ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE
Year:2025 | Volume:80 | Issue:3|Papers Count:30

Echinococcus granulosus, a parasite producing hydatid cyst: a reviewAbstractEchinococcosis is a parasitic disease caused by tapeworms of the Echinococcus genus, such as Echinococcosis granulosus. The disease is characterized by the development of hydatid cysts, particularly in the liver and lungs. Echinococcosis granulosus has a complex life cycle involving dogs as definitive hosts and herbivores like sheep as intermediate hosts. Humans are accidental dead-end hosts that can develop hydatid cysts upon ingesting infective eggs. The disease is prevalent in rural areas of Africa, the Mediterranean region, South America, Central Asia, and Eastern Europe, where close contact between humans, dogs, and livestock is common. Clinical symptoms of hydatid cyst disease depend on the location and size of the cysts. Many people with hydatid cysts may have no symptoms for years. However, as cysts grow, they can cause various symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, chest pain, cough, headache, seizures and vision problems and shortness of breath. If left untreated, a hydatid cyst can lead to serious problems such as organ failure, rupture, and even death. Understanding the epidemiology, life cycle of Echinococcosis granulosus is crucial for improving diagnosis, treatment, and control measures. Therefore, the aim of this review is to study Echinococcosis granulosus to improve diagnosis, treatment, epidemiological understanding and prevention strategies to reduce the public health impact of cystic echinococcosis.Keywords: definitive hosts, Echinococcus granulosus, hydatid cysts

A viral disease that is mostly limited to African area is monkeypox (MPX). However, it has re-emergence recently in a number of places outside of nations where disease is prevalent. Humans may acquire the virus by coming into contact with infected individual, contaminated materials or diseased animals. Fever, headache, and enlarged lymph nodes are among the symptoms, which are followed by the development of excruciating skin sores. Typically, monkeypox is a self-limiting illness that goes away on its own without medical intervention. It can, however, occasionally be dangerous, especially for those with compromised immune systems. An interprofessional team comprising physicians, nurses, virologists, dentists, veterinarians, and public health specialists that can quickly detect MPX infection in people and animals, put preventative measures in place, and start public health reporting builds a strong defense against a catastrophic outbreak. An improved patient outcome will be facilitated by the interprofessional paradigm. Infection management in dentistry may face new difficulties as a result of the monkeypox virus''s re-emerging global outbreak. Given the recent spread of MPXV in non-endemic areas where dentists are not accustomed to include this illness in the differential diagnosis, it is currently expected of all dental healthcare providers to be knowledgeable about the oral signs of MPX in order to perform an adequate oral screening and implement the necessary preventive measures for infection control in the dental practice. As the dental setup is more prone for aerosol cross infection strict infection control measures have to be followed in dental practice. In this article we have focussed the dental implications of MPX disease.Keywords: Monkeypox; Dental Practice; Infection control; Public Health Emergency; Non endemic outbreak;

The ongoing occurrence of zoonotic and viral diseases, such as SARS-CoV-2, H5N1, Nipah, and Ebola viruses, underscores the requirement for transformative innovations in vaccine and antiviral development. Classic vaccine technologies like inactivated or live-attenuated virus products have lengthy production cycles, cold-chain storage, and are poorly suited to reacting rapidly to emerging threats This review synthesizes the most recent advances in molecular virology, immunogen design, and biotechnology that will propel the next generation of prevention and treatment tools. We begin with the genomic and structural characteristics of high-consequence zoonotic viruses, highlighting the molecular determinants for virulence, host switching, and immune evasion. The review then provides a comparative review of the emerging vaccine platforms such as mRNA, DNA, viral vector, subunit, and inactivated vaccines based on design rationale, delivery systems, immunogenicity profiles, and global rollouts. At the same time, molecular mechanisms of antiviral drugs acting against viral polymerases, proteases, and entry mechanisms are discussed, and the new challenge of resistance evolution is emphasized. We also highlight recently developed molecular diagnostic tools like CRISPR-based tools, nanopore sequencing, and isothermal amplification technologies that are transforming real-time pathogen diagnosis in veterinary and human medicine. Last, the One Health aspect is introduced through veterinary applications of vaccines to zoonotic spillover prevention and antimicrobial resistance. In conclusion, this review gives a vision-orientated account of molecular strategies that bring together human and animal medicine to combat future pandemics. Our aggregated tables and visualizations are an asset for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers interested in the improvement of epidemic preparedness and cross-species disease surveillance.

Abortion is one of the most crucial problems of ranchers in Iran in different aspects, i.e. economical, animal healthcare or zoonotic. Each year the farm animal industry in Iran suffers from major economic losses due to abortion. Until now, some epizootological studies have been set up on infectious agents of ruminant abortion in Iran. However, there is no comprehensive information on the ruminant abortion status in Iran. We aimed at collecting all the available information on common infectious causes of abortion in ruminants in Iran to have a better picture of the situation in the country.This review covers all of published documents in the main English and Persian-language databases on infectious agents of ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats, camels and buffalo) abortion in Iran from 1980 until May, 2024.Although occurrence of abortion in the ruminants of this country has multifactorial etiologies, but the present study could represent infectious diseases as a serious risk factor in predisposing the ruminants to abortion. Important putative infectious agents that cause abortion in sheep and goats include toxoplasmosis, chlamydiosis, brucellosis and coxiellosis and in cattle include neosporosis, BVDV and BoHV-1.According our result, a well-defined control strategy for preventing and controlling infectious abortion in Iran should be based on further epidemiological studies on cause of abortion, accurate records keeping, perform laboratory analysis, control of animal trafficking from neighboring countries and from one region to another within the country, employing good biosecurity practices that inhibit the introduction and spread of infectious causes of abortion and using vaccination programs.

