Housing and Rural Environment
Year:2020 | Volume:39 | Issue:171|Papers Count:10

Regeneration of villages using tourism and rural tourism is a major issue in rural settlements. The type of appropriate tourism depends on what potential of the village should be the target of tourism. Due to the prevalence of agriculture in rural communities as a type of sustainable local economy, agritourism can act as an effective tool for attracting visitors and regenerating villages with prosperous agricultural economy which are potential tourist attractions. This type of tourism refers to the agricultural activities and operations that invite tourists to the farms of the village to receive services such as Agricultural accommodation, agricultural food services, primary agritourism, direct sale of products, relaxation and agriculture, sports and agriculture, agricultural ceremonies, agricultural health care, and cultural tourism. Therefore, agritourism targets a wide variety of invaluable landscapes, natural wildlife zones, cultural values, desirable conditions for hunting, fishing, skiing, and hiking, and a good market with a large number of consumers. With the aim of promoting this type of tourism in Golzar village, which is a center of flower and plant production located to the south of Tehran, the present study first offers a conceptual model of agritourism in general and then applies this model to the case of Golzar Village. The economy of this village is based on the production and export of decorative plants and its residential district is surrounded by numerous greenhouses. The unpleasant visual features of the greenhouses, not using the decorative potential of plants in residential areas, lack of a supply market for the produced plants, and the fact that this village is not widely known in the country as a center of flower production, are among the main issues of the village. Given these issues, the present paper seeks to propose a conceptual framework of agritourism in sustainable rural communities in general and a design framework for Golzar based on agritourism in particular, thereby highlighting the development process in a planned manner. To this end, the literature was reviewed through content analysis in order to elaborate on the components of the conceptual framework of agritourism for regeneration of rural areas. Next, the general aims of the study were considered which include improvement of the local community, environmental sustainability, improvement of the economy of the region and neighborhood, and enhancement of place identity. Finally, after preparing a preliminary perspective and evaluating the conditions of the area with SWOT method, the macro-and micro-scale aims of agritourism-based regeneration in Golzar were suggested. Based on the unifying idea of designing a tourist path to realize agritourism with the aim of rural regeneration, three design scenarios were devised for the village: 1) a tourist circular path, 2) a linear tourist path, and 3) a combined tourist path. Using Goal Achievement Matrix, the third scenario turned out to be the best scenario. In the end, after developing the design framework which consisted of different parts of the conceptual framework as well as the best-practice scenario, a set of actions were proposed for the village in the field of farming, agritourism, flower and plant research, rural settlement, decorative plant exhibitions, leisure and recreation, tourist water canal, protection of the high-voltage electric cable, and the transportation path to the village. The paper concludes with suggestions for applying the findings of this study to rural areas with similar potential.

Although the vernacular architecture is formed in harmony with the "lived experience" of the natives, looking at the studies of vernacular architecture, we see that in the researches done, researchers have paid more attention to the role of factors such as social, cultural, religious, economic, physical, climatic, construction technology and materials; And so far, researches done in the field of vernacular architecture were largely explained by the cultural and climatic approaches. In their studies, researchers often provide charts and graphs using conventional statistical methods, and then find an acceptance analysis by finding criteria for their validity; however, all of these approaches and methods seek to answer the "why" and fall into the "object" and "subject" gap and divisions. The answer to "how" seems to go back to the question of the "essence" of architecture; this article considers this view and this aspect of vernacular architecture. This article claims that dwelling in vernacular architecture is deeply and meaningfully realized since residents of the locals have a sense of identification with the surrounding environment. For this reason, since these neglected aspects of Vernacular architecture were considered in this study, it was decided to refer to phenomenology with an appropriate approach in the complete and comprehensive understanding of the subject; and relying on a phenomenological approach that is rooted in philosophy and refers to concepts such as "lived experience" and "perception" of man from "being", examine the issue in a way that lacks the disconnection of "object" and "subject" and "How" is possible in it. In fact, the true philosophical nature of phenomenology has given it complexities, the opening of which leads to new horizons; Horizons that, in contrast to the limitations of extreme standardism, present the concrete and individual "being-in-the-world" of man, a man who knows and constructs his living space beyond the determined physical and metaphysical dimensions. This article attempts to re-read the sources and interpret the content of phenomenology, relying on the views of Schultz-a contemporary architect and theorist-whose phenomenological theories are based on Heideggerchr('39')s ontological philosophy. As well, the analytical – descriptive methods have been used to answer this question "how the phenomenological approach is