Geography
Year:2018 | Volume:16 | Issue:58|Papers Count:14

The Structural-Functional Scheduling Approach was proposed by the author in 2011 as a new framework in the study of space systems, in particular its settlement system. Since then, this approach has been more or less welcomed both in scientific-research circles and in executive agencies. However, criticisms have been made about it. The motivation for writing this essay is actually to address the content of one of these critiques and an explanation of some of the principles of critique, although its audience is not necessarily an individual, but the scientific community of the country, especially students and scholars who are interested in more critique and possibly the use of this The approach is to advance their research.

Rain is one of the most important environmental variables that shows a lot of time and space changes And this phenomenon is affected by high-level circulation systems. Therefore, identification of dominant atmospheric patterns in relation to heavy rainfall is necessary to manage and reduce the risk of flood. in this research To identify heavy rainfall patterns In the Karkheh basin During the statistical period of 45 years(1967 to 2012) By applying 95 percent percentile On daily data 33 synoptic and Rain Sensing Through the approach environmental to Circulation Number of 310 days of heavy rainfall were detected then To explain the behavior of the patterns generating these rainfall By applying principal component analysis Of type T array And through promax rotation on Geopotential elevation dataof Exchanged from the National Center for Environmental Forecasting National Center of atmosphericResearch(NCEP/NCAR) Number 4 Weather brigade is identified. The results of this study were obtained showsWhich is the most heavy rainfallof Karkheh basin Affected by Deep Trough patterns Along with cut of low On the area and also Affected by have been from blockings of type Bipolar, omega, and Rex and And the study area in the eastern part of the Troughs that Formed by these patterns, is located.

Sustainable development land depends on the sustainability of the rural system and Eco-village pattern can be a new approach an effective role in the sustainable development of the region and, national therefore. Having knowledge of changes in sustainable development and knowing its structure, dimensions and spatial expansion in rural areas are considered as critical parameters for appropriate decision making and planning. The present study is, to analyze and measure the spatial levels of rural sustainability settlements located in around Kashkan River Poldokhtar County. This research is based on purpose, applied and descriptive-analytic research. The required data are obtained in the first stage of qualitative methods grounded theory the interview ways and the second stage of quantitative methods, from the questionnaire. Studying field Poldokhtar County and statistical society research, villages set around on the kashkan. River. For weighing the indicators of the research the F'ANP model has been utilized; data analysis by using the multiple criteria decision-making method VIKOR was done. For classification Rurales study of the levels sustainability was conducted by cluster analysis method using ARC GIS software; for the analysis of the factors affecting the stability linear regression was utilized to measure the effective factors in the final indicator of development. findings of the study showed that of studying 23 villages, 3 village very strong sustainability, 8 village strong sustainability, 5 villages are medium sustainability and the unsustainable villages, there are 7 villages. Most of the rural sustainable situation in central areas of the county that fertile land Caused by river Alluvium has more width and are arranged closer to the center of the county. However, this stability has not happened equally in all indices of sustainability. This situation reflects the imperfect dynamics of the county settlement system in the county (Functional structural aspects). In terms of the application of quantitative models and techniques, this study using F 'ANP model in determining levels of sustainable rural demonstrates the effectiveness of the F'ANP model in geographical studies.

This study conducted to determine the long-term behavior of the series of the minimum average temperature and maximum average temperature as well as to identify the hot and cold periods of 35 Iranian stations during the period of 1960-2010. Initially, in order to understand the changes in the minimum and maximum temperatures, the average maps of minimum and maximum temperatures and their coefficient of variation were drawn using the Kriging method. Then, by using of the Mann-Kendall statistical test, the significance of the trend on each station was tested at 95% confidence level. Finally, with the use of the 20% high and low probabilities of the minimum and maximum averages temperature during the 50-year study period, cold and hot courses were identified. The results show that the dispersion and temperature distribution on Iran in the seasonal and annual scale follows a similar pattern, which indicates a regular temperature regime in the region. The range of dayto-day variations in most of the study synoptic stations, except for the winter season which has been decreasing in most of the points, does not show a significant change. The effect of minimum temperatures average on seasonal scale during the studied period is higher on the average temperature of different regions of Iran. The most frequent occurrence of cold periods is in the first half of the study period and the most frequent occurrence of warm periods is in the second half of the study period, especially in the 2000s.

