Koomesh
Year:2000 | Volume:1 | Issue:3|Papers Count:10

Introduction. Tuberculosis is still a major worldwide health problem. It is responsible for the death of 3 million people each year. Epidemiological studies with techniques which allow differentiation of strains within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) are important to limit the dissemination of the disease. Therefore, there is a great need for an improved methods to subtype MT strains by a simple and rapid molecular finger-printing method by using double repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction (DRE-PCR) analysis, yields a unique, strain-specific pattern of bands.Materials and Methods. MT was obtained from the national research institute of Tuberculosis and lung diseases. To perform DRE-PCR, the DNA molecules were extracted, then implicated with PCR. implication products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis on 2% agarose and generated patterns  compared with together. Those patterns that identical for two or more strains among their 70 MT, were considered as cluster patterns.Results.Fourty-two different patterns were observed in the 70 isolated cases and analyzed. The rate of diversity was 60%, which is the same (approved) as the other studies. Thirty-one (44.3%) of the  specimens had unique pattern, and 39 (55.7%) of specimens had strains belonging to one of the 11 clusters. The patterns had 1-6 band them approved the other studies. There was no correlation found among the special patterns, resistance to antituberculosis agents, residence, migration, and Iranian patients. The results are the same as what is reported in the literature.Conclusion. The data show the DRE-PCR method is the simplest and the fastest way to achieve molecular typing of MT in Iran.

Introduction. Urinary tract infection (U.T.I) is the most common infection in adults. In much infection diseases, including U.T.I, it is necessary to be performed the treatment before having cultured. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of the bacterial agents in U.T.I and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in Semnan population.Materials and Methods. The urine specimens were collected from the patients referred to Semnan clinical laboratories. All specimens performed  M.S.U and 0.01 ml of each of them cultured through a calibrated loop on blood agar and E.M.B agar. The cultures of the patients who had not been operated or catheterized in two last weeks, transferred to faculty of medicine to identify the bacteria and the antibiotic sensitivity.Results. The frequency of the bacterial agents in 932 specimen are as follow: E.coli 704 [75.5%], Klebsiella 162 [17.4%], Coagulase negative Staphylococci 22 [2.4%], Citrobacter 22 [2.4%], Enterobacter 11 [1.2%], Pseudomonas 4 [0.4%], Proteus 4 [0.4%], Enterococci 3 [0.3%] and the antibiotic sensitivity are: Ciprofloxacin 93.7%, Gentamycin 90%, Cefixime 86.1%, Nalidixic acid 73.8%, Nitrofurantoin 65.2%, Co- trimoxasole 42%, Ampicillin 3.6%.Conclusion. E.coli, Klebsiella, and Coagulase negative Staphylococci have the most incidence, while Proteus and Enterococci possess the least in U.T.I in Semnan. The most sensitivity to antibiotics observed to Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin and Cefixime, but the least sensitivity to Ampicillin.

Introduction. The present experiment examined the effect of bilateral amygdala nuclei lesions on modulation of spatial memory storage induced by bilateral intrahippocampal micro infusions of glucocorticoid agonist and antagonist in male Long-Evans rats.Material and Methods. Rats were surgically implanted bilaterally with cannulae aimed at the dorsal hippocampus were trained to avoid a 60 segment of the arena entering which was punished by mild foot shock. Place avoidance training occurred in a single 30-min session and the avoidance memory was assessed during a 30-min extinction trial 24 hours later. The time to the first entry and the numbers of entrances into the punished sector during extinction were used to measure the avoidance memory.Results. Post-training infusions of the glucocorticoid receptor agonist (Dexamethason) enhanced spatial place avoidance memory retention and glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (RU-38486) impaired this task. In both tasks, neurochemically induced lesions of the basolateral but not of the central amygdala blocked the memory-modulated effects of the intrahippocampal infusions of the drugs affecting the glucocorticoid receptors.Conclusion. These findings are consistent with previous evidence indicating that the lesions of the basolateral amygdala block the memory-modulatory effects of systemically administered glucocorticoids and provide further evidence that the basolateral amygdala is a critical area involved in regulating glucocorticoid effects in other brain regions involved in memory storage.

Introduction. Liver function tests (LFT) abnormalities are common findings in hyperthyroidism less paid attention in clinical practice. The reported prevalence of abnormal LFT varies from 15% to 76% in different studies. The most common is elevation of ALP. These abnormalities may induce disturbance in diagnosis. In this reason, we have examined the records of the hyperthyroid patients were examined in our clinics to determine the prevalence and possible significance of abnormal LFT in hyperthyroid patients.Materials and Methods. A retrospective survey of 61 patients (25 males, 36 females) having mean age of 43.4 years (range 11-74 years) and coded diagnosis of graves disease, thyrotoxicosis, toxic multinodular goiter or hyperthyroidism referred to Semnan Fatemiyeh general hospital from 1996 to 1999, was performed. All of the patients had alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBI) and direct bilirubin (DBI) determination prior to initiation of therapy. In suspected cases, workup for exclusion of other systemic disease was done. 61 volunteers (25 males, 36 females) having mean age of 43.8 years (range 12-75 years) were choosen as matched control group, and none of them having history of any diseases.Results. Thirty two of 61 patients (25%) had at least one biochemical LFT abnormality while ALT was  most common  which elevated in 17  patients (28%) (P<0.01). 15 patients (25%) had only one, 15 (25%) had two and 2 patients (3.5%) had three biochemical LFT abnormalities. AST and ALP increased in 16 (26%) and 13 (21%) cases; (P<0.01), respectively. TBL and DBL increased in 3 (5%) cases(5%),these increases were not statistically significant. The prevalence of abnormal LFT was nearly the same in both sex, except for AST which increased more commonly in males than in females (33% versus 20%).Conclusion. The results suggest that abnormal LFT is common in hyperthyroidism, especially, ALT elevation, that can cause diagnostic confusion. Therefore, hyperthyroidism should be kept in mind in any patient with unexplained abnormal LFT.