appropriate in reading vernacular architecture? " The phenomenological method is selected as a research method because of its relationship to the subject since vernacular architecture is shaped from first-hand interaction of man and his "life-world". And this is somehow phenomenology itself. In other words this relationship is very close so that even phenomenology can be explained using vernacular architecture. It could be summarized like this: phenomenology is a qualitative method (beyond quantitative and statistical approaches), independent (lacking presumptive method), descriptive (describing the subject just the way it becomes apparent) and interpretative (depending on described, sensible issue). After basic theoretical studies, the results of field studies on the vernacular architecture of Manoojan were presented in the form of analysis and description with Schultz and Heideggerchr('39')s phenomenological criteria in order to achieve a deeper and better understanding of the vernacular architecture of Manoojan in a phenomenological describing and interpreting. The results of the phenomenological recognition of the vernacular architecture of Manoojan region with architectural features and extracted criterias, indicating a special relationship between poetic, natural environment and place phenomenon with the vernacular architecture of Manojan. The results also showed that the sattlement, in spite of all the economic problems and severe poverty of its inhabitants, has the necessary components to achieve housing and a sense of place in accordance with the authentication and user acceptance and therefore in relation to form and space. Finally it was tried to show that the vernacular architecture of Manoojan is an architecture from the gateway of the existential space, which from the gateway of poetry, it is an unexpected and at the same time liberating space that is discovered and understood through imagination.

The vernacular architecture of any region is an evidence of its valuable architectural, cultural and historical background. Efforts to identify and introduce this heritage can be the basis for addressing many of the cultural, social, economic, and developmental needs of vernacular settlements and to transfer architectural experiences and cultural techniques to other regions. Unfortunately, despite the rich history of architecture and culture in the geographical area of Iran, many villages have not received the attention they deserve. One of the most important features of rural architecture is to pay attention to the design in accordance with the natural needs of the people and the environment and their daily activities such as the type of living spaces. Architectural examples of the coexistence of living and living spaces in this type of housing are the depth of attention to peoplechr('39')s lives and their needs, which has harmonized the physical space with the story of peoplechr('39')s lives and created it. Such a view of life and attention to needs and harmony with the natural environment has led to the formation of various forms of housing Indigenous architecture is well aware of the originality of life and environmental potentials and has been formed in harmony with it, instead of ignoring the needs of life and combating geographical variables. Rural houses, which are good examples of this type of architecture, have relatively fixed and stable principles that are not easily subject to change, and its changes have taken place internally over relatively long periods of time. Boroujerd County in the north of Lorestan Province has unique rural textures that unfortunately have not been considered despite the valuable architectural texture in the cold climate of the area. Kushki-Sofla village is one of these kinds located in this region, which, unfortunately, despite the valuable texture, has not been considered. Up to now, a high percentage of the village context has been damaged due to a lack of conservation process. According to the necessity of the subject, the purpose of the present study is to identify, introduce and document the local patterns of architecture and structure in the village of Kushki-Sofla, which In order to achieve this goal, the research analyses the existing typology of the village buildings. The principles and rules that are generally seen in the local housing architecture of this village are 1. Flat roof (bed and beam) due to access to wood materials and timber; 2. The granular texture (a set of buildings that are formed separately from other buildings), but has a relatively dense arrangement; 3. Using the semi-open space pattern as transition spaces and the interface between indoor and outdoor spaces; 4. Minimize the external surface against the volume of the building; 5. Mostly there are two-story houses; 6. Observing the spatial hierarchy to enter the houses by rotating the entrance and using the porch; 7. Using the element of the central courtyard as a functional and communication role between other spaces; 8. Using indigenous materials for construction; 9. In general, the residential architecture of this lower Kushki village is simple and without pollution. This research searches through the pattern of vernacular architecture and physical characteristics of rural houses and explores the structural components in the construction with rural housing. In order to collect the required information, the first phase is the library method. In addition, field study observation and semi-organized interview were used for data collection. At the result, analyzes showed that the spatial composition of the village houses consists of a three-sided and four-sided form. In the typology of the architecture of this village, the spatial circulation at the entrance by the corridors and the vestibule, the spaces between the porch and the moonlight, the central courtyard, and the interior space of the spaces are the vernacular features of Kushki-Sofla Houses. They also used canvas materials such as clay, wood, rock and roll, and main building structures for building houses.

