OLYMPIC
Year:2004 | Volume:12 | Issue:3 (SERIAL 27)|Papers Count:11

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of aerobic exercise during third trimester of pregnancy on placenta weight, fetoplacenta ratio, and birth weight. For this purpose 26 primiparous, healthy and untrained women at twenty six weeks of gestation randomly assigned to one of two exercise (n=12) and control (n=14) groups. Exercise regimen consisted of ten weeks of aerobic exercise from twenty six to thirty of gestation. Result :In exercise group placenta weight was higher, and fetoplacenta ratio was greater significant than non exercis group (p=O.OO7). There were not any signficant difference in birth weight in two groups (p>O.05) . Conclusion: These data indicate that beginning regular and moderate exercise in third trimester of pregnancy is not harmful to fetal growth and maternal health.

This study was designed to compare the effects of Static and PNF strech training on the flexibility of hamstring muscles. Validityof Sit - and - Reach (SR) test was also reexamined in this study. Three techniques of PNF stretching applied in the study included hold- relax, contract - relax, and slow - reversal - hold relax. 75 girl students (age 18-24) were randomly stratified in 5 identical groups (4 treatments and 1 control). The experiment lasted for 6 weeks. It included 3 sessions of 20-minute warm up and stretch training per week. The duration and intensity of the progressive stretch training were kept identical for all treatment groups. The control group participated in routine exercise training. Data were analyzed by one - way ANOVA. Compared to control groupf , all treatment groups made more improvement in hamstrig flexibility (p<.01.) . Among 4 treatment groups, Static group made a better improvementbut it was not significant. physical characteristics such as height, weight, arm and leg length, sitting height, body mass index, and proportion of arm leg length to height were measured or calculated. No significant correlation was found between above - mentionedphysical variables with neither base - line flexibility nor the rate of improvement in flexibility. This means that SR is a valid test. Discussion and conclusion :This study illustrated that Static and PNF stretch techniques are identically effective in improving flexibility. Thus, the preference for selecting a technique could be based on the attitudes of the subjects or facilities and limitations of the training environment .It was also illustrated that SR is a valid measure of hamstrings flexibility.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of one - year systematic physical education (P.E) curriculum on Cardio - vascular endurance and heart rate of elementary students and comparing it with normal P.E.Curriculum. To this end students who were studing in 3rd grade of elementary schools were selected randomly from 10 schools in Tehran"s district 8 and devided them in to two groups. First group (320 students) performed the systematic P.E. curriculum under the supervision of specialized P.E. teachers and second group ( 325 students) performed the normal one with presence of their fixed teachers for one school year. In order to observe the cardio - vascular changes, the students performed one - mile and walking tests ( inform of pre test and post test) at the begining and end of the school year. By analyzing the data the following results were witnessed: - The cardio - vascular average of the first group enjoyed better level than the second one ( p=0.00). - The rest heart rate changes (reduction) of the first group were more than the second group (p=0.008).

The present study the investigation of relationship between them, and physical activity among 30-55 year old women of tehran. A field of study of descriptive and co relational type, this study was completed over 443 women of age of 30-55 . In order to tally the cut - off points of the anthropometric indexes for subjects descriptive statistics (especially mean, median, percentile) were implemented pears on Correlation analysis was use to look at the relationships between the given indexes. And In order to investigate the relationship between the given indexes and physical activity, Pears on Correlation analysis was run. The results of analyses are as follows: - Significant relations were observed between physical activity and WHR,WC , BMI , WSR and %body fat. - The cut - off points of WHR, WC, BMI, WSR and % body fat were noticeably high among the 30-55 year old women of Tehran

