OURMAZD JOURNAL
Year:2020 | Volume:- | Issue:52|Papers Count:16

The role and importance of all kinds of rhetorical sentences in transition of theosophical concepts is very significant, and Molana like the other famous theosophists in order to teach and express theosophical experiences and emotions, has employed various linguistic tools like rhetorical sentences with spiritual concepts. It is obvious that rhetorical sentence is one the most important elements of theosophical language. In the present paper, it has been tried to diversify these sentences in great Masnavi through library and analytical methods; by studying the use of interjection methods which are the most important categories of rhetorical sentence. According to each of the spiritual meanings, the view of experts is analyzed and collected. Spiritual meanings of interjection of the second book of Masnavi according to frequency, are as follow: reverence and admiration, punishment and reprehension, guidance and training, praying and praise, supplication and litigation, prohibition and regression, abhorrence and disgust, kindness and affection, wondering and notification. The author also intends to separate various kinds of interjection which have their own spiritual meanings and phrases that come with interjection which contains the secondary meaning. Accordingly, the new categories are presented.

"Rhetorical question" with a variety of artistic meanings is one of the important and high frequency topics in eloquence which is also due to the importance of the subject had been noticed by grammar prescribers. Rumi has made considerable use of compositional sentences to convey mystical meanings through attitude to quranic guidance method along with other eloquent methods. The foundation of the didactic poem of masnavi-ye-manavi is to guide audience to the unity of truth and denial of everything except Allah. The role of the eloquent functions of question is to deny this prominent productivity. In this article, the eloquent topic of rhetoric with its artistic meanings including, eternal negation, improbability, respect, humiliation, inability, wealth, despair, ridicule, assistance, regret, etc is examined and the importance of using interrogative to create this aesthetic motivation and the obvious difference between "rhetorical" and "confessional" question has been expressed. The results of the research show that most of the eloquent questions in the second book of masnavi-ye-manavi are about(39/1 percent) the kind of rhetorical question that (14 percent) of them are useful for the artistic function of " eternal negation". This high frequency focuses on Rumi's transcendent view in the negation of souls. Also in this book, "confessional question" includes 0/2 percent of the secondary questions that with interrogative "whether" and "unless" and most of the time without question word, is written.

The authors of modern dramas has inclined towards the world of mind and subjectivism for freeing from the abnormalities of the contemporary and modern civilization. Such world is much more expanded, and instead of displaying the exterior struggles and social battles, they pay attention to the reflection of their inner world and the contents of characters’ subjective world. It is obvious that by development of the psychology and profound understanding of the human psych and its complexities, it has not been possible to enter the subjective world of mind through employing the former techniques in writing dramas. Therefore, the modern writers have invented new methods for writing dramas for discovering the revealing the hidden parts of the characters’ minds. Through employing the library research, the present study examines one of the most important Persian subjective novels “ The Blind Owl” by Sadegh Hedayat by considering the new findings about the nature of mind and existing techniques for reflecting these findings. According to this study, the character, situation, plot, mind and concept as the main components of drama have been investigated in the novel “ The Blind Owl” . The structure of the story of The Blind Owl has been put in the field of subjectivism based upon analyzing these components, and all components of the story have subjective approach. For achieving such goal, the author applied different types of methods for reflecting the mind, and the readers are directly presented with mind’ s functions of the character by employing them. They show the subjective logic of the novel in its best sense. Of course, such approach results in the complexity of the novel; a kind of complexity which is not intentionally used by the author as the readers interpret it; but it is acquired through the approximation of the novel’ s structure towards the structure of the mind. By truly comprehension of this structure, we can conquer the difficulties found in this novel.

Horror Fiction is among attractive genres for children and young adolescents which have been taken into account less by the critics and researchers. Based on the prominence of this genre in production of literary works for children and young adolescents, the present study aims at examination of the element of character by using descriptive-analytic method as one of the most important fictional elements in horror fictions for children and young adolescents in Iran. We seek to define various aspects and dimensions of this topic. Based on this, the present study selects twenty five stories for children and young adolescents in horror fiction genre, and we will examine and define different aspects of character based upon rules and principles of literary criticism of stories.