Due to the increase in the occurrences of natural disasters in cities and the resulting casualties and socio-economic and physical damages, the local authorities are attempting to find approaches and adopt policies to increase the resilience of cities in order to withstand these calamities. Resilience, therefore has become one of the important issues to attend in order to minimize the vulnerabilities of cities. District 9 of Tehran Metropolis, because of the presence of some of the important city infrastructures in it, is selected as a case study to assess the different domains of social resilience of the different neighborhoods of this district, their spatial distribution, and also to find out if there exist differences in the levels of the social resilience among the neighborhoods of this district. Through a thorough review of related literature and taking into account the special condition of the District 9 and also the Tehran Metropolis, five domains of social resilience; namely Social Capital, Social Values, Social Structure, Social Equity and variety, and Social beliefs and Culture were extracted. The indicators depicting these different domains were also extracted from the literature. A questionnaire containing 32 questions was designed to collect the needed data for evaluating the applicability the extracted conceptual framework for assessing the social resilience of the neighborhoods and the district 9 of the Tehran Metropolis. Stratified random sampling was used to identify the number needed questionnaires to be sampled. Systematic sampling was used to collect the 106 questionnaires required for the purposes of this study. Exploratory factor analysis was used to extract the underlying factors of each social resilience domain and to identify their corresponding indicators. The findings of study show that the social capital domain of social resilience is composed of three factors: Social cohesion, Social support, and Social participation; the social values domain is composed by three factors of the Sense of Belonging to the Community, Social Awareness, and Social Capability; the social structure of the domain is composed of three factors: Community Dynamism and Empowerment, Population Structure, and the Level of Education; Social equity and variety domain is composed of three factors: Access to Safe and Secure Space in times of disaster, Access to Basic Services, and Access to Educational Services; Social beliefs and culture domain is composed of two factors: Social Beliefs and Social Culture. Each of these factors are represented by a number of indicators. A composite social resilience index was computed to assess the level of social resilience of each neighborhood. In order to find differences in the level of social resilience among the 7 neighborhoods that comprise the District 9 of the Tehran Metropolis, a one-way ANOVA was used. The results of the study show that, in terms of social resilience, there exist no difference among the 7 neighborhoods of the district 9; social resilience in the neighborhoods of the district is very low and the two domains of social equity and variety, and social beliefs and culture have are very low in these neighborhoods.

Housing types depend on the relationship between human needs and the environment. They are variable and complex due to humans’ different lifestyles and environmental conditions. What distinguishes them is not the constituent parts; rather, it is the logic of the spatial arrangement of the components, which varies based on the time, place and way of residence and represents the cultural, economic and climatic characteristics of the residence method. Identifying and preserving the heritage of vernacular architecture in general and of rural architecture in particular help us to preserve national historical assets and apply the long-established principles remaining from the past eras to new physical forms via discovering the mysteries, signs and symbols hidden in these assets. This can also help to preserve the identity and authenticity of vernacular architecture in rural settlements. On the one hand, the study of rural architecture can improve spatial designing based on the characteristics of different regions. On the other hand, it can solve some of the problems related to the fabric of urban and rural settlements and lead to formation of favorable villages. Vernacular housing types, especially in rural areas, are strongly influenced by their surrounding environment. Therefore, discussing the housing typology of each region requires an understanding of the context, location and rural fabric of that region. Typology is one of the most basic scientific steps toward this goal. Proper identification and categorization of the different types of architecture can help better understand, preserve and protect various spaces and find modern and effective designing methods. Developed via field measurements, observations and library research, this article is the result of the study of local housing samples from 20 selected villages in Sistan (located on a low flatland in the southeastern parts of Iran and north of Sistan and Baluchistan Province whose fabric is rich and valuable) using the descriptive-analytical research methodology. This study sought to classify and introduce the physical characteristics of vernacular housing in Sistan in terms of the formation of open and closed spaces. The results showed that Sistan, situated east of Iran with more than 900 villages and a 5, 000-year history of permanent settlement from the era of Shahr-e Sukhteh, has special climatic conditions, and its social and livelihood structure has led to formation of unique housing architecture types. The common houses of Sistan’ s people used to be very simple and rudimentary in the past but the types of these residential abodes have grown more complex and varied throughout time. These types include basal, linear, L-shaped, U-shaped, central courtyard and kiosk. Analyses performed in this research indicated that segregation of the living space and the livestock space is one of the most influential factors for determining the type of rural abodes in Sistan Region. Based on this criterion, the housing types with the highest frequency, i. e. linear, L-shaped and U-shaped, can be grouped into two subcategories: equipped with Dakanche and equipped with Mahtabi. In addition, this research indicated that the central courtyard and kiosk housing types are exclusive to the local chiefs and khans and are known as Sardari houses. Given that recent constructions in the rural areas of Sistan are being modeled after urban housing, promotion of these house types can help revitalize vernacular rural housing in Sistan.