Glauconites, a group of clay minerals, have garnered attention for their potential anti-cancer effects. These properties are attributed to their antioxidant, apoptotic, and anti-angiogenic activities. Glauconites contain antioxidants like flavonoids and tannins, which neutralize free radicals. The composition of glauconites is characterized by a rich blend of minerals, including iron oxide, aluminium oxide, and potassium oxide. These elements, arranged in a layered structure, provide a multifaceted defense against radiation. Glauconite extracts induce apoptosis, a programmed cell death mechanism, in cancer cells, halting their growth and spread. As research on glauconite continues to progress, it is evident that this naturally occurring mineral holds immense promise as a radiation shield. With further development and refinement, glauconite could potentially play a crucial role in protecting individuals and environments from the harmful effects of radiation, safeguarding human health and well-being. Moreover, glauconite inhibits angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, depriving cancer cells of their nutrient supply, hindering their proliferation. Animal studies have provided promising evidence supporting the anti-cancer effects of glauconite. Studies in animal models have shown that treatment with glauconite extracts leads to a significant reduction in both tumor size and cancer cell proliferation. Further research is imperative to comprehensively elucidate the mechanisms and therapeutic potential of glauconite in cancer treatment. The potential applications of glauconite as a radiation shield are vast. Glauconites could be incorporated into protective clothing and materials used in workplaces with radiation exposure, such as nuclear power plants and medical facilities. Additionally, glauconites could be used to purify water, and soil from radioactive contaminants, protecting public health and the environment. research is warranted to fully elucidate the mechanisms and therapeutic potential of glauconite in cancer treatment. Glauconite holds promise as a novel and effective approach to cancer therapy, warranting further investigation for clinical applications.

SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, is characterized by its high transmission rate, leading to a global pandemic. Millions of people have lost their lives due to the infection caused by this virus. The ability of the virus to spread rapidly and infect large numbers of people has highlighted the need to understand its infection mechanisms. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an essential receptor for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. SARS-CoV-2 shows high affinity to this receptor and shows high infectivity, which leads to an explosive increase of this virus in patients infected with COVID-19. ACE2 is the carboxypeptidase homolog of ACE, which produces angiotensin II, the main active peptide of the renin-angiotensin system. From a pathophysiological perspective, this system regulates vital processes in different organs. In addition, ACE2 enzyme activity could play a protective role against acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by viral pneumonia. Upon infection, SARS-CoV-2 down-regulates the expression of ACE2, which is possibly related to the ARDS pathogenesis. Since this receptor is present in various other tissues such as the heart, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive system, and sensory organs, it may cause pathological symptoms in these organs. Thus, ACE2 is not only a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 but may play a crucial role in various aspects of the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and possible post-COVID-19 syndromes. Administering ACE2 may competitively bind to SARS-CoV, thereby preventing the viral spike protein from attaching to the transmembrane ACE2 and consequently reducing viral cell entry and COVID-19 symptoms. Here, we first review the role of ACE2 in the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 across different tissues and propose treatment strategies for COVID-19 that involve ACE2.

Antibiotic resistance (AR) has become a significant worldwide public health concern in the twenty-first century. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses, acquire genetic changes that make them resistant to antimicrobial drugs, including antibiotics. AMR, often known as the "Silent Pandemic," requires prompt and persistent intervention instead of postponement. Failure in preventative measures will result in AMR being the primary cause of mortality worldwide. In the fight against multidrug-resistant bacteria to halt antibiotic resistance, conventional techniques for developing drugs are expensive and take a long time, however AI systems can rapidly scan through extensive chemical libraries and forecast possible antibacterial substances. Considering the sluggish progress of ongoing antibiotic research, it is essential to accelerate the advancement of novel antibiotics and supplementary treatments. The acceleration is essential for effectively tackling the increasing health risk caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, so guaranteeing that we maintain an advantage in combating these developing threats. The use of AI in medical research has significant promise, particularly in addressing multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections to battle AMR. This study focuses on the effective applications of AI in addressing AMR and its potential to benefit humanity. It covers the fundamental concepts of AI, the resources now available for AI, its uses and scope, as well as its benefits and limits.AI algorithms also consistently observe antibiotic usage, occurrences of diseases, and trends of resistance. This review examines the AI to identify AMR markers, diagnosis in AMR, small molecule antibiotic development and also emphasizes emerging research domains, such as AMR detection and novel medication development, that contribute to the management of AMR.

The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that infectious diseases can become serious crises, emphasizing the importance of vaccination as the best way to prevent such outbreaks. The aim of study was to examine how well COVID-19 vaccines work in the northwestern region of Iran, city of Mahabad.This retrospective cohort study compared 1077 vaccinated employees of the Mahabad city health department (exposed group) with 1338 unvaccinated employees from other departments (unexposed group). Demographic details, vaccination dates, types, and outcomes were extracted from the local health system. Data on cases came from the disease unit, while hospitalization was retrieved from the Medical Care Monitoring Center (MCMC). Attributable fractions for the exposed group and relative risks with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each vaccine dose, stratified by sex, age group, and exposure level. Data analysis was conducted using STATA16, with a p-value < 0.05 considered statistically significant.The overall efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing the disease is 51%, with a 26% effectiveness in averting hospitalization. Stratifying by vaccine type, AstraZeneca exhibits an 81% efficacy (95% CI: 0.61–0.91) in preventing infection, followed by Sputnik at 41% (95% CI: 0.086–0.62) and Sinopharm-Baharat at 10% (95% CI: 0.50–0.46). Similarly, in preventing hospitalization, AstraZeneca demonstrates a 79% efficacy (95% CI: 0.083–0.95), Sputnik at 29% (95% CI: 0.77–0.71), and Sinopharm–Bharat at 44% (95% CI: 0.63–0.81). Notably, effectiveness in preventing both disease and hospitalization is higher in men than women. AstraZeneca vaccine emerges as the most effective in preventing both disease and hospitalization, followed by Sputnik with optimal efficacy. Analyzing vaccine effectiveness across age groups reveals the lowest efficacy in individuals below 30 years old, while the highest efficacy is observed in the age group above 51 years. Despite challenges in vaccine selection and timely administration in Iran, our findings demonstrate that three doses of COVID-19 vaccines achieve an effectiveness exceeding 75% for preventing hospitalization and death, underscoring the vital role of vaccination as a primary preventive measure against infectious disease outbreaks. This reinforces the importance of proactive preparation and investment in robust vaccination programs for optimal epidemic control.