Mahmoud Dowlatabadi is one of the greatest novel writers in the contemporary era. He has had important works in the fields of realism and social view in regional literature. The present study examines the novel “ Journey” as a literary work reflecting the temporary changing area. The author chose a usual suburban family and showed the tragic dimensions of this social class regarding those changes. This work was chosen to display various manifestations of naturalism literary school through reviewing the novel. The study concluded that a renowned and great author like Dowlatabadi showed profoundly the prominence of naturalism in the mentioned novel. We want to comprehend his worldview and the method of writing.

One of the methods of analyzing literary texts is semiotics; an interdisciplinary approach that has used linguistics, sociology, psychology, etc. Semiotic analysis of literary works in order to get acquainted with the author's style leads to a better understanding of literary works. Persian literature texts from different aspects of semiotics; Aesthetics, relationships between text, form, etc. can be studied. can be studied. An important part of Persian stories is love poems. Among the lyrical texts is the poem of Khosrow nameh Attar, which in this research is analyzed in a descriptive-analytical manner based on the semiotic approach. The scope of semiotics in poetry is wide, but in this article, we have tried to examine the signs; Let's deal with lyrical, mystical, educational and socio-cultural. The results of the research indicate that the poem Khosrow nameh, although it is a romantic work and the most frequent signs are related to love and related themes, Signs of mystical terms, moral teachings, and popular beliefs are also evident in this work.

Literature of Resistance, is the literature of awareness which awakes nations from national crises, wars, cruelties, and abuses; it is a kind of literature which unmasks the enemy and reveals its hidden status and hidden dangers. Therefore, the present study aims at comparative examination of manifestations of resistance in the poetry of two poets namely Nasrollah Mardani and Ali Moaddab. The research method is descriptive-analytical and extracted from library documents and resources which are all original and authentic. The findings show that resistance is not restricted in Moaddab’ s poetry. In presenting subjects of resistance, he has had a comprehensive and general approach; however, he has specifically focused on the resistance in the Middle Eastern countries. Also manifestations of resistance such as nationalism, invitation to resistance, defending one’ s own nation, fighting colonialism, fighting cruelty, praising martyrs, political and social protest, etc. are all manifested and reflected in both poet’ s literary works.

In mysticism and among Sufis, “ Pain” has an elevated and unique status. Each seeker who can be acquainted with “ Pain” , will reach the “ Truth” . Attar, Molana and other mystic poets has put emphasis on the profitability of pain. Attar of Neyshabur considered “ Pain” merely for humanity. Angels with all of their love and affinity have not taste love. Molana considered the birth of truth linking to the presence of pain. Angels possess love, but no pain No one but human deserves pain (The Conference of the Birds), Mantiq al-tair, 2891: 202 On contrary, painlessness is the element which guides humanity towards annihilation. Human beings without pains such as Pharaohs and Nimrods finally become involved in narcism and vanish. The present study aims at recognition of mystical “ pain” as a sample of Attar’ s innovations, then describes “ Pain” from Attar’ s point of view.

A study of complaints is one of the main types of lyrical literature. In fact, complaints are existing in human natures innately. Humans refer to it when they feel dissatisfied. Therefore, the present study aims at examination of Nasser Khosrow Ghobadiani and Khaghani’ s poetry by employing descriptive-analytical methods and library research. Findings indicate that these two poets have similarities in some cases, and in many cases we can see their differences. For finding the reasons we must track back to the conditions, environment and spirits of the two poets. Khaghani is among the poets in whose poetry, the complaints are specifically manifested. In his poem compilation which consists of 00111 couplets, we can almost find 0111 couplets devoted to complaints. Mystical and Sufi complaints does not exist in Khaghani’ s poetry, and the least employed complaints are political ones. Due to the fact that Nasser Khosrow Ghobadiani lived in a tense condition, and inflicted with disappointment, and cruelty of rulers, complaints have been manifested in his poetry in a very good sense.