This article is the result of field research done with the aim of pathology rural cooperatives in the process of rural development sustainable Saveh city. As well as economic and social aspect since to achieve development requires economic development which depends on the development in industry services and agriculture the agric cultural prod unction cooperatives in rural are lever for economic and social development production cooperative can be optimum effective in living conditions, work, and production and promote effective income and social status. Of course the dynamics and the changes are necessary in the production cooperative when it is efficient and effective for targeted, systematic, planned which is based on sustainability considerations in all aspects of economic social and environmental in this context rural production cooperatives faced obstacles as one of the problems for pertain. This article attempts to calibrate methods and Workshops (PRA) Questionnaires (based on theoretical models and literature) Inter View Was Conducted. Interviews Was Done After Collection Data Through The Software SPSS. Out Put and the Data. statistical research Members Of The Cooperative Based In The SAVEH City Of Rural With A Sample Of 110People. And Was Mad Multi-Stage Random Sampling. According To The Study. The Results Indicate Serious Damages threading Production Cooperatives In Saveh City. In Viewpoint Of Economic And Social Indicators, In Clueing Farmers’ Income Improver Production Knowledge And Social Trust Maximum Average (3’ 44. 9) And The Minimum Average (2’ 0967 ) Rerates To The Economic Aspect And Social Dimension. It Is Suggested That Grants Facilities And Equipment Participation Awareness And Empowerment Production Be On The Agenda.

In recent years, the determination of the uncertainty of hydrological models in the hydrological research has been very much taken into consideration. Although the parameters of the hydrological model are usually determined by calibration, but there is considerable uncertainty in the model parameters. In this study, with the aim of calibration and uncertainty analysis of coupled model ALSIS-HBV, GLUE method has been used in the Karkheh basin. Determining the main source of uncertainty and identification of parameters, as well as estimating uncertainty in the results of river flow simulation are other goals of this research. The statistics used to evaluate the performance of the coupled model including coefficient of determination (R2), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), BIAS and root mean square error ratio to standard deviation of data (RSR). The findings show that soil and response routine parameters including maximum soil moisture storage (Fcap), limiting soil moisture at which PET takes place (lp), distribution of soil stores (B), and withdrawal rate from deep layer (K2) are main sources of river flow uncertainty and the most identifiable parameters. The evaluation of the results of the uncertainty by P-factor and R-factor shows that in the calibration period, the width of the R-factor range in the Seymare sub-basin is greater than other sub-basins and the highest percentage of river flow data (P-factor) in this range. During the verification period, the breadth of the uncertainty range in the Karkheh basin is greater than all sub-basins and covers 76 percent of observation data. In general, the model's performance evaluation for river flow simulationin karkheh basin, especially in calibration period is good and acceptable, and most river flow observations are in 95% confidence intervals, Therefore, the probability distribution calculated from the river flow can be used to predict the flow of the river.

Today, citizenship rights is one of the main requirements of democracy. The transition from military-authoritarian regimes towards a democratic governance has shown the necessity of paying profound to civil rights. Hence, investigation of civil rights in urban governance can demonstrate important aspects of the quality of democracy dispersion in urban areas. The present study examined four indicators of "accountability", "transparency", "meritocracy" and "legalism" in the political management of metropolitan of Tehran and has tried to analyze the rights of citizens in the municipality of Tehran as the governing body and the city government. The study is an applied and descriptive survey. The sample of citizens selected according to the number of statistically based sampling formula Cochran, a total of 513 residents of the 6th district of Tehran. The number of regions in 2015 selected on the basis of cluster sampling method. The results show that on the basis of indicators of the research, satisfaction of citizens' civil rights has fallen and indicator of "legalism" is better than the three other indices, generally.