Dirofilariasis or canine heartworm disease is one of the most dangerous invasive diseases in dogs. Invasion caused by Dirofilaria immitis is the most critical case. Filarial infection has been seen all over the world with different agents including different species of nematodes, but D. immitis is more important than other species in dogs.In this study, one hundred guard dog collars were used that visited the small animal clinics of Tabriz city in Iran during the period of 3 months (May, June, and July) summer season year 2023 , because blood parasites is more common in dogs in summer. A total of 100 blood samples of guard dogs, regardless of age, sex, and breed, were examined for blood parasites. Of these, 70 were adult dogs, 30 were puppies, 35 were females, and 65 were males. The prevalence of blood parasites in dogs was determined by wet blood smear, centrifuge hematocrit and modified Knott's technique.The blood parasites found in this study were D. immitis, Dipetalonema reconditum. In this study, out of 100 guard dogs, 9 dogs (9%) were found infected with blood parasites. The prevalence of D. immitis and D. Reconditum recorded in our study was 7% and 2% .Two puppies out of 30 puppies (6.6%) were infected with blood parasites, and in the group of adult dogs, 7 collars out of 70 dog collars (10%) were infected with blood parasites. The highest recorded infection percentage was related to D. immitis and 7 collars (7%) out of 100 cases were positive. The findings showed the highest prevalence of blood parasites in May (10%), followed by June (9.37%) and July (8.33%). The results showed that the incidence of blood parasites in male dogs was higher than in female dogs. Males were infected (9.23%) and females (8.57%).The results of this study showed that the prevalence of D. immitis and D. Reconditum recorded in guard dogs of Tabriz city in Iran was 7% and 2%. Guard dogs should be kept in a sanitary environment and should be regularly tested for the presence of any blood parasites .

With the onset of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 pandemic, there were controversial theories regarding the potential consequences of the virus on pregnant women and delivery outcomes. During the past three years, a great diversity of literature reported various data regarding covid-infected mothers and pregnancy-related complications including preterm birth, stillbirth, preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, etc., however; the exact influences which can be exerted by the virus and possibility of vertical transmission, still remained obscure. Here we described the clinical features and outcomes of delivery in 16 laboratory confirmed COVID-19-infected mothers referring to a hospital in northern Iran from August 2020 to December 2021. Clinical records, laboratory results, and chest CT scans in addition to such samples as maternal peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, placental blood, vaginal secretion, placental tissue, breast milk after first lactation, and neonatal throat swab and peripheral blood were collected to answer the questions raised on the possibility of vertical transmission of COVID-19 and transferring maternal immunity to the neonates, all the aforementioned specimen were evaluated based on molecular and serological assays. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in vaginal secretions and placental tissue. SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in 15 and 4 maternal blood samples, respectively; in one breast milk sample (IgM), two umbilical cord blood (IgG) samples, two placental blood (IgG) and two neonatal blood (IgG) samples. Chest CT scan of abnormal cases revealed typical signs of viral pneumonia. According to the current study there seems to be associations between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the risk of preterm birth; however, no intrauterine vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was found. These results also suggest the possibility of passive IgG transfer from the infected mothers to their neonates.

Fowl adenovirus is responsible for various diseases, such as hepatitis hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), and gizzard erosion. HHS, caused by fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4), is a highly pathogenic viral disease that affects 3 to 5-week-old chickens and causes a high mortality rate and significant economic losses. In Iran, HHS has been reported in march 2021 for the first time in a 15-day-old broiler flock. Detection of fowl adenovirus can be performed by various serological methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), virus neutralization (VN), agar gel immunodiffusion (AGI), counterimmunoelectrophoresis, fluorescent antibody techniques, and immunoperoxidase assays, as well as molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction and real-time polymerase chain reaction. In the current study, we analyzed the level of specific antibodies against the FAdV-4 serotype in 44 blood samples of unvaccinated backyard chickens from Golestan province in northern Iran using ELISA assay. According to the ELISA results, the overall prevalence was 22.72%, and the highest was found in Saad Abad village, which had 66.66%. The results also show that the highest antibody titer was found in the Haji Balkhan group, with 1679.91, and the lowest in the Amir Abad group, with 3.22. The other titers were mostly between 100 and 300. This study is the first serological investigation of FAdV-4 in backyard chickens of Iran. While the virus can only be detected by molecular techniques such as PCR, these discoveries may offer new perspectives on the spread of the virus in the northern region of Iran and help develop innovative vaccination strategies.

Newcastle disease (ND), is a highly contagious viral disease, affecting most of the avian species. The fusion protein in the ND virus serves as the target for immune response. The goal of this study was to develop the DNA vaccine using a fusion gene from the Newcastle virus. A new candidate DNA vaccine against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been developed. This innovative vaccine uses a fusion gene that encodes immunogenic proteins derived from NDV. The hypothesis behind this approach is that the fusion gene induces a strong immune response against the virus, potentially leading to long-term immunity in vaccinated individuals. Fusion gene RNA was extracted from the Newcastle virus, amplified by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). After that, it was sub-cloned in the pTG-19T vector and then in expression vector pET43.1a E. coli BL21. Gene expression was induced by IPTG. The fusion protein was subjected to Sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Sequencing and PCR findings confirmed the cloning of the fusion gene into the vector. Digestion results showed the target gene had been inserted in the pET43.1a plasmid, successfully. SDS-PAGE revealed a protein band of about 54.7 kDa. Analysis of the constructs in E.coli cells revealed the successful expression of gene inserts in vitro. Our results show that the fusion protein produced by pET43.1a in E. coli can be used as a DNA vaccine. However, a weak band of expressed protein was found and the fusion protein produced by pET43.1a in E. coli was not so efficient. This survey encourages researchers to do more studies for testing the produced protein as a vaccine in vivo and in vitro.

