JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING KNOWLEDGE
Year:2020 | Volume:11 | Issue:1 (40)|Papers Count:7

Objective: This study aims to examine the impacts of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on tax evasion and tax avoidance in Iran by referring to the professional accounting and tax opinion of the Iranian Certified Public Accountants (ICPA) and Iranian National Tax Administration (INTA). Method: The impacts of IFRS on tax evasion and tax avoidance were obtained through a questionnaire on a five-option Likert scale. The designed questionnaire was distributed among 334 members of ICPA and INTA, of which 184 were suitable for use in this study. Structