Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics
Year:2018 | Volume:5 | Issue:3|Papers Count:7

Background and Objectives: Nowadays health-oriented lifestyle is the best way for prevention and having a healthy lifearound the world. Therefore it is necessary to identify and strengthen the factors that improve lifestyle. As a result, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of Islamic instructional-based spiritual-religious psychotherapy on health-oriented lifestyle in female students of Hormozgan University, Hormozgan, Iran. . Methods: This experimental pretest-posttest study with control group was performed on the statistical population consisting of all the female undergraduate students of Hormozgan University, Hormozgan, Iran in 2017. Thirty students were selected through random sampling method, followed by random assignment into the two groups and control. The participants of experiment group received spiritual-religious psychotherapy based on Islamic instructions. The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II was used for all the data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance using SPSS-version 22. Results: The results showed that spiritual-religious psychotherapy based on Islamic instruction has a significant impact on health-oriented lifestyle (F=-21. 44, P<0. 05). In addition, the psychotherapy significantly affected some components of the healthoriented lifestyle, such as exercise (F=12. 01, P<0. 05), health accountability (F=5. 76, P<0. 05), stress management (F=5. 37, P<0. 05), interpersonal support (F=6. 59, P<0. 05), and self-actualization (F=6. 06, P<0. 05). On the other hand, no significant effect was observed regarding the nutrition component (F=0. 39, P>0. 05). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, spiritual-religious psychotherapy based on Islamic instructions ca be recommended as an effective approach for improving health-oriented lifestyle in university students.

Background and Objectives: Despite the large number of research and measures focusing on substance abuse tendency in Iran, the identification of factors preventing drug addiction and tendency is still a matter of fundamental importance. Regarding this, the present study was conducted to examine the mediating role of self-control in the effectiveness of religious beliefs on tendency to addiction. Methods: The present cross-sectional correlationalstudy was conducted on 300 students (i. e., 154 females and 146 males)of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, selected through volunteer, convenience sampling technique. Data collection was performed using the long version of the Self-Control Scale byTangney et al. (2004), Religious Commitment Inventory by Worthington et al. (2003), and addiction tendency scale. The data were analyzed in SPSS software using Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling. Results: The findings revealed an indirect correlation between self-control and addiction tendency (r=-0. 21). Furthermore, there was a negative correlation betweenreligious beliefs and addiction tendency(r=-0. 16). In addition to direct effect (B=-0. 48), the selfcontrol was found to exert an indirect effect on the tendency towards addiction through the mediation of religious beliefs (B=-0. 12). Conclusion: As the findings indicated, addiction tendency had a significant indirect correlation with self-control and religious beliefs. In this regard, as the participants' self-control and religious beliefs increased, their tendency to addiction decreased. Therefore, the findings of this study can assist the planners and policymakers to identify the factors affecting the tendency toward addiction.

Background and Objectives: The child’ s perceived attachment to parents plays an important role in the establishment of attachment to God. Given the importance of the father’ s role in forming the child’ s attachment system, the present study aimed to investigate the role of fathers in the daily spiritual experiences of high school students in Zabol, Iran, based on the attachment theory. Methods: This retrospective comparative study was conducted on 100 students with father and 50 fatherless students with the mean age of 15. 88 years, selected from two male and female Shahed high schools in Zabol, Iran. The fatherless volunteers were selected by referring to each class. The sampling of the students with fathers was also performed by matching them with the fatherless students using convenience sampling method. The data were collected using the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale, which measures the three factors of God's presence, connection with God, and sense of responsibility towards others. Data analysis was performed in SPSS (version 20) using MANOVA and independent t-test. Results: The results revealed a significant difference between the two groups of students in terms of feeling God's presence (t=-2. 36, P=0. 02). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the connection with God (P=0. 52) and sense of responsibility towards others (P=0. 46). In addition, the examination of the interactive effects of group and gender demonstrated a significant difference only in boys (P=0. 04). Conclusion: The findings indicated the importance of childhood attachment to father in explaining the sense of God's presence. Consequently, the reconstruction of the psychological models of God facilitates the basis of safety (the function of attachment to God) to deal with problems.