The first cancer to strike a community is breast cancer. Because of its extremely high mitotic activity, breast cancer that tests positive for HER 2 is thought to have a bad prognosis. Due to the effects caused by chemical drugs, patients are increasingly turning to natural medicine, such as phytotherapy and nutritherapy. The main objective of this study is to search, using a bioinformatics approach (molecular docking), for new non-toxic anti-cancer inhibitors by carrying out a screening of 102 ligands from natural and dietary compounds, likely to interact with the HER-2.The results of the virtual screening permit to choose 23 best compounds which can be proposed as the best inhibitors of HER-2. Lycopene would be a very promising ligand which presents a DeltaG of -9.82 kcal/mol, followed by Beta-carotene (DeltaG of -8.58), P-cumaric acid kcal/mol (DeltaG of -8.57) and Curcumin (DeltaG of -8.46). Another compounds; luteolin, anacardium (Anacardic acid) and alpha-Tocopherol were found to have the strongest inhibitory effects, with DeltaG values of -7.92 kcal/mol, -7.89 kcal/mol and-7.85 kcal/mol, respectively, and act directly on residues keys found in the hydrophobic pocket II (ATP binding site) and the hydrophobic region (the αC-β4 loop) of the EGFR domain. Pinoresino, Kaempferol and Caffeic acid with DeltaGs of -7.48 Kcal/mol, -6.88 Kcal/mol and -6.34 kcal/mol, and are three ligands specific to the conserved regions of the HER-2 receptor and interact with the tail respectively; C-terminal, the C-lobe activation loop and the N-lobe P loop of the tyrosine kinase domain. The comparison of Lapatinib (chemical compound) and quercetin (natural compound) have respectively DeltaG of -7.58 kcal/mol and -7.28 kcal/mol, form a hydrogen bond with the same residue of the hydrophobic region. All the natural molecules seem very promising and, after in vitro/in vivo tests, could constitute good substitutes for the chemotherapies currently used to treat breast cancers as well as other cancers.

The study aimed to determine insulin resistance, beta cell function and insulin sensitivity of diabetic rats treated with melatonin by employing a structural mathematical/computer model (Homeostatic Model Assessment). Alloxan-fructose-induced type 2 diabetic rat model was created by a single-dose of alloxan (150mg/kg, i.p.) given to 14-days fructose solution (20% w/v) pre-treated (in drinking water) rats. Blood glucose level was assessed three days post induction for hyperglycemia, and rats with fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels greater than 200 mg/dL were considered diabetic. Rats were randomly grouped into four (n=6) and treated as control, melatonin, diabetic untreated and diabetic treated groups respectively. Melatonin (10mg/kg, p.o.) was administered daily for 15 days following diabetic induction. Treatment of diabetic rats with melatonin significantly (P< 0.05) reduced the FBG, C-peptide and insulin resistance with increased insulin sensitivity level when compared with diabetic untreated rats. However, no changes were observed in the insulin and HOMA-%B groups. As evidenced from the positive improvements in beta cell function, insulin sensitivity, and decreased insulin resistance; treating type 2 diabetes with a pharmacological dose of melatonin is an important way to boost the body's antioxidant defense system and subsequently improve anti-hyperglycemic conditions by blocking mechanisms that lead to hyperglycemia. These findings suggest that early and intensive treatment of insulin resistance is the best strategy to delay the emergence of long-term complications from type 2 diabetes, slow down the disease's progression, and maybe prevent its onset. The implementation of straightforward and reliable diagnostic techniques, such as the HOMA model, is necessary for the early detection of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was spread all over the world and was accepted as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. Lungs are predominantly affected by tuberculosis and Covid-19. The objective of the study was to assess the clinical features of COVID-19 in active tuberculosis (pulmonary and extra-pulmonary) and to identify the radiological and laboratory picture of COVID 19 in patients with active tuberculosis. A cross sectional study was by the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, among patients of active tuberculosis (pulmonary and extra-pulmonary) presented to the General Outpatient Department(OPD) of the Respiratory Medicine Department. The questionnaire included questions on socio demographic profile, clinical features, comorbidities, clinical history, any substance abuse and laboratory investigations. Data was analyzed by SPSS software version 21.0 while Chi- square test was used for categorical data analysis. The mean age of the study participants was 47.5±5.3 years (Range 18-72). Males constituted the larger group (59.38%) as compared to females (40.63%). The prevalence of COVID19/tuberculosis co-infection in the present study was 21.8%. Positive history of contact, bacterial culture, PCR and CBNAAT, use of drug, presence of cavity and pleural effusion on X Ray, showed all remarkably higher chances (p< 0.05) of developing co-infection. The prevalence of COVID19/tuberculosis co-infection in the present study was high. Significantly associated factors can help in identifying Covid 19 infection among tuberculosis patients. Therefore, it is recommended that screening for these factors should be done for all the tuberculosis patients coming for treatment and Covid 19 vaccination.

