RESEARCH JOURNAL OF ISLAMIC HISTORY
Year:2023 | Volume:13 | Issue:49|Papers Count:6

Christianity emerged six centuries before Islam by Christ in Palestine, and Christians gradually dispersed in the Arabian Peninsula. Considering the monotheistic background of Christianity, the inevitable contact of Muslims with Christians and the emergence of Islam as the last Abrahamic religion in Ḥijāz, it was unavoidable to confront and discuss Christianity and its followers in the Quran. During his prophet hood, Muhammad dealt with Christians based on the teachings of the Qur'an and the concept arising from the verses related to Christianity and Christians, and in the type of communication with Christians, depending on the time and place, measures from dialogue to confrontation such as migration to Abyssinia, Individual and group discussions with Christians, communication with Christian rulers through letter writing, peace treaty with Christian tribes or military treatment with them. These measures are in the framework of the concept presented in the Quran. In this article, an attempt has been made to achieve the Prophet's reading of Christianity and Christians and the formed concept of the prophetic life about Christianity and Christians by using the method of historical context and Conceptual History taking into mentioned reports about interactions, conversations, and encounters.

Egypt and Syria were part of the territory of the Shia Fatimid state (297-567 AH). With the rise of the Sunni Mamluk state in Egypt in 648 AH, studying the political and religious relations of the Mamluk with the Shia residents of Egypt and Syria gains great importance. The main question of this research is: what impact did religion and politics have on the religious and political relations of the Mamluk with the Shias of Egypt and Syria? This research has tried, through a descriptive-analytical method and by focusing on the vital role of religion in the political and cultural structure of the Mamluk state, to examine the religious policies and beliefs of the Mamluk and the Salafi Hanbali jurists of that era. The conflict of the Mamluk with the Ilkhanids and the establishment of the Abbasid caliphate in Egypt also added to the complexity of these political and religious relations. The findings of this research show that the hostile policy of the Mamluk towards the Shīʿas was mainly due to following the Ayyubids and fear of the Shīʿa background in Egypt and Syria.

The Tâheriyân of Yemen ruled over vast parts of Yemen during the 9th and 10th centuries AH. During their reign. the Banu Tahir dynasty played an unparalleled role in the culture and civilization of Yemen by supporting science and knowledge, art and architecture. Through prudent policies and the support of local tribes, the Tâheriyân were able to bring Yemen to a state of relative peace and unity. However, during one period of their rule, the Tâheriyân faced a multitude of internal and external problems that ultimately led to the collapse of their government. The main question of this article is how and why the Tâheriyân rule in Yemen was overthrown in the 10th century AH. It appears that a combination of internal and external factors played a crucial role in the overthrow of this government. This research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and by using library and documentary historical sources, and It shows that in addition to the internal conflicts of the Tahir family, external factors such as the presence of the Zaydis, Ottoman interventions with the support of the Circassians, and the colonial goals of the Portuguese were among the factors that led to the overthrow of the Tâheriyân rule in Yemen.

The idea of ghulū (exaggeration) has damaged the identity of the Shi'ism. Analyzing the extent of the influence of ghulū (exaggeration) thought in Shi'ite sources, it is necessary to identify its sources in the sources and thoughts of the influential personalities of this movement. One of these sources is the book Al-Hidāya al-kubrā  written by Ḥossein ibn Ḥamdān Khoṣaybi (died 358 or 346 Ah). This book has had a considerable influence on the Shaykhism sect. The Shaykhism sect also had an influence on the create of sects such as Bābīsm and Bahā'īsm. A considerable part of the intellectual and belief basics of Shaykhism, including the belief in the world of Hūrqalyā and the fourth pillar, can be traced in the book of Al-Hidāya al-kubrā,These beliefs are not found in previous sources. Therefore, it seems necessary to examine the authenticity of the source and the extent of its influence in the appearance of thoughts and sects that are damaging to the original Shi'ite thought. This article is based on documentary and analytical method to investigate and trace al-Khoṣaybi's thoughts in the sources and beliefs of Shaykhism sect.

Hindu residents of Afghanistan experienced significant changes in their social and economic life throughout history, despite the establishment of various governments. During the nineteenth century and with the growth of Hindu population in Afghanistan, on one hand, and the social, economic, and political instabilities in the country on the other hand, Hindus experienced notable transformations in their social and economic life. This research, with a descriptive-analytical method based on the western travelogues of the nineteenth century, tries to answer the question of how the social and economic life of Hindus is reflected in the western travelogues? The claim to the above problem and question could be described as follows that, since, the travelogues were written by non-native people, they have paid significant attention to the small and large issues of daily life, the social and economic conditions of religious and racial minorities, especially Hindus. Thus, they have reflected their social and economic situation with considerable comprehension. This research has found that Hindus have had peaceful and prosperous social life similar to Afghans in many aspects, and their social and religious freedoms were guaranteed by the government and people in most cases. In terms of economic life, they also had a significant role in markets, government, monetary exchanges, trade, and official professions, placing a significant number of them among the wealthy classes in the society.

Among the goals of land reform in Iran, in addition to transforming the structure of rural society and eliminating the lord-serf system, was to provide facilities and facilities necessary for the relative prosperity and gradual strengthening and growth of the villagers. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (1320-1357sh) tried to act in favor of farmers by forming rural cooperative companies, agricultural joint-stock companies, creating rural culture houses, forming rural social insurance organizations, and finally Corps of Knowledge (Sepah-e danesh). During the implementation of land reforms, Fars province was one of the most important and largest agricultural provinces of Iran. This research, using the descriptive-analytical method and using historical documents and books, seeks to find an answer to the question with the implementation of the land reform law in Fars, how did the rural cooperative companies perform in improving the lives of farmers? According to the findings of the research, with the establishment of rural cooperative companies in Fars, the abuse of village chief and village owners as the board of directors of cooperative companies increased. The establishment of these companies not only did not improve the living conditions of the villagers, Rather, it led to their destitution. This issue has been reflected in people's complaints to the Fars Governorate, Governance in the Ports and Agrarian Reform Organization.