Research in Narrative Literature
Year:2024 | Volume:13 | Issue:3|Papers Count:11

Criticizing social relations and portraying the conditions and how society passes through historical crises is one of the most important uses of literature. The travelogue is the story of objective or subjective observations of the author, who also reviews various social aspects during the narration. The travelogues of Ebrahim Beyg and Masalek Al-Mohsenin are among these books that were published some time before the constitutional revolution. And it has had a significant impact on the popular movement during the revolution. The writers' effort to inform people and adapt modernity to Iran's traditional culture has turned into an ideological and reformist movement. This article With the aim of discovering social and critical themes, it deals with the content and comparison of the two mentioned works from the perspective of the sociology of literature. The most important outcomes of the research is that thinkers such as Talebof and Maraghei are trying to adapt a new form of modernity to Iranian and Islamic society and culture. In this regard, they have described the current situation first and, then, the pathology of that situation, the ways out of that situation, and drawing the desired situation is provided.

Motif is one of the highly critical terms in literary criticism which, due to its repetition, has a great impact on the structure and content of literary work. This research seeks to examine this element in a descriptive-analytical way in Rouhangiz Sharifian's three novels. Theoretical topics of the article include definitions of the motif, introduction of its types and functions and, furthermore, the topics about the immigrant and his identity challenges. In the field of application, the types of motifs and their functions and connections in Sharifian’s novels have been studied. The results of the research show that Sharifian has sometimes consciously and sometimes unknowingly used some elements as motifs. There are examples of artistic motifs in Sharifian's works. However, intellectual and emotional motifs have more variety and breadth in hers works. In this realm, the presence of concepts specific to immigration literature is noteworthy. In this article, motif various functions such as cohesive, emphatic, symbolic and storytelling functions are discussed, as well as the relationship between motifs and other elements of the story.

Shabhaye Varamin (Varamin nights) is one of the short stories by Sadegh Hedayat which is analyzable from various views in literature sociology and new literal theories like ideology theory, and proposes a complete social approach. In the current study, principles and rules of ideology theory (such as the effect of language from ideology, rebuilding ideology by society, the response from ideology and going along with it) has been obviously applied by the writer. Precisely, it is through these principles and rules that he criticizes some of the fundamental and folk accepted believes at the late Qajar time and the beginning of the Pahlavi era. In the current study, it has been tried to provide an accurate and scrutinizing study of mentioned text concepts. Furthermore, confirmations related to this theory are extracted and analyzed by considering the time of publication for the cultural and social contexts. So that in addition to show the willing or unwilling responses from components.

One of the worth-mentioning matters in the style and prose of the fiction is the style of writing. Linguistic studies have been discussed, especially in feminism” the feminine writing style, and its differences with masculine writing. The study aims to compare the impact of feminine and feminine writing on the elements of the “plot,” “personality” and “dialogue in the novels Love and Unfinished Lady and Shahrbanoo’s Honeymoon by Amirhassan Cheheltan and Mahshid Amirshahy.This paper is conducted by the library research methodology, information gathering, and adaption of a masculine and a feminine writers’ wor. Overview of the study shows the difference between masculine and feminine writing and its impact on the type of narrative. Amirhassan Cheheltan follows a masculine style of writing and uses characters with a small number and very short and small dialogues and the details has no place in dealing with them; Unlike him, Mahshid Amirshahy is a feminine writer whose fiction is full of different characters. The dialogues of the characters of Amirshahshahy’s fiction are long and detailed. It also has a vague, complex way out of the frame; while Amirshahshahy has a feminine way and adheres to the order and the plot.

Nakhlhaye Bisar is counted as one of the first novels in the field of Resistance that has been written on the basis of the time and space of war. One of the most critical areas to be studied in this work is how to reflect the characteristics of the prevailing ideas. This paper seeks to extract the discourses in the work by re-reading this novel in the form of Fairclough critical approach and Van Dijk's ideological square in a descriptive-analytical manner.Furthermore, the study is to answer the question of whether the discourse that governs the space of the story serves to preserve or weaken the relations of ideological power. The findings of this study indicate that the author of “Nakhlhaye Bisar,” has tried to represent the components of the ideological traditionalist discourse that was the dominant discourse in the 60's via integrating the ideological functions of language. This way, Frust, in addition to legitimizing the dominant semantic system and rejecting competing discourses, has also assisted stabilizing the existing power relations in the layers of the social structure

The novel Saye-ye Malakh (The Shadow of the Grasshopper) is one of the most successful novels in the field of war literature. This novel depicts the beginning of the imposed war in 1980s with the invasion of Ba'athist forces in one of the villages of Iran borders. Due to the importance of studying the motifs of literary works, this study analyzes the motifs of this work. These themes artistically create symbols and, in the structure of the work, cause coherence and create connections in the whole work. An analysis of the motif indicates that the wolf, the grasshopper, the thief, and the Iraqi are connected in multiple ways. Each of these is linked to the others through alternative concepts. As an instance, the grasshopper is associated with Iraq with its color and invasion. The wolf, for example, is intertwined with the Iraqi forces by brutality and terrorize. The thief communicates with these forces through his connection to destruction and being armed. Thus, a network of entities is associated with negative concepts to present a negative image of Iraqi forces and, in addition to their explicit meaning, they have a symbolic implication.