The borders of Iran in the recent two centuries have been the arena of conflict and territorial tide that its result in the period of first Pahlavi and modernize of politics conce pts waz the current land of Iran. Iran and Afganistan have about 945 KM common border that stretched from the Zulficar crater to the Malek siah mountain. There is a lot of external and internal factors that are effective in the frontier zones of this areas. The issue that is analyzing in this article is the impacts of this factors that must be seen in the land use planning of this areas. The research method in this article is library and analytical to answer this question: Wich external and internal factors are effective in the spatial planning in border regions. According to the findings of this article, many factors such as immigration illegal, drugs, terrorism and the presence of western powers are effective on this issue.

Nowadays, quality of life is the most supreme level in the objectives of social-economic planning and it is the golden key of citizens’ participation for appropriate and applicable planning in order to improve and increase the quality of life of citizens and it can be evaluated based on two dimensions, subjective and objective. The present study was carried out based on applied research and the descriptive survey research method; the aim of this research was to measure the quality of life and its effect on citizens’ participation in Neyriz. Statistical society of this research is all wardens of families in Neyriz town, which by implementing Cochran formula and simple random sampling, 321 samples were selected and questionnaires were distributed randomly among thirteen neighborhoods. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed from the perspective of scholars, and its reliability was evaluated through the use of coronbach's Alpha( 0. 80 and 0. 84). The SPSS and AMOS software were used to carry out the statistical analysis. Results of the study revealed that family life satisfaction indicator with mean(M= 3. 75) and health with mean(M= 3. 16), had the highest mean and economic indicator with the mean(M= 2. 56), had the lowest level of satisfaction in quality of life. Also, in the field of citizens participation, political dimensions with(M= 3. 06) had the highest mean and subjective-spiritual index(M= 2. 34) had the lowest mean. The results of the correlation analysis indicated that that enhancement of the quality of life can lead to increase of citizens’ participation in urban affairs, and there is a significant and direct relation between these issues. The Regression analysis also showed that the family life index(Beta =0. 20) and the economic index(Beta =0. 13) had the greatest impact on participation and totally the dimensions of quality of life can estimate 07%of participation variance. So we can indicate that thr quality of life can predict positive and meaningful participation.

Local management is one of the institutions that can play a very effective role in relation to community policing, especially in rural areas. The purpose of this research is to assess the level of local management's ability in rural districts and investigate the factors affecting the policymaking of rural areas around the Tehran metropolis. The research method is based on descriptive-analytic method. Data and information gathering has been used in library, documentary and field studies. Data reliability was calculated based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which indicates the number of 0/841 and the validity of the data is based on the content validity method (according to the professors). In data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistical tests including single sample t-test and SWOT analysis method were used. The statistical population of the study consists of local managers in rural areas of Aphrodite district of Tehran. The assessment of the ability of local managers in the law enforcement of rural areas of Atabad district of Tehran showed that in the structure, organization, rules and regulations with an average of 3/34, knowledge and knowledge required for law enforcement management with an average of 3/25 higher than the average And indicates the suitability of the managers. Financial resources indices with an average of 2/35, equipment and equipment with an average of 2/73 are below the average and are not favorable. Finally, Swot technique was used to present the strategies of law enforcement in the rural areas of the Aftab area. Based on the findings of this section, the position of the sector in the area of law enforcement management of local managers was evaluated in a moderate situation.