Glanders is a contagious infectious disease caused by Burkholderia mallei that affects both solipeds and carnivores. This disease occasionally leads to human infection through direct contact between humans and infected animals. The recent rise in the prevalence of glanders has caused a focus on control and eradication programs, emphasizing accurate diagnosis of infected cases using a high-performance test. To this end, antigenic proteins were purified from Burkholderia mallei, and the mallein test was then optimized using the purified proteins. Finally, the efficacy of antigenic proteins was evaluated using the complement fixation test (CFT). The laboratory strain of B. mallei was selected and the proteins of inactivated bacteria were precipitated using ammonium sulfate (AS) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA). An optimal precipitation method was selected, and the proteins were purified using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Brute mallein was also prepared to compare the results. The protein profile of the samples was analyzed using SDS-PAGE. The mallein test was also performed, and the results were evaluated using CFT. The AS method was selected as the optimal precipitation method. The protein profile exhibited a range of proteins from low to high molecular weights, appearing as a smear in the brute mallein. The mallein test using the AS-participated proteins, the first fraction from SEC, and the second fraction from HPLC yielded significant results, demonstrating erythema with a diameter of 18.46, 21.70 and 25.37 mm, respectively. The mallein test results were confirmed by CFT. The findings suggested that the purified antigenic proteins improved the mallein test and CFT results. Consequently, these proteins can be used to diagnose glanders correctly and increase the accuracy of the mallein test and CFT.

Colibacillosis is a disease in poultry that often occurs in poultry farms in developing countries, including Indonesia. This disease is generally caused by cage or environmental sanitation problems, as well as poor poultry husbandry patterns. Colibacillosis, caused by Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) infection, is one of the significant health problems in the poultry industry with clinical symptoms such as emaciation decreased appetite, impaired growth, diarrhea, dirty or sticky feathers around the vent, bloated intestines and white feces, especially in Indonesia. This study aims to identify histopathologically and detect virulence genes of Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in broiler chickens. The methods used included organ sampling such as heart, liver, jejunum and cecum, which were then processed for histopathology preparation using Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining. In addition, molecular diagnosis was performed using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique to detect virulence genes, iroN and hlyF. The results showed that there were avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates in chickens suspected of colibacillosis with positive blood agar culture showing hemolysin production (β-hemolysis) and the gene encoding hlyF was found positive but the gene encoding iroN was not found. Histopathology results of liver, heart, jejunum and cecum infected with pathogenic Escherichia coli showed damage in the form of hemorrhage, necrosis, rupture of intestinal villi, erythrocyte accumulation, central venous congestion and fatty degeneration. Our study shows that avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains can be isolated from broiler chickens suffering from colibacillosis and cause pathological changes anatomically. This study emphasizes the importance of a better understanding of this pathogen to develop effective prevention and control strategies in the poultry farming industry.

Antibiotic resistance has become a health concern as it is associated with the death of numerous people worldwide. Milk safety is one factor that guarantees the quality of dairy products. This study was designed to determine Tetracycline (TC), Oxytetracycline (OTC), and Chlortetracycline (CTC) residues in raw milk of animals from Hamedan, Iran using a Four-plate test (FPT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. Cross-sectionally over two years, 246 unprocessed raw milk samples were taken from dairy farms and milk collection centres of different regions of Hamedan, the western part of Iran. FPT was the first tool for screening the presence of antibiotics. Then, the positive samples were analyzed for antibiotic residue using ELISA. Finally, the HPLC method was applied to determine the type and amount of Tetracycline residues. In the primary evaluation, forty-seven (19.11 %) samples were positive for antimicrobial residues using FPT. ELISA analysis indicated that 29.79 % (14/47) of samples had a level of TCs higher than the maximum residue limit (MRL) suggested by EU (100 µg/L). The average TCs residue in positive samples was calculated 98.43±6.86 µg/L. The lowest and highest levels were 100.59 µg/L and 129.56 µg/L, respectively. Finally, the average TCs was calculated 105.73±7.25 µg/L (TC=100.67, OTC=103.38, and CTC=107.11 μg/L) using HPLC. The detection of antibiotic residues in animal products highlights the need for monitoring such residues in milk and other animal-origin food products. Training farmers for the correct use of drugs, especially antibiotics, is recommended. A comprehensive protocol for regularly evaluating livestock products is necessary to prevent high-contamination products from entering the production cycle.

Colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) is a serious condition driven by chronic inflammation in the colon, representing a significant challenge in both preventative and therapeutic contexts. Apis mellifera intermissa venom has shown promising therapeutic potential in various disease models, particularly those involving inflammation and tumorigenesis. This study evaluates the therapeutic effects of venom derived from honeybees native to Algeria on the progression of CAC in azoxymethane (AOM)-treated mice. A total of 28 male mice were randomly allocated into four groups (n=7 per group): a control group received a tap drinking water, an AOM group (10 mg AOM /kg body weight), a bee venom group (0.76 mg/kg body weight), and a combined bee venom + AOM group. CAC was induced in mice by a single intraperitoneal injection (i.p) of AOM, and a high-fat diet (45% fat by diet weight) for two weeks. The potential therapeutic effect was evaluated by administering bee venom intraperitoneally on a daily basis for two weeks. AOM significantly reduced body weight, food and water intake while increasing colon weight. Hematological analysis revealed significant reductions in red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), and hematocrit (HCT), coupled with increased white blood cell counts, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH). Elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels further confirmed systemic inflammation. Macroscopic examination and histopathological analyses of the colon revealed extensive pathological changes in the AOM group, including severe mucosal inflammation, necrotic epithelial damage, and substantial immune cell infiltration. Noteworthy, co-treatment with bee venom effectively mitigated these pathological alterations. Bee venom significantly restored hematological profiles by improving RBC count, HGB, and HCT levels while reducing the elevated WBC count, MCV, and MCH values. CRP levels were significantly reduced, reflecting the anti-inflammatory effects of the venom. Also, macroscopic evaluations demonstrated the preservation of colon morphology, while histopathological assessments revealed an improved epithelial integrity with fewer signs of necrosis and cellular atypia. These findings suggest that Apis mellifera intermissa venom holds potential as an adjunct therapeutic agent for suppressing CAC progression, warranting further investigation into its underlying mechanisms and clinical applicability.