Introduction. Anemia is one of the main problems of the public health in the world. Women in fertility ages, young children and infants involved to this disease mostly. The major complications are to increase the mortality rate in pregnant women and the low birth weight infants. Due to high prevalence of anemia in common population in Semnan province (36.7% in 1993), to evaluate the prevalence of anemia during the third trimester of pregnancy can be determining in planning.Materials and Methods. This study was performed on 691 pregnant in the third trimester of pregnancy referred to Semnan clinics in 1999. Two ml blood was taken each case, and then Hb concentration measured by the electronical counter divice (coolter). During pregnancy, Hb less than eleven (Hb<11g/dl) considered as anemia. Chi-square test and correlation coefficient measurement were used to analyse these data.Results. Among 691 pregnant women, 117 cases (16.9%) were  anemic. There were significant relations between the supplemental iron (P= 0.00000) and the number of parities (P= 0.0006) with the prevalence of anemia during pregnancy, but other factors such as the manner of last delivery and interval of the recent pregnancy with the last delivery and the age of pregnant woman had no significant relation. Among the cause of non-consumption of the supplemental iron or the irregular consumption of iron, 43% of cases were allocated not to pay any attention or having no enough knowledge in pregnant women.Conclusion. According to the prevalence of anemia (16.9%) in the third trimester of pregnant women in Semnan city, the control of this disease, regarding to the anticipated program in our country has been acceptable. To reduce the prevalence of anemia and prevent undesirable complications, the pregnant women should be taught to use the Supplemental iron by health center workers.

Introduction. Pseudomonal infections frequently responds poorly to conventional therapy. Ciprofloxacin, a bactericidal 4-quinolone, has a high activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Materials and Methods. 112 resistant isolates of P.aeruginosa were collected from five hospitals in Tehran.  After confirming them by the most specific bacteriological tests such as cultured on Skim milk agar and etc, the efficacy of ciprofloxacin evaluated in comparison with 11 other antipseudomonal antibiotics on 103 confirmed resistant isolates. Susceptibility tests were performed by disk-diffusion (BAUER-KIRBY) and Micro dilution broth methods. The therapeutic effects of ciprofloxacin in comparison with the others were studied in experimental infectious model.  The ED50 were determined by sperman-Karbers method.Results. Ciprofloxacin was the most active agent against all isolates of P.aeruginosa that tested in in-vitro. The geometric mean (GM) MICs and ranges of ciprofloxacin was 1 and <0.015 to 2hg/ml. In-vivo protective efficacy of ciprofloxacin by intravenus (IV) injection was higher than those of the other agents tested in a mouse model of intraperitoneally inoculated infection caused by P.aeruginosa. Other agents did not exhibit comparable to that of ciprofloxacin in the same model of infection caused by P.aeruginosa.Conclution. The susceptibility profile of individual isolates of each hospital differs only a little, but differs more than the others. Thus, treatment programs of infectious diseases must be designed best on the individual hospital to control the antibiotic resistance.

Introduction. About 50% of serotonergic neurons of the C.N.S exist in the dorsal raphe nucleus. To change the serotonin's rate of C.N.S induces many disorders. Due to age increase, morphologic changes in number and diameter of dendrites, number of their spines, number of fibers and cellular endings in the nucleus raphe dorsalis and rate of their staining are observed. The aim of this research is to survey of any changes in neurons numbers and volume of nucleus raphe dorsalis in aging.Materials and Methods. In this research 15 female albino rats with age of 3 days, 2 and 12 months were used. The brain of these rats fixed by perfusion method with BOEIN solution, then the specimens stained by Cluver and Barrera method. The number of cells and volume of the nucleus raphe dorsalis have been calculated by using eye peace microscope. The data were analysed by Kraskul-Wallis test and P< 0.05 was considered as significant.Results. Microscopic examinations have been shown that with increasing age the number of neurons of the nucleus raphe dorsalis and the volume of them significantly decreased (P<0.05).Conclusion. These quantitative  changes in higher ages, make the negative effects in vital activity of the neurons, which may induce many disorders.

Introduction. One of the most common microbial infections in human beings is Helicobacter Pylori. The infected people are more infected to such  diseases  the chronic inflammation of the peptic ulcers and malignancies of the digestive system. The aim of this research is to study the infecting pattern in various age groups and determine the rate of infection in Semnan(1999).Materials and Methods. Cluster sampling was performed in this study. Clusters/households were chosen systematically, one member of each household was chosen by chance and taken 3 ml blood. The serum was separated from the blood and then the level of antibody IgG in serum was measured by using ELISA method. Serums more than 30 mR/ml antibody IgG considered as positive. The data were analysed by Chi-Square test and P<0.05 was considered as significant.Results. The results indicated that 48% of the Semnan population infected to Helicobacter pylori. This rate begun from the first to seventh decades, 22%, 38%, 40%, 45%, 62%, 64% and 65%, respectively and there was significant association between prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and the peoples age (P=0.0000)Conclusion. Findings indicate by increasing the age, the infection increases too. As a result, most infection occurred in the first, second and fifth decades of life time.