JOURNAL OF KAVOSHNAMEH IN PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
Year:2022 | Volume:23 | Issue:54|Papers Count:6

With the emergence of new poetry, a confrontation was created between the fans of modern and traditional poetry. Mehdi Akhavan Salles, who is considered as an influential figure of modern poetry, has expressed his critical views on traditional poetry. There is a rumor that he has been in complete opposition to traditional poetry. Considering that the image is one of the basic elements of every type of poetry, examining the reflection of the poetic images of ancient poets in Akhavan’s poems makes it possible to understand the extent of his connection or non-connection with the ancient poetic heritage. The research data were collected in a library method. The analysis of the data showed that, in spite of the contrast between modern and traditional poetry, the presence of the poetic images of ancient Persian poets in the poems of Akhavan Sales is explicit but partial. The same images are used with new concepts or in new contexts. These images are significantly reflected in the poem of ‘the Brotherhood’.

Layered stylistics is one of the new methods of analyzing literary texts. In this method, five layers of the text are examined, including phonetic, lexical, syntactic, rhetorical and ideological layers. In addition to the stylistic features of the text, the author's thoughts and attitudes on various topics are examined too. Attar’s Tazkirat al-Awliya can be studied based on this method due to its linguistic and intellectual prominence. In this article, the authors have studied Tazkirat al-Awliya in three lexical, syntactic and rhetorical layers through an analytical-statistical method and by dealing with the salient features of each layer. At the lexical level, words have been selected based on some background attitude. At the syntactic level, the arrangement and connection of sentences together is based on the author's purpose of the anecdote, and the choice of verbs, adverbs, prepositions and suffixes is made in order to introduce the concept according to the author's ideology. There are a lot of similes in the rhetorical layer, which increases the clarity and simplicity of the text. Attar's thoughts and ideology can be retrieved explicitly and implicitly in the study of all the three layers.

In depth psychology, although the "Ego" is the center of "Consciousness" and man communicates with the world around through it, the whole psyche has another center called "self" which includes not only "Consciousness" but also unconsciousness. In fact, the "self", as the central core of the psyche, is the archetype of the totality and the regulator of the psyche, through which man achieves the individuality and integrity of personality. Because the "self",  like other archetypes, needs to use symbols to manifest itself, it appears in myths, dreams, and legends in the form of sublime and sacred figures or as symbols of wholeness and, in general, as any helper creature, whether living or inanimate. Shahnameh narrative is based on epics and myths on the one hand and based on mass and popular literature on the other hand. Therefore, it can be the best manifestation of unconscious elements and archetypes. Zaririnameh, known as Shahnameh of bards is the most comprehensive and longest narration of Shahnameh and the one which the authors have studied in detail for the symbols of "self".  These symbols are classified into human, animal, object symbols as well as rhetoric, the unseen and the tombs of the dead.

Salman Savoji is one of the talented poets of the eighth century AH who has tried various forms of Persian poetry and left precious works. He is mostly known as an ode poet and a eulogist, although he also has lyrics. In this regard, he has been compared to great people such as Khajeh Hafez Shirazi. Salman Sajoji's poems are mostly in praise of kings and ministers, especially the kings of the Jalayri dynasty. However, he has poems in teaching and wisdom as well as the praising of the Prophet Muhammad and his saints, which, of course, are less frequent. What is obvious in Salman Savoji's sonnets is that he is very influenced by the Sufi thoughts. As a praiseworthy poet, he has used a lot of educational, theological and mystical issues in his lyric poems.  This research is based on library studies and a descriptive-analytical method, examines the reflection of Sufi thoughts in Salman Sajoji's lyrics poems, and analyzes his views based on mystical works. The result of the research reveals that Salman Savoji has been greatly influenced by the ideology of mystics in the field of lyric poetry. The evidence comes from the use of the topics related to monotheism and ontology as well as issues related to practical mysticism and mystical behavior in his sonnets. Salman has analyzed mystical concepts with his unifying view and has provided deep insights into them.

Bahr al-Ma'ani (Sea of ​​Meanings) was authored by Mohammad ibn Nasir al-Din Ja'far Makki Husseini, who was a mystic from India. This book is a collection of thirty-six mystical texts written in the ninth century AH and addressed to a person named Malik Mahmood Sheikha. The most important feature of the book is his interpretive view of Quranic verses. Although this feature is common to all mystical texts, if the Quranic verses and their interpretations by Mohammad Hosseini are removed from the book, ninety-five percent of it will be lost and only those parts that describe his travels and introduce the divine saints and poles will remain. Therefore, it can be said that Bahr al-Ma'ani is based on the verses of the Qur'an and the author's interpretive views of the Qur'an. This is in such a way that no verse of the Qur'an has been defined with its sense on the surface. Bahr al-Ma'ani interprets not only the Quranic verses but also Prophet Mohammad’s hadiths and even some stories. One of the stories that has been dealt with in detail is the story of Moses and Khidr. Mohammad Hosseini has an interpretive view of each element of the story and, like other mystics, considers it as an allegory of mystical journey and behavior. He explains and interprets the most important points of the story by quoting Quranic verses and hadiths of the Prophet. He has done it by interpreting the Majma al Bahrain” as the sea of ​​love and ​​humanity, the ship as the ship of guidance, the hole as the hole of misguidance, the property as the devil, the slave as the soul, the wall as the wall of law or Shari’a, the treasure as the treasure of truth, and the two orphans as the Prophet Mohammad and Ali (pbuh). This article seeks to study Mohammad Hosseini's interpretive view of this mysterious story and all the points contained in it.

Belqis Soleimani's novel Devil Seed is one of the distinctive works of contemporary Persian fiction in which the author has tried to address the subject of “evil" as a controversial and serious concept through a compelling story full of various sub-narratives. Throughout the novel, the reader repeatedly faces the concept of evil from various philosophical, theological, and moral perspectives in its vernacular implications and even lexical connotations. This raises the question of what kind of evil the author means. This article seeks to investigate the issue of evil in the mentioned novel using a descriptive-analytical method and the theoretical foundations proposed by Daryl Koehn. By criticizing the views of ethicists and rationalists on the conscious and deliberate nature of evil, Koehn considers the origin of evil to be unconscious processes that have nothing to do with the conscious choice of persons. Among the characters in the novel Devil Seed, Sohrab is most related to the issue of evil. He is a bored, narcissistic, ungrateful, miserable and ostentatious character who sacrifices his life and youth and his wife Mahrokh for his inner evil. The results of examining the actions and thoughts of this character based on Koehn's teachings show that the boredom arising from alienation and the obsession to attract the attention and approval of others are the main causes of evil in this character. They are unconscious processes that turn Sohrab into an actor who spends his whole life playing favorite roles to be approved by others.