Barrel vaults are one of the component elements of curved roofs in Iran. They play a significant role in creating geometric forms and spatial quality. Among a variety of barrel vaults which are most widely used, annular ones have different construction methods. These annular vaults have various types of brick bonding. Among them, the brick bonding of Lilipoush vaults is very different. The use of limited materials in this type of brick bonding made it suitable for rural areas. An exploration into the formative structures and construction methods of Lilipoush vaults will lead to a better state of preservation and restoration of such vaults. This will also helpful in understanding the mastery of Iranian architects in applying geometry to architecture. This paper strongly believes that the buttress size and height of vaults, the availability of materials, and the mastery and creativity of traditional architects were all effective on the construction technology and brick bonding of Lilipoush vaults. The absence of this belief causes many previous studies to have a shallow understanding of the vaults and the type of brick bonding and geometric qualities they have. This paper tried to identify the geometry of annular vaults and the type of brick bonding used in Lilipoush vaults. The fundamental question of this paper is: How effective were the mastery and creativity of traditional architects at the construction method and final form of Lilipoush vaults? To answer this question, this paper adopted an applied research methodology with deductive reasoning. Data were collected based on library and field studies, observation and semi-structured interviews with traditional architects. The results indicated that the special brick bonding of Lilipoush vaults was an outstanding achievement in building annular vaults. In fact, the limited availability of materials and the mastery of traditional architects eliminated the need for wood supports and counterforts in this type of vaults. This can be partly because of the dry climate of the central villages of Iran which had limited resources of timber. Moreover, the simplicity of these vaults, and the fact that their construction needed almost no skills, made them popular among villagers who had not much skills and resources. Nonetheless, it should be noted that Lilipoush vaults are the fruit of architectural creativity and technical know-how of different master architects obtained within a long period of time. Given the elongation of the space (the proportion of the length to the width of the plan), architects applied different methods in building these vaults. These methods included unilateral and bilateral implementation as well as implementation with tiercerons. The thick rectangular space created by bilateral transverse walls has let the architects to rest the first courses of the roof on the corners without needing tier cons. By placing the brick parts under the roof courses, the roof gradually inclines inward covering the space. Here, the horizontal and vertical direction of the brick courses are combined with each other to incline toward the center and make the function of roofing possible.

In the process of defining the nature of architecture, three elements recur which are indispensable components of architecture: type, function, and structure. The three can be related to the three attributes produced by Vitruvius, i. e. strength, utility, and beauty. The findings of contemporary research on the discourse of typology indicate numerous contradictions between various definitions and concepts of type and typology as a general, plain image that represents a category of buildings. Some definitions draw on the formal aspects, while others acknowledge the conceptual and intuitive facets of type. To Quatremè re de Quincy, model is to be copied and imitated as it originally is, while type is something from which any artist can extract their artworks that bear no resemblance to one another. In 1960, Guilio Carlo Argan presented theoretical support for Quicychr('39')s ideas of typological and morphological memories. To him, typology is not merely a statistical process or categorization. Rather, he relies on formal and functional aspects in believing that analysis and simplification of the physical functions of a structure and its configuration take place in a typological series. As per Arganchr('39')s definition, the term type applies to various levels including the formal composition, structure, and ornamental elements. In his opinion, linking typology to the technical structure turns it into a rigid foundation for formal research. Thus, the type becomes the internal structure of a form, or an element which encompasses unlimited form variations, transformation, and correction in its structure. The internal structure of form can be displayed in a diagram of the shared structural attributes of a number of buildings extracted through a reductive process of comparison and elimination. The main questions of the research revolve around the typology of the bridge-caravanserais (bridges with residential spaces) in Iran, and the idea of maintaining the continuity of old architectural traditions to employ them to meet the new requirements of such buildings. This was meant to lay the groundwork for the regeneration of creative works which are also favored by the society. To this, the present study attempts to provide a proper typology for ten of the aforementioned bridge-caravanserais drawing upon the levels of typology put forth by Argan. It examines the void space in the bridge-caravanserais as the habitable space, their structural function in decreasing the pressure from the weight of vaults and decreasing the strength of bridges being discussed. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the data were collected through desk and field studies. The typological findings introduce 4 different types of bridge-caravanserais. Being the most prevailing type, the first one includes spatial components (rooms) at the columns of the bridge, categorized in two groups based on the number of levels (one-and two-story). In the second category, the rooms are situated over the columns, in the space between the ridges of the arch in order to reduce the pressure from the weight of vaults. The third type has the rooms flanking the bridge as the entrance, establishing an architectural and structural link to the riverbanks. The fourth type is a combination of two or three of the other types.

