NAMEH-YE-MOFID
Year:2001 | Volume:7 | Issue:3 (27) Economics|Papers Count:10

Labor, employment and production have three philosophical, sociological and economic dimensions. Their respective order here is a logical one. Thus, the philosophical aspect forms the basis of the sociological one which in turn forms that of the economic aspect. When the culture of labor and production prevails in social relations, the natural background for the effective role of the public and private sector participation and investment is facilitated and as a result, the conditions for employment and production strategies are fulfilled.

Modem and sophisticated systems of banking in today's economy are the developed forms of the monetary and financial systems of old societies. Islamic society, too, has experienced money-changer's halls in the development of its financial system. This paper examines the history of this institution until the fourth century (Lunar Hijrah). First, a definition of the term sarf (money changing) is given and then the functions and activities for money -changer's halls, their main transactions and their kinds are studied. The effective role for money - changers in funding merchants and craftsmen, founding economic institutions and trying to relieve economic crises are also elaborated. Money -changer's Halls' services in accepting deposits and offering loans and other kinds of funding, had turned them into large financial institutions that played the role of today's banks to some extent.

The availability of data for Tax Evasion and Iran's underground Economy size of the underground economy is important for macroeconomic policy. We use fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic to construct an annual time-series for Iranian (unobservable) underground economy & tax evasion over the period between 1343 tot378. Tow input variables are used- the effective tax rate and an index, of the degree of regulation. The fuzzy logic approach to this measurement problem involves several subjective judgments, but the results are quite robust to these choices.

Why do different countries adopt different currency regimes? Why does a particular country adopt different currency regimes in different periods of time? This article attempts to find answers to these questions through studying policy objectives, structural features and shocks received by economy as factors affecting the adoption of a particular currency regime. The study concludes that while various criteria are presented in relatively vast literature concerning the adoption of currency regime unfortunately there is no complete agreement as to the conflicts, prioritizing and precise quantification of the above mentioned criteria. Furthermore, the results of the studies are entirely dependent on the hypotheses of the models with regard to the aims, structural characteristics and macroeconomic conditions. Therefore, when trying to choose a particular currency regime, the country must take the following measures: first, to clearly and specifically identify its policy objective(s); second, to identify existing structural peculiarities and macroeconomic conditions; thirdly, to identify economic shocks and measure them; and finally to decide on the appropriate currency regime on the basis of available data.

One of the economic concerns in Economic Development Plan is to provide financial sources for investment and production. The government acknowledges that it does not have adequate financial resources; therefore it considers it necessary to use private sector's financial resources and foreign investment to achieve the optimal economic growth. The role of each of these resources in economic growth is studied in this paper. The results indicate that the productivity of investment in machinery is higher than that of construction. With regard to machinery, the capitals provided by domestic resources enjoy higher productivity than those provided by foreign resources. Meanwhile, foreign investment in machinery has not been complementary to domestic investment in machinery. Therefore, providing domestic financial resources and investment in machinery produced in the country is the most effective factor in economic growth.

Consumption pattern is one of the key elements in Islamic economic system and its examination is of special importance. The present paper tries to open up some perspectives of the issue. Following the introduction, it studies the classification of consumption levels: the forbidden level of consumption and consumption in Islamic jurisprudence. The final part is devoted to the conclusion and suggestions.

This article elaborates on the general policies of Imam Ali's government regarding the source and expenditure of public wealth. What is most emphasized is the prohibition of offering tax exemptions to persons (whether natural or juridical). This aim is pursued through examining Shari'a taxes on a case by case basis and proving the lack of government possession over them which leads to the lack of authorization for the state to offer exemptions to pay taxes. In section two, Imam Ali's viewpoints on the main ways of spending treasury are considered. And finally the question of the prohibition of imposing the ruler's personal expenses on public treasury is outlined.

The aim of this study is to assess the role of Labor, Physical capital, domestic R&D expenditures and foreign R&D expenditures (through the foreign trade) and Human resources on output in Iran. Recent theories of economic growth treat commercially oriented innovation in response to economic incentives as the main engine of the technological progress and Economic growth. In this view, innovation feeds on knowledge resulting from increasing research and development (R&D) experience on the one hand, and it contributes to this stock of knowledge, on the other. Consequently, an economy's level of productivity depends on its increasing R&D efforts and on its effective accumulation of knowledge, with the two being interrelated. Therefore, in this study we consider domestic R&D expenditure as a proxy for the R&D capital stock and construct a foreign R&D capital stock as the import-weighted sum of the trade partners of R&D capital stock. We apply Johansen co-integration methodology in the estimation during the period between 1347-1378.The trade partners of Iran in this study consist of 2I OECD countries and United Arab Emirates. The findings show that Labor, Physical capital, domestic and foreign R&D capital stock and Human resources have important effects on economic growth. Our estimates suggest that the effect of foreign R&D capital stock is stronger than that of domestic R&D capital stock on economic growth. Also our estimates show that the coefficient of mutual effect of trade and human resources with trade partners' R&D capital stock on economic growth is positive.