OLYMPIC
Year:2006 | Volume:14 | Issue:3 (SERIAL 35)|Papers Count:11

In this study, the caused mechanisms of injuries and the most vulnerable organs in soccer are identified by meta - analysis. Then the Iranian professional soccer players' viewpoint is compared to them. This study is a meta – analysis. The result is checked by the data produced in a survey.Data of meta - analysis were prospective and belonged to 7 studies around the world. The sample of the survey included 88 soccer players of premier league of Iran. (2004-2005 seasons), whom were selected by purposeful cluster sampling. These data were retrospective and collected by questionnaire (1998). Tackling and contacts were the most important caused mechanisms of injury in the viewpoint of Iranian players. Knees, ankles, and thighs were the most vulnerable organs. Information gained by meta - analysis agreed with aforementioned data. Iranian players are not enough aware of injuries of trunk and spinal column. Awareness of main mechanisms of injury and of the most vulnerable organs could be useful for players, coaches, trainers, and medical associates of soccer teams. They could consequently use this awareness for injury prevention and treatment. At the present, it seems that the modification of fitness programs and promotion of techniques are the challenge for them.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of acute psychological stress on salivary cortisol, testosterone and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) in soccer coaches during (2004-2005) competition season. Sixteen professional soccer coaches with the average of 52.27±9/18 years of age, 11.67±6/01 years of coaching experience in the league were selected as the subjects of study. Salivary samples were collected at five times (1 hour before the match, at the beginning of the match, during half time break, at the end of the match and one hour after the match). The relationship between hormonal changes before, during and after the competition also analyzed.The results showed a hormonal response to competition, which was specially characterized by an anticipatory rise of cortisol and testosterone depending on outcomes (goal scoring, ......). The highest level of cortisol was during halftime break. However, the IgA levels showed no significant difference between soccer coaches.Consequently, psychological stress from competition could be stressful for professional soccer coaches.

The purpose of this study was to determine distribution of Daily energy intake and expenditure and nutrients ratio exist in food plan of Iranian judo athletes. Statistical populations were 13 Judo athletes who participate and trained in Azadi 2004 Olympic Games Campuses. Distribution & total energy expenditure for each sample calculated by measurement of age(y), height (m), weight (Kg), and Physical activity level (PAL) and Physical Activity Coefficient for male over 19 years old Within 5th -85th Percentile of BMI between 25 to 30 Kg/m.m. Data was collected by? days dietary recall method and weighting foods. Then analyzed by means of professional Nutritionist software and compared with dietary references intake AI, EAR, RDA, UL, DRV, USFNB & AMDR Standards. Analyzing data by comparative-descriptive statistics, showed following.Results: The difference between total energy intake & energy expenditure was 200±12.96 Kcal/day (-3.9%).But energy distribution in lunch, dinner& snacks was not suitable. Descriptive comparison of macronutrients intake and some derived like saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, total fiber and cholesterol with recommended quantities and intake of 19 micronutrients (10 vitamins: thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, cobalamin, folacin, panthotenic acid, C, E, A; 9 minerals: Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Phosphorus, selenium, Zn, K, Na) showed that need to change and correct food pattern.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of internal and external focus of attention on performance of dynamic balance and retention in male students of shahid Chamran University. The method of this study was Quasi experimental research and the sample was consisted of 45 subjects were selected through random sampling method and subjects were randomly divided three group. For collecting data stabilometer was used. The validity and reliability of this instrument were accepted by the company of Sabtrab Felez (2004). Data were analyzed by paired t test and ANOVA and analyzing the proposed hypotheses at the P<0.05 showed that there were significant differences between effect of three type of attention in post-test and retention test. In general external attention (Attention to light) in performing the post-test and retention test was better than external attention (attention to signal) and internal attention (attention to feet).