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are among the most common and fatal tumors globally, with significant variation in incidence caused by factors such as inheritance, lifestyle, and diet. Understanding the prevalence and related risk factors is essential for improving preventative and treatment techniques.Data was collected from patients admitted to Baqaei Hospital from 2019 to 2022. The questionnaire included: demographic data (age and sex), occupation, location of malignancy, genetic history, occupation of the patient, smoking, underlying disease (hypertension, diabetes, rheumatism), performing physical activities (exercise), presence of metastasis to other areas and complete survival became. The data analysis of this study was done by statistical software: SPSS, linear regression and unadjusted logistic regression were calculated and analyzed. T-test and chi-square statistical methods were also used for analysis in this study. The results of this study showed that the survival rate in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies has a significant relationship with age, family history, tumor location (colon and pancreas), history of smoking, concomitant disease, metastasis (rectal cancer), and physical activity. The average age of death people is 66.05 years. Among them, approximately 20.4% had a type of cancer according to family history. Also, 50% had metastasis, 44.8% had smoking, 74.8% had background disorder, and 99.6% had not exercised. Physical activity was significantly lower in deceased patients, and fewer deaths occurred in people with high physical activity levels. Rectal cancer had the highest percentage of metastasis among living and deceased patients. It will be useful to carry out more studies to determine the clinical and demographic factors that affect the survival of patients with colorectal cancer, so it is necessary to inform the public to consult a doctor as soon as possible and do examinations.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection during pregnancy is the leading cause of congenital infections globally, often resulting in significant health issues in newborns. These issues include sensorineural hearing loss, which can affect communication and language development, and neurodevelopmental delays that manifest as cognitive impairments, motor dysfunction, and behavioral challenges. The virus can be transmitted from the mother to the fetus, particularly if the mother experiences a primary infection during pregnancy. Early detection through maternal screening and fetal diagnostic tests, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of amniotic fluid, is crucial. Prompt management strategies, including antiviral therapies and immunoglobulin treatments, are essential to reduce viral load and mitigate these risks, thereby improving outcomes for affected infants. Vaginal secretions and blood specimens of 315 pregnant women referred to an educational hospital in the North east of Iran were tested for HCMV using PCR and ELISA assays. Chi-Square test was utilized to evaluate the association of qualitative variables and the level of significance was set at p≤0.05. Moreover, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics V.26.0. The findings of the molecular and serological investigation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the current population revealed that 16.2% (51/315) of the individuals tested positive for DNA-CMV, 87.6% (276/315) displayed IgG antibodies, and 3.2% (10/315) had IgM antibodies. Studying the prevalence of CMV in pregnant women is crucial to understand the extent of maternal and fetal exposure to this virus, which can lead to significant congenital disabilities and developmental issues in newborns. This data is essential for developing effective screening protocols and preventive measures to mitigate the health risks associated with CMV infections during pregnancy.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent cause of platelet (PLT) activation. Inflammation-induced dysregulated PLT function adds to chronic problems. Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), a 21 kDa G-protein, has been shown to modulate many PLT activities; we hypothesized that Rac1 may influence the PLT release of CXCL4 and CCL5, contributing to macrovascular and microvascular problems in DM. The study included Swiss albino male mice pretreated with the Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 and streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes. A sample of 150 diabetic patients and 50 healthy controls was also analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using Mann-Whitney tests One hundred fifty confirmed diabetic patients which they visit Layla Qasim health center for diabetes and 50 healthy individuals were included in this study. The serum CXCL4 and CCL5 in diabetic patients and healthy volunteer were measured. Swiss albino male mice were given a pretreatment of 5 mg/kg of the Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 and then injected with streptozotocin at a dosage of 45 mg/kg body weight, twice daily for five days. Rac1 activity in the PLT was measured using pulldown assay and western blot method. Blood chemokine concentrations were also assessed using ELISA, and histological scores for the kidney, liver, pancreas, and lung were evaluated. CXCL4 and CCL5 levels were markedly elevated in DM patients relative to healthy persons. Our findings indicated that streptozotocin developed diabetes mellitus in mice. GTP-Rac1 was induced in diabetic mice and pretreatment with NSC23766 was significantly lower compared to vehicle group. Furthermore, compared to the sham group, diabetic mice had significantly greater levels of CXCL4 and CCL5 (P < 0.05). CXCL4 levels were reduced by 80% following Rac1 inhibition (P < 0.05), while CCL5 levels decreased by 55.5% (P < 0.05). The current research indicates that Rac1 plays a pivotal role in releasing PLT chemokines due to diabetes-induced inflammation in several organs, and inhibiting Rac1 may represent a novel therapeutic approach to managing inflammation in diabetic individuals.

Neospora caninum plays a significant role in causing abortion and reproductive failure in dairy cattle. The majority of neosporosis-related abortions take place during the 5–6 months of gestation. Fetal death in the uterus, resorption, mummification, autolysis, stillbirth, birth with clinical symptoms, or being born clinically healthy but with chronic infection are all possible outcomes. The objective of the study was to identify N. caninum infection in aborted bovine fetuses through molecular analysis and mouse bioassay testing. From 2019 to 2022, 121 bovine aborted fetuses were collected from dairy farms in Khorasan Razavi province. The fetal brain samples were screened for detection of the parasite DNA by polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR). In addition, a portion of PCR-positive brain tissue was homogenized and inoculated into the peritoneum of five BALB/c mice. All mice were sacrificed six weeks post infection and examined using serology, microscopic, and PCR methods. If the mice's brain samples were PCR positive, the mouse bioassay test was repeated two times. The N. caninum DNA was detected in 19.8% of brain samples in bovine aborted fetuses. Among PCR-positive brain samples, only ten samples were suitable for mouse bioassay examination. All inoculated mice were seronegative without clinical signs after three times bioassays, although the brain samples of three mice groups were PCR-positive after repeated bioassays. The PCR results showed a moderate frequency of Neospora infection in aborted bovine fetuses. Furthermore, the isolates obtained in this study had low pathogenicity in BALB/c mice. It seems the isolates belong to an avirulent strain