Background and Objectives: Gifted students are more sensitive to interpersonal conflicts and experience more self-alienation and mental pressure due to their cognitive abilities. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship among metacognition, mindfulness, and spiritual well-being in gifted high school students. Methods: This study was conducted on 144 gifted high school students in Tabriz. The study population was selected through systematic random sampling method. Data collection was performed using the meta-cognition questionnaire developed by Wells, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, and spiritual well-being questionnaire by Ellison and Paloutzian. Results: According to the results, mindfulness had a significant and positive relationship with spiritual well-being (r=0. 31). However, no significant relationship was observed between meta-cognition and spiritual well-being. The results of the stepwise regression analyses showed that non-judgement determined about 6% (R2=0. 06) of spiritual well-being variance, and positive beliefs about worry predicted 4% (R2=0. 04) of the mindfulness variance. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that out of the meta-cognition components, the positive beliefs about worry were influential in the determination of mindfulness. Furthermore, non-judgment was found to play a fundamental role in determining spiritual well-being among the components of mindfulness.

Background and Objectives: Attention to spirituality has dramatically increased over the past recent years. With regard to the positive effects of spirituality in the workplace, this study was conducted to predict job satisfaction and motivation in special education school teachers based on spirituality in the workplace in 2014. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 80 teachers working at special education schools in Kerman, Iran. Due to the small population of the study, all teachers were entered into the study through the census method. The data were collected using the Workplace Spirituality Scale, Dantt’ s job satisfaction questionnaire, and Habibi’ s job motivation questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by means of stepwise regression. Results: According to the results, job motivation showed a significant direct relationship with the sense of community and spirituality in workplace. Sense of community predicted 0. 35% of job motivation variance, while the other two components did not show any significant relationship with this variable. The three components of spirituality in workplace, namely meaningful working, alignment with organizational values, and sense of community explained 0. 35%, 0. 15%, and 0. 5% of job satisfaction variance, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it seems that the promotion of spirituality in the workplace can lead to the enhancement of job motivation and satisfaction among the teachers working in special education schools. Consequently, this issue should be given more attention by education authorities.

Background and Objectives: The tendency to use drugs is a growing phenomenon, which is linearly increasing from early adolescence to early adulthood. This study aimed to determine the relationship between religious orientation and addiction potential with the mediatory roles of social support and self-efficacy among male adolescents in Zanjan Rood, Iran. Methods: This descriptive and correlational study was conducted among all male high-school students of Zanjan Rood in the academic year of 2015-2016. In total, 181 subjects were selected based on single-stage cluster sampling. Data collection was carried out using Religious Orientation Scale by Allport, Philips Social Support Questionnaire, Sherer General Self-Efficacy Scale, and Addiction potential Scale (APS). In addition, data analysis was performed through structural equation modeling and path analysis by using SPSS version 20 and LISREL. Results: In this research, the components of internal and external religious orientation, social support (family, friends, acquaintances, and total support), and self-efficacy had a significant impact on addiction potential of the participants. Moreover, social support and self-efficacy had a mediatory role in the relationship between religious orientation and addiction potential among adolescents. Evaluation of direct paths demonstrated that while the path of internal religion orientation had the highest effect on addiction potential (B=0. 68, P<0. 01), while in the indirect paths, the path of internal religious orientation to total social support and addiction potential had the highest impact (B=-0. 34, P<0. 05). On the other hand, paths mediated by self-efficacy had the lowest level of impact in this regard. Conclusion: According to our results, it is suggested to implement interventions, especially among adolescents, to enhance religious orientation, social support, and self-efficacy, and in turn, lower the tendency to drug abuse among these individuals.

Background and Objectives: Among ultimate goals in the nursing profession are health promotion, disease prevention, and respect for patient rights. In case they are not fulfilled, it can lead to nurses’ moral distress, which can have adverse effects on nurses, patients, and the health system. On the other hand, awareness of this concept and its management can help nurses to solve and manage ethical issues in order to be able to continue nursing. Therefore, this study was conducted to obtain the necessary knowledge and to investigate the factors affecting moral distress among nurses in the context of Iran. . Methods: This narrative review was conducted using English and Persian keywords separately and in combination in valid domestic and international databases. Among the retrieved articles, 31 articles with accessible full-texts published in Persian and English that specifically focused on the context of Iran were incorporated. Results: Some of the factors associated with moral distress included organizational and institutional barriers, communication problems, medical and treatment errors and malpractice, neglect and irresponsibility in treatment, and inappropriate allocation of responsibilities, resources, and competencies. Conclusion: Managers can control and resolve this problem through modifying and enhancing organizational policies and taking measures such as nurse support, stress management training, and sessions to recount stressful events.