Entrepreneurship and competitiveness are inevitable for the dynamism and dynamism of the space in the age of globalization. This issue is very important in rural areas. Rural Entrepreneurship and competitiveness-Considering the importance of cities as the focal points of development and evolution of space in the era of globalization-are considered as an effective solution to prevent stagnation and spatial isolation of rural areas. This research is applied in terms of purpose and "descriptive-analytical" in terms of methodology. In this study, the drivers of entrepreneurship and the functions of rural competitiveness as drivers of space development in rural areas have been explained and recognized. The case study is Cheshmeh Saran rural area of Azadshahr county in Golestan province in Iran. The method of data gathering is survey and documentation. The data includes both quantitative and qualitative categories. The sample population in the qualitative part of the research was members of the Islamic Council of the villages and the manager of the villages of Cheshmeh Saran rural area. The analysis is done in two steps. First, entrepreneurial drivers are determined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). In the second step, correspondence analysis is used to identify the competitiveness functions of rural areas. The results show that the drivers of rural entrepreneurship in Cheshmeh Saran are five economic drivers, entrepreneurship contex, infrastructure, social capital and knowledge. These five factors together explain 74% of the variance. At this stage, it was found that the drivers of entrepreneurship contex with a score of 0. 88 has a prominent role in explaining entrepreneurship in rural areas of Cheshmeh Saran. Entrepreneurial history, the existence of actual demand, were the explanatory variables of these drivers. Infrastructure drivers were next with a score of 0. 75, which was explained in terms of infrastructure facilities, market access and access to traffic routes. Economic drivers in rural entrepreneurship Cheshmeh Saran was the third driver, which is explained in terms of variables such as income, risk-taking, employment, variety of activities, tourism opportunities, access to scarce natural resources and access to technology. The drivers of social capital were the fourth drivers of entrepreneurship in rural areas of Cheshmeh Saran, which was explained by variables such as capital and social trust, and finally the drivers of knowledge-based rural entrepreneurship in Cheshmeh Saran with variables such as training courses and literacy level. The results of factor analysis showed that four villages of Farsian, Kashidar, Vamnan and Vatan are identified as villages with entrepreneurial capacities. Entrepreneurial fields and opportunities in these villages are different from each other. Competitive functions in rural areas of Cheshmeh Saran include saffron and medicinal plants, poultry, wood industry and tourism. Based on the results of the correspondence analysis, it was determined that the villages of Vamenan, Farsian and Sosra are competitive villages of Cheshmeh Saran rural area. In Vamnan, saffron and medicinal plants, mountain products are considered as a competitive advantage. Medicinal plants conversion industries have been formed in Vamenan. Farsians have an advantage in terms of road services, natural tourism and ecotourism, historical tourism. Sosara is highly competitive in terms of wood industry. Finally, it should be said that due to the existence of entrepreneurs in the villages of Vamnan and Farsian, the capacity to promote competitiveness in these villages is more than the villages of Sousra and Vatan.