Good governance is a comparative approach in planning and resource management to achieve sustainable development that through obtain lawfulness behavior and institutionalization of accountability, participation, transparency, legitimacy, accountability, consensus, . . . In this regard, this paper try to survey influence of good governance to sustainable rural quality of life in 16 villages of Dehgolan. Analytical methodology is based on studies libraries, documentary and field. As well as to analyze the data obtained try to use with technique of Mauritius and software SPSS, the impact of governance on sustainability quality of rural life and the relationship between these two variables (good governance, quality of rural life) to be determined. Result indicated that the Village Abasjob is undesirable. And villages of including (Tylkv, Saeed Abad, Sarab, Nyaz, Gedmiran, DehRashid, Mobarakabad, Gheshlagh Khodakarami, Qadrmz, Azarand, Abbarik, Kakajoob, Tarval, Srvalh) in a relatively good situation. In the end located Baladasti village in good condition. The results of correlation analysis with regard to the relationship between good governance and quality of rural life, implying significant between indicators of good governance (participation, accountability, Collective agreement, equality, Legality, transparency and openness, efficiency and effectiveness), with component the quality of life with a significance level of 0. 000. And results of Regression test showed that, eight independent variable (governance) with the dependent variable (quality of life) has a significant relationship between the level of 05/0 = P. The results of Path analysis showed that all governance variables has direct effects on dependent variable (quality of life).

Islamic civilization is a religious civilization, all elements of which are centered on Islam. As Madina al-Nabi, the new city of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him), was founded on this basis and created a civilization based on the Quran and Sunnah. The Islamic conquest led to the confrontation of Muslim jihadis with the peoples of other regions such as Iran, Damascus, North Africa, Egypt and Andalusia. As a result of territorial expansion and the development of areas under the influence of Islamic caliphate, most of the elements of civilization were changed, and Islam was developed with immutable and flexible principles in the conquered territories. The result of this encounter and the combination of Islam with other cultures of various nations was a valuable civilization that was initiated in Medina al-Nabi, but in lands such as Iran, Mesopotamia, the Levant, Egypt and Spain.

In the new paradigm of rural development, utilizing knowledge and information and accordingly instruments and technologies for transferring and interchanging knowledge is of utmost importance, and ICT is considered as a very important factor in sustainable development from many aspects. In this study, we investigated the role of ICT in developing rural communities of Yal-Abad and Ghardin villages. These two villages are located in Saveh district and despite the prospective role everyone considered for ICT in rural development, the economic, social and physical structures of these villages is not appropriate. Results show that despite having high potential in ICT development, the society has not experienced the benefits of ICT. Unsustainable rural structures have limited the growth of ICT.

The issues related to the viability of perimetric metropolitan villages are not explained by the concept of rural viability and are affected by the communication network and the rural-urban associations of the cities under their control. The current topic of research is to make the viability of the villages of the metropolitan areas of Tehran (study item: Varamin city) clear. The research method is exploring-explaining, and attempts to explain the role of effective factors and forces in the viability of the perimetric metropolitan villages in the form of interior and exterior/further rural factors. In this regard, at first a review of theories, models, theoretical approaches, earlier studies, and comprehensible-analytical model has been presented. The support theory in the concept of rural viability, was the sustainable development theory, and due to that, the social, economic, viable, somatic, and its variant dimensions were primarily identified as rural interior and exterior factors via extension and Delphi identification. Nineteen variants were identified in the form of quadratic dimensions for the effective exterior/further rural effective factors in rural viability situation, as well as sixteen variants and seventeen components for the interior factors of viability of perimetric metropolitan villages of Tehran. The scrutinizing and exploration of the mentioned factors from analysis, exploited an exploratory factor, and the result was the confirmation of nineteen further rural factors and eighty one interior rural variant factors. The statistical population of the study was inhabited by villagers around the city of Varamin and Javadabad (two urban locations of Varamin) which was 53, 255 people, and the cities mentioned as well as 140 people, who were professionals, experts, and local managers. In sampling of the residents, random cluster sampling was used, and the sample population of 689 individuals was determined by the Cochran formula, with 0. 05% error correction; and was distributed as share-layer among the centers. The statistical techniques used in this study were t viability of perimetric metropolitan villages T-Test (for assessing the viability) and checking the numeral values obtained by Mercer classification; Kolmogorov Smirnov Test (K. S) to determine the distribution type of the statistical population, Pearson Test to determine the viability relation of the surrounding villages and cities, were structural equations. In statistical data analysis and data spatial representation, SPSS, Lisrel, and Arc GIS softwares were used. The results of the research showed that in the metropolitan area of Tehran.