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Bifidobacterium lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus, both independently and in combination, in detoxifying skim milk contaminated with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). To achieve this, two concentrations of the bacteria (8 and 10 log CFU/mL) were inoculated into skimmed milk contaminated with three levels of AFM1 (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 μg/mL) and incubated at two different temperatures (4 and 42 °C). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to measure the removal percentage of AFM1 at various intervals (30, 60, 120 minutes, and 24 hours). Results indicated a significant time-dependent increase in AFM1 removal from the skim milk. The removal efficiency of AFM1 by these bacterial strains ranged from 12% to 87%, influenced by bacterial concentration, incubation time, toxin concentration, and whether the bacteria were used alone or in combination. B. lactis exhibited a superior AFM1 removal capacity compared to S. thermophilus. The optimal strategy for maximum AFM1 removal (87%) involved treating contaminated milk spiked with 0.5 μg/mL of AFM1 with a mixture of B. lactis and S. thermophilus at concentrations of 10 and 8 log CFU/mL, respectively, and incubating at 42ºC for 24 hours. This study suggests a potentially effective method for reducing AFM1 concentrations in the dairy industry, thereby mitigating public health risks associated with aflatoxin contamination. The implications of these findings could contribute significantly to improving food safety standards and reducing exposure to harmful toxins in dairy products. Further research is recommended to explore the underlying mechanisms of AFM1 removal by these probiotic strains and to validate these findings under commercial dairy processing conditions.

RBK cell line derived from primary bovine kidney cell was established and introduced by Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute. RBK cell line has been turned into continuous cell line through serial passaging of primary cell. On the basis of the experiments conducted, RBK cell line demonstrates high sensitivity to viruses. As cell line identification is crucial to confirmation of the experimental results, and can attest to the validity and credibility of such findings. Misidentification of the cell line, misdiagnosis of its contamination or lack thereof, can lead to unreliable results as well as waste of resources. It is important to forecast the value of a cell line as it can determine its origin. The more the explanation of the origin, the more valuable the cell line. In addition, contamination is a serious concern in cell culture experiments as it can affect the outcomes, and result in false +/- faults. Therefore, based on standard routines, it is necessary to establish that the cell line is free contamination. As for the purposes of identification, verification and authentication of a cell line, various methods must be applied simultaneously to a particular cell line; so, in this study, molecular tests such as PCR, PCR-RFLP and real time PCR were used to determine the degree of certainty in identification and purification of RBK cell line; The present study provides RBK cell line authentication; In addition, the results demonstrate the RBK is free of adventitious agents such as Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVDV). In consideration of the RBK cell line capability to unlimited proliferation, stability and sensitivity to viruses, the present study introduces this cell line as a reliable tool for viral research, which can contribute to numerous important scientific advances.

Acalypha paniculata (AP) is a subshrub traditionally used in ethnomedicine for treating skin diseases, asthma, and inflammatory conditions. This research focuses on the eco-friendly synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles derived from the Acalypha paniculata herb. The safety profile of Acalypha paniculata-based silver nanoparticles (APSN), particularly regarding behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological aspects, has not been thoroughly investigated. This study evaluated the acute and sub-acute toxicity of APSN in rats, adhering to OECD guidelines. Four groups of six rats each received a single oral dose of APSN at 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg. Post-administration, the rats were monitored for thirteen general toxicity signs over four hours and assessed for motor and locomotive behavior using a rota rod and open field test on the 14th day. In repeated dose toxicity studies, four groups of six rats were administered 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg APSN daily for 28 days. Parameters such as feed intake, body weight, biochemical and hematological profiles, and organ histopathology were studied. The results of acute toxicity studies indicated no evident toxicity signs, including abnormal motor locomotion and behavior. Rats exhibited good tolerance across the three doses. However, sub-acute exposure at 2g/kg showed minor morphological changes in liver histopathology, evidenced by minimal hepatic cell infiltration. The oral no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) surpassed 2000 mg/kg/day in both male and female Wistar rats, confirming the safety of APSN when administered orally. This research supports the ethnomedicinal claim of APSN, though further clinical studies are necessary to confirm these findings and ensure comprehensive safety validation.

AbstractIntroduction: Propolis, a bee-produced resin, contains the flavonoid compound pinocembrin, which shows promise for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory applications, though its therapeutic potential remains underexplored. Diabetic retinopathy, a common complication of diabetes, involves retinal inflammation and vascular damage. Prior research indicates Nigerian propolis may have anti-hyperglycemic effects and the ability to lower glycosylated hemoglobin levels.Methods: The study evaluated the protective effects of pinocembrin, extracted from Nigerian propolis, against diabetic retinopathy in a streptozotocin-induced rat model. Diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats through a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, resulting in sustained hyperglycemia. The diabetic rats were then administered oral pinocembrin at a dose of 50 mg/kg daily for 8 weeks.Results: Pinocembrin administration effectively mitigated the elevation of inflammatory mediators, including Interleukin-1 (IL-1), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), within the retinal tissues of the treated diabetic rats. Furthermore, pinocembrin enhanced the levels of the antioxidant enzymes Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px), and also improved glycemic control and glycosylated hemoglobin levels.Conclusion: The results indicate that pinocembrin possesses significant therapeutic value for preventing or mitigating diabetic retinopathy. Its capacity to regulate inflammatory processes and bolster antioxidant defenses underscores its potential as a treatment strategy for managing this vision-threatening complication associated with diabetes mellitus.Keywords: Pinocembrin, Nigerian propolis, diabetic retinopathy, inflammation, antioxidants, streptozotocin-induced diabetesIntroduction.Propolis, a resinous material gathered by honeybees from diverse plant sources, exemplifies nature's remarkable medicinal capacity. Produced by honeybees, propolis is created as bees collect resins, waxes, and other botanical exudates from various plant sources, blending them with enzymes and beeswax. This complex mixture serves a vital role in the hive, acting as a sealant to protect against drafts, maintain hive hygiene, and defend against invading pathogens.

