaviors standard questionnaire are used to collect field data. Data are analyzed by SPSS software using correlation and regression tests. Findings: The findings show that social capital has a significant relationship with the environmental behavior of tourists. Also, the components of social capital have a significant relationship with environmental behaviors. From among the components of social capital, the cognitive capital component, with a beta coefficient of 31%, has the greatest effect on explaining environmental behaviors. The results of the study of the relationship between social capital and environmental components also show a positive relationship between social capital and saving on gas, electricity and water consumption by tourists. However, there is no relationship between social capital and the use of standard products, environmental protection and the use of recyclables. Discussion and Conclusion: conservation of the environment is a principal the education of which shall be concerned in the initial living years; So that, would be accepted by the local society and tourists as a social principal.

Background and Objective: Changing the cover/use is one of the factors that affect the natural cycle in the ecosystem. Knowing about changes in coverage/use is one of the important things in planning in the country. The purpose of this research is to reveal the changes in the cover/use of Tashk watershed using TM images of Landsat satellite during the years 1998, 2008 and 2018.   Material and Methodology: To carry out this research, using the supervised classification method, the maximum probability land cover/use map related to three time periods 1998, 2008, 2018 was prepared.   Findings: The results of the research showed that the extent of the water body of Tashk lagoon decreased from 10.56% to 2.97% in the first ten years of the study period and decreased to 0.15% in the second ten years of the studied period, which can be almost considered a dry wetland. Also, salt marsh lands, which are caused by the receding of the lagoon water, have increased significantly. Barren lands, which are caused by the decline in the quality of pastures and uncultivable agricultural lands, have increased during the period under review.   Discussion and Conclusion: In general, based on the trend of land use/cover changes in this basin, it can be concluded that the environmental condition of this basin, especially the Tashk wetland, is very fragile and is in the process of completely losing its viability.