Object of this study was assessment of foreign coaches role in the success of Iran soccer national and club teams. Three methods were used for collection of data including question are , conversation and study of sports journals. Reliability and validity of question are was approved by Cronbach Alpha test and consultation with specialist persons respectively. 312 subjects including coaches , players, and directors of soccer and other individuals that had relationship with foreign coaches were participated in this research. Performance of 27 foreign coachs including 8 coaches of adult national team, 4 coaches of olympic national team, 4 coaches of young national team, 1 coach of youth national team and finally 17 coaches of club teams were assesed between 1345 until 1382 years. Descriptive statistical methods and [Chi]2, Mann - Whitney U, and Kruskal - Wallis tests were used for analysis of data. Results showed that some of foregin coaches have agreeable performance in the aqcuirement of formal positions, presentation of modem opinions in soccer and talent identification. However, we didnot find given effects and results about some of the them. performance of foreign coachesfrom Yugoslavia ,England ,Germanyand Croatia wasbetter than others (P<0.005). Performance of national and club coaches was not significantly different. However, Performance of foreign coaches in the before of revolution"s Iran was better than after it (P< 0.05). Moreover, we observed significantly different between technical abilities, management - leadership abilities and psychological - relationship skills of foreign coaches (P<0.05). Generally, although performance of many foregin coaches were acceptable, but some of them had not optimal performance. These parts of results are indication of get incorrect strategies , Section programming and percipitate decisions about selection of foreign coaches for Iran soccer.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the combination of aerobic training and vitamin E on oxidative stress at rest and post exhaustive exercise in athletic students. In order to achieve the purpose of the study 20 students voluntarily participated in the study and randomly assigned to either on aerobic training and vitamin E ( daily dose of 450 mg of a - tocopherol) or a placebo group. After and before 8 weeks blood samples were collected at rest and post exhaustive exercise. Oxidative stress markers means malondealdhede ( MDA) or TBARS, carbonylated proteins (CP) and creatine kinase (CK) were measured. Effect of combination of aerobic trainig and vitamin E on V02max too evaluated. ANOVA with repeated measurement and independen t-test indicate that combination of aerobic training and vitamin E did not significantly change serum CP, MDA and CK at rest and post exhaustive exercise but significantly increased V02 max.

Affective responses during exercise is very important, but it was neglected in sport behavior researches. In the present study we examined the relation between internal and external motivation and relative autonomy with positive and negative affect induced exercise in the second trimester pregnant women. Participants of the current research were 194 pregnant women in the second trimester period in Isfahan. They respond to several instruments include exercise motivation scale (EMS) , positive and negative affect (PANAS). To measure self determination, researchers were calculated relative autonomy index (RAI) for reporting self- determined motivations to participate in exercise - sessions .In each exercise session, the participants had a 15 minutes mental practice class. After ward, they had a comman 20 to 30 minutes physical practice. There were 3 sessions of exersise week and the were continued for 9 weeks. After all they respond to positive and negative effect scale. Current research indicates that regular physical activity in trimester period is a matter of concern. Pregnant woman participated in exercise have high scores on exercise motivation scale, also there is significant relation between positive affect and motivation determined by pregnant woman, and participating in exercise classes induced the positive affect inpregnant woman. Based on this research, it is recommended that every kind of attendence in courses concerned with mental practice ,as the complement to physical practice, be up to the individuals to determine and cosider it an optional action. This conclusion for the encouragement toward physical activites and particularly aerobic exercises is highly important. Moreover, in this research, the main empnasis is on enjoyment and internal motivation as very important elements in the continuation of regular exercise of physical - practice programs.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training program and L- Arginine supplementation on plasma Nitric Oxide content in rats. Metho: Eight - week - old male wistar rats ( n=40) were divided into four groups, 1) the control, sedentary group; 2) the Exercise group ;3) the Larginine intake group, which was given (5glkgbody weight per day, in drinking water) ;4) the Exercise - the L - arginineg group. The traind groups (2,4) exercised for 9 week on a treadmill. The endurance training program was ( 60 min, 26 -30 m/min, 0% grade) . blood samples for analysis of No metabolites and Arginase and total CK were collected after exercise and after a recovery period of 48 hours and 72 hours. Result: plasma NO level was higher in the exercise rats than in the exercise - L - arginine and control groups (1.59 µmol/L vs 1.46 µmol/L and 0.39 µmol/L p<0.05) and there was a significant decrease in plasma NO after exercise and after a recovery period of 48 hours and 72 hours (1.59 µmol/L; 1.08 µmo/L ; indicated that oral supplementation of L- arginine, the precoursor of NO , during an endurance training ( 9week; 5 day / week) caused an increase plasma NO concentration, but this increase is less than exercise alone. NO is an important mediator of homeostatic processes and changes in its generation contribute to pathologic states, some of which have been described in this research. Thus this study proposes a role for Larginie as a dietary supplementation for endurance athlete.