One of the frequent malignant tumors affecting women is breast cancer. This tumor develops and occurs due to several internal and external factors. Resistance is a key challenge in modern breast cancer therapy. Novel 1-substituted isatin-5-sulfonamides with antiproliferative effects on the basis of isatin-core-contained antitumor compounds were synthesized in three stages via alkylation with benzyl chlorides. The work aims at the synergistic effect of the obtained 1-substituted isatin-5-sulfonamides exhibiting pro-apoptotic activity and combined with heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and protein kinase B (AKT) selective inhibitors in breast cancer cell lines, which are sensitive and resistant to antiestrogens. 4-hydroxytamoxifen (HT) was applied to create a resistant cell subline (MCF7/HT); a resistance index amounted to 2. MCF7/p53-LUC cell subline was obtained through transfection using the p53-responsive luciferase reporter plasmid. Lead compound LCTA-3344 exhibited the most significant antiproliferative effect; its half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) on MCF7/HT (1.4±0.1 μМ) was less compared to that on MCF7 (2.6±0.3 μМ). Combinations of apoptosis inducer LCTA-3344 and AKT Inhibitor IV were synergistic on MCF7 and MCF7/HT, demonstrating the combination index (CI) values of 0.8 and 0.4 (a higher activity), respectively. Apoptosis inducer LCTA-3344 combined with AKT Inhibitor X and HSP90 inhibitor did not show such significant activity with a minimal CI value of 0.9. Compound LCTA-3344 did not enhance luciferase activity in MCF7/p53-LUC cell subline, while chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin has been determined to be its potent inducer. In conclusion, apoptosis inducer LCTA-3344 was 1.9-fold more active toward MCF7/HT in comparison to the parental cell line. Compound LCTA-3344 together with AKT Inhibitor IV was the most active drug combination on the MCF7/HT subline, with a CI of 0.4. Compound LCTA-3344 induced apoptosis through a p53-independent mechanism, which holds promise as a novel therapy for hormone-resistant breast cancers. AKT Inhibitor IV caused apoptosis of MCF7 cells to a greater extent than compound LCTA-3344, and their combination resulted in a synergistic effect.

Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira species, is traditionally associated with hepatorenal dysfunction in severe cases. However, emerging evidence highlights an expanding clinical spectrum with atypical manifestations, complicating diagnosis. Recognizing these varied presentations is crucial, especially in regions where leptospirosis mimics other tropical illnesses like dengue or malaria. We report the case of a previously healthy young female who presented with high-grade fever, headache, malaise, vomiting, epigastric pain, and altered sensorium. On examination, she had conjunctival injection, meningeal signs, and abdominal tenderness. Liver function tests indicated transaminitis with direct hyperbilirubinemia and albuminreversal, while renal function tests were normal. An electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia with non-specific ST segment changes. Cardiac biomarkers were elevated but trended down with serial monitoring. Fundoscopy was normal, while a CT scan of the head revealed cerebral edema. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis demonstrated elevated cell counts and proteins, consistent with meningitis. Further imaging with contrast-enhanced MRI confirmed meningoencephalitis. Based on clinical findings and the modified Faine’s criteria, leptospirosis was diagnosed. Multi-organ involvement, including the central nervous system, liver, and heart, was evident, but renal function remained unaffected. The patient responded well to treatment and was discharged in stable condition. This case illustrates an unusual presentation of leptospirosis involving multiple organs without renal dysfunction. Such atypical cases are becoming increasingly recognized, akin to the expanded dengue syndrome where atypical organ involvement is seen beyond the classical features. Both diseases, prevalent in tropical regions, pose diagnostic challenges due to their diverse clinical manifestations. Early recognition of these uncommon presentations is crucial for appropriate management, as delayed diagnosis could lead to adverse outcomes. Clinicians must be aware of these evolving patterns to ensure timely diagnosis and improve patient prognosis.

Ascites, the pathological accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity, often results from an imbalance between fluid production and absorption. This case involved a seven-and-a-half-year-old neutered female Labrador retriever that presented with abdominal distension, inappetence, weakness, and lethargy. Clinical examination revealed respiratory distress, abdominal pain, pale mucous membranes, muffled heart sounds, and a positive fluid thrill upon abdominal palpation. Hematological evaluation showed normocytic normochromic anemia, neutrophilia, leukocytosis, and thrombocytopenia. Biochemical analysis revealed hypoalbuminemia, hypoglycemia, elevated liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), and increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, pointing to impaired liver and kidney function. Arterial blood gas analysis indicated hepatobiliary dysfunction, showing low pCO₂, reduced bicarbonate (HCO₃) levels, and a negative base excess (BE), suggestive of metabolic acidosis with compensatory respiratory alkalosis. Radiographic imaging showed a ground-glass appearance and pleural effusion, while ultrasonography confirmed the presence of free anechoic fluid in the peritoneal cavity, rounded liver margins, a dilated hepatic portal vein, hyperechoic liver parenchyma, ill-defined corticomedullary junctions in the kidneys, and splenomegaly. Cytological analysis of the straw-colored ascitic fluid showed fibrin strands and white blood cells, with a serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) of 2.4 g/dL, indicating portal hypertension as the underlying cause. The final diagnosis was ascites of hepatic origin. Treatment included diuretics, antibiotics, fluid therapy, liver supplements, and dietary modifications, including salt restriction and the provision of high-quality protein. This case underscores the importance of a comprehensive diagnostic approach, incorporating clinical, hematological, biochemical, and imaging findings to ensure timely intervention and effective management of canine ascites.