The aim of this paper is to explain the spatial patterns of in-between spaces in Guilan historical houses in order to show their potential capacity in having various functions, and thus different forms, in the course of history. In-between spaces are mediators between two other spaces making them accessible or visible for each other. An explanation of their spatial patterns can both reveal the specific spatial arrangement of historical houses and discover their role in creating accessibility and visibility between different spaces. In this paper, the hypothesis was that the in-between spaces have a fundamental role in the spatial arrangement of Guilan historical houses. Since the research explored and clarified the relationships of in-between spaces in a number of historical houses, the methodology here is an interpretive-historical one. In this regard, in the process of gathering data, some of Guilan historical houses were selected within time intervals of Qajar to Pahlavi I and II periods through a purposive non-randomized sampling technique. These houses were selected from documentary studies, observation, interviews and field study. Then, using an analytical-interpretive approach, all types of in-between spaces were identified and evaluated in terms of functionality and spatial arrangement. In the concluding step, three spatial patterns of in-between spaces (veranda, entrance mid-door, and middle mid-door) were identified, and their functional relationships and their role in the spatial arrangement of houses, were explained. The findings of this paper revealed that verandas are the most widely used type of in-between spaces in Guilan historical houses, and in addition to having special formative features, they played an important role in creating accessibility and visibility between rooms and outside space. The next important types of in-between spaces are entrance mid-doors and middle mid-doors. In addition to having a direct connection between each other, they were mostly used to connect other spaces to rooms and guest-houses. This research was able to identify four patterns of spatial arrangement in Guilan historical houses. These patterns are based on three criteria: (1) the existence or nonexistence of an in-between space, (2) the manner of using the three types of in-between spaces, and (3) the manner of hierarchizing access to each of them in a way that influenced the spatial arrangement of rooms, guest-houses, and the first floor staircase. It can be said that in all these patterns of spatial arrangement, Verandas have always had a key role in creating accessibility and visibility between spaces. However, in houses with no Veranda as an in-between space, or with no Veranda at all, the Entrance mid-door has replaced it, and the middle mid-door, despite its small area, has always performed as a connector between the rooms.

Earthquake vulnerability is one of the most important challenges faced by metropolises in Iran. Earthquakes are the most unexpected disasters among various natural and unnatural hazards. They cannot be prevented in any special way, and so far no tools and technology have been able to predict their occurrence. In fact, unpreparedness in times of crisis, especially in earthquakes, causes vulnerability in different levels of a society and increases human and financial losses. Therefore, it can be acknowledged that “ assessing and measuring the level of preparedness” in order to improve the processes of crisis management cycle is a primary action that effectively reduces the effects and complications of manmade and natural crisis. In Tehran, however, this issue is still in a state of ambiguity The existence of numerous faults and the geographical distribution of earthquakes in Iran indicate that almost a vast area of this country, full of inhabitants, is at risk of earthquakes. Carpenterchr('39')s definition of resilience, which has been accepted as a comprehensive definition in many studies, is: (1) the amount of damage that a system is able to absorb, without going out of balance; (2) the amount of ability of a system to organize and reorganize themselves in different conditions; and (3) the ability of the system to create and increase the learning capacity and strengthen adaptation to critical conditions. A resilient city is a city that has the components of readiness, strength, adaptability, stability and durability. In fact, the resilient city is a stable network of physical systems and human societies. Tehran, as the largest metropolis and the capital city of Iran, is at high risk of earthquakes. Therefore, the study aims to measure and analyze the level of earthquake preparedness in Tehran. The different dimensions of this research, including physical, environmental, social, cultural, institutional, managerial and economic dimensions, were studied with the Resilience Theory. In this research, the descriptive-analytical method with a survey approach has been emphasized to review and answer the research questions. Among the risk reduction programs, resilience can be considered as a more accurate and successful program due to its attention to social and economic dimensions. Due to the importance of the above principle and the vulnerability of Tehran, especially in areas with dilapidated structures such as parts of District 4, and due to the imminence of earthquake, there are two questions. Whether the city of Tehran is sufficiently prepared for earthquake? Considering the theory of resilience, how effective this preparedness is in different physical, social, economic and institutional and managerial dimensions? The statistical population studied in this study includes: managers, experts and crisis management experts working in District 4 of Tehran Municipality. After reviewing and analyzing the documents and opinions of managers and experts, which were obtained through questionnaire, the findings of this study showed that the level of social, institutional and managerial preparedness for earthquake in District 4 of Tehran is moderate, and the level of physical, environmental and economic preparedness is not good.