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of unilateral resistance training and detraining on neural adaptations of contralateral limb. Twenty healthy males (age: 20.35±1.63 years, height: 173.15±3.47cm, weight: 72.6±5.53 kg) without any injuries history of knee and ankle joints, tendons and plantar flexor muscles participated in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to a control (CTL: n=10) or a training (TRN: n=10) group. The TRN group performed isotonic strength weight training on non-dominant plantar flexor 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Integrated electromyography (IEMG) data from triceps surae muscle group consisting of the sole (SOL) and gastronomies (GAS) muscles (Agonist) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle (Antagonist) and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of plantar flexor of both dominant (DOM) and non-dominant (NONDOM) leg were measured in pre test (PRE), post test (POST) and post-detraining (DE). One way ANOVA and repeated measure was used for statistical analysis in significant level of P £0.05.The result indicated a significant increase in triceps surae muscle group IEMG, plantar flexor MVC and a significant decrease in antagonist (TA) muscle IEMG over 8 weeks in both the trained and untrained limbs for the TRN group but no significant change in these factors in either limb for the CTL group. No significant changes occurred in MVC and IEMG in the contralateral limb after detraining, but significant decrease in trained limb for the TRN group. It can be concluded that unilateral strength training cause isometric strength increase on plantar flexor muscles and improvements in intramuscular and intramuscular neural adaptations not only in trained limb but also in cotralateral untrained limb. These results suggest that the mechanisms underlying cross education of muscular strength may be explained by central neural factors during training, but not solely so during detraining.

The purpose of the present Research was to study and comprasion effect of structural corrective exercise and aerobic corrective exercise programs on some pulmonary indices of byphotic students in shahid Chamran University.The subject's, age, weight and height was respectively 21.39±1.81 yrs, 172.16±3.09 kg and 66.93±4.72 cm. 45 subjects were selected and divided to three groups: control, group (1) (structural corrective exercise) and group (2) (aerobic corrective exercise). Subjects completed physical health questionnaire and we measured weight, height, degree of kyphosis and spirometery indices such as: vital capacity (VC), force vital capacity (FVC), force expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV). ANOVA was used to match the experimental and control groups. For analyzing data of pre-test and post-test in experimental groups after 12 weeks training, used from independent t-test, paired t-test, ANOVA and for determine different between groups was used from L.S.D Test. In results showed that there is significant different between: MVV, VC, FEV1, FVC in two experimental groups (P<0.05), whereas there is not a significant different between degree of kyphosis in two experimental groups (1 and 2) (P>0.05).

The main purpose of this study was to compare the attitudes of professional and non- professional sport leagues coaches and athletes toward the role of sport psychology consultant and its relationship with sport successfulness. A total of 100 professional and nonprofessional sport leagues coaches, 50 of which, randomly selected as samples for this study. Through a same sampling technique, fifty professional and fifty non- professional sport leagues athletes also were randomly selected. Two instruments were used to survey the attitudes of the subjects toward the role of sport psychology consultant and team successfulness. The reliability and validity of these two instruments were reported to be significant in different studies. The findings indicated that: there was a significant difference between the attitudes of professional and nonprofessional coaches toward the role of sport psychology consultant. Due to the importance of the games played in professional leagues, coaches working in supper leagues determined the role of sport psychology consultant more important than coaches in non- professional leagues. Both athletes in professional and non-professional leagues emphasized working with sport psychology consultant. There was no significant difference between the attitudes of coaches and athletes regarding the role of the psychology consultant. Both groups emphasized the importance of working with sport psychology consultant. Finally, there was a positive relationship between the importance of sport psychology consultant services and sport successfulness. Both groups stated that if the teams receive help from a sport psychology consultant, the likelihood to win the games will be increased.

The home advantages have been reported as success factor in many sports. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of home advantages in Asian Football Leagues. The number of wining, losing and scores (at home and away matches) of 17 teams from the Asian countries including two zones of West and South West and East and South East of Asia which obtained via web site of www.soccerway.com were analyzed. The results showed that the home advantage on East and South East of Asia was 3.1 percent more than West and South West (52.4 % vs 49.3 % ). In West and South West Asian Countries, this phenomenon has had the highest effect on Saudi Arabia (60.6 percent) and lowest on Bahrain (50.3 %). In East and South East countries the highest effect was observed in Indonesia Football League (65.3 %) and lowest effect in Hong Kong (51.18 %). This study showed that home advantage in Asian countries has been effective in team performance like other parts of the world.