According to Seymour Chatman, who is a contemporary theorist and critic, Character is so pivotal that it plays a key role in linking the other elements of the story to the formation of the narrative and engaging the audience's mind with being adapted to different situations, unraveling, and adventure. This is a view, which is against the views of formalists and those who follow structuralism. In his view, it is the personality that creates the action and the situation and not the other way around. In this case, there is no difference between classic and new stories. The present analytical research of the historical novel Amineh based on Chatman's theory indicates that other narrative elements such as objects, place and time, actions, etc. reach the narrative form and logic based on his presence and the dimensions of his behavior (mental discourse and semantic world) make the story justifiable and believable. This active characterization of Iranian women in the 12th century goes beyond the socio-political behavior of many men. This is due to the fact that, this lady is thinking of war with foreign enemies such as Afghans and, furthermore, she is associated with various influential personalities in the history and destiny of the country, such as Karim Khan, Nader, Agham Mohammad Khan, and so on. She engages in diplomacy with foreigners, as well as in business, thought, and the creation of an intellectual mindset that revives national and social rights.

The present article studies the components of climatic literature in The Fire without Smoke (1992) by Nader Ebrahimi (1936-2008). The writer tries to repond to fundamental questions (e.g. the impact of climatic elements of the Turkmen desert and the events resulting from the land reform law have on the narration of Nader Ebrahimi’s the smokeless fire, or the methods that the author used to reflect the climatic characteristics of this land and the thoughts, emotions, culture, and customs of the Turkmen people and oppression of them in that period) via deploying a descriptive-analytic style. Based on the text of the novel, it will be deduced that Ebrahimi has chosen the Turkman-Sahara climate as the story setting and the land reform of the forties as the subject of his story. Since the climate and its elements affect the thoughts of the writer, as well as the setting of the story, they gradually create a language, images and, new figures of speech that originated from the climate in which the story happened. This has occurred by overcoming author's emotions and imaginations and speaking of them gradually. Thus, by choosing the appropriate title and subject, the author illustrates the actor, the language appropriate to the pattern of environmental linguistics, and most importantly, the appropriate theme, like his predecessors. It maintains its interaction with nature and beyond this mutual relationship seeks to support the villagers and the oppressed people of this land.

Typology of women in Beyhaqi's history emphasizes on nine classificationsn of the Enneagram. Beyhaghi history is an indication of a part of the court atmosphere in the fifth century. The eleven-year-long rulling period of Masoud's is the full extent of this text, and consequently, other heroes have also entered the arena of Beyhaqi's history in order to show the aspect of creating space, characterizing and expressing Beyhaqi's theory of government and literary tendency. The women of this text often reveal their types in connection with the court and courtiers. The purpose of this descriptive-analytical essay, assuming the realism of Beyhaqi's writing and narration, is the typology of women in Beyhaqi's history, with emphasis on the nine classification of the Enneagram. The findings of this study have indicated that Beyhaghi, having noticed the limitations of the subject and writing for the government, refused to fully address the identity and personality of women and only included five romantic categories of the sad, the boss, the perfectionist, the helper, and the observer. Precisely, these were associated with the historical events or court affairs. To be locanic, he has introduced that they correspond to Enneagram personality types. This is due to the fact that women in the Ghaznavid period have a limited, faint, and transitory presence in social arenas. Only women who were connected with the court and were present in the upbringing of elders, or those who were wise, influenced on history, entertainment and political conspiracies were introduced. Beyhaqi's rejection and acceptance should be understood from these passing references.

The individual unconsciousness and the dominance of that shadow is one of the subjects that has always occupied the minds of writers and has caused the formation of a quantity of creative work. These concepts have got a special place in the works written for teenagers, considering the nature of the teenage period and the teenager's effort to know himself and reach a unique identity. Therefore, this research aims at analyzing the addressed novel (The Canned Giant) via integrating Jungian's analytical psychology approach, emphasizing the shadow, in terms of the hero's process of confrontation, recognition and acceptance with his shadow. This research has been conucted via using the content analysis method and the author has tried to analyze the archetype of the shadow and the components of its presence by analyzing the content of the story on the two levels of fictional characters and atmosphere creation. The findings of the research have indicated that Toka (the main character of the story) managed to face and accept a part of the shadow during the process of his individuality in facing the issues and problems that he is bound to face with the help of the canned giant that is a product of his imagination. The result of this successful confrontation at the end of the story is shown in the form of increasing Toka's self-confidence, his understanding of the real characteristics of himself and relative recognition of his shadow.

One of the addressed methods to create a modern structure in children's stories and tales is to use narrative theory and its various dimensions. Narrative theory has multiple pivotal functions in children and adolescent fiction literature. The importance of applying this theory in children's fiction texts, in addition to increasing the pleasure of reading the text in the audience, is to assist authors to create a work that is different and, to some extent, appropriate to their desired age group. The aim of the present study is to critique and select the highly addressed children's stories (100 stories) based on the theory of Maria Nikolayeva, who is one of the critics of children's literature. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is in the form of studying library resources. Using narrative dimensions (e.g. proper beginning and ending, choosing the right narrative center, mental representation of characters, timing and using the narrative gap technique) can be influential and productive in creating creative stories appropriate for the child's age group. The results have indicated that there were 30 open-ended stories and 70 closed-ended stories. White writing has also been considered by story writers in 34 stories. The beginning of the stories is also a more creative and modern beginning and is used in only 4 traditional initial stories. Angle of view in most of the studied stories is the third person, which seems to be a more appropriate one. Direct characterization has been the most used with 85 items. However, writers today try to show the character of their work indirectly to the audience in the form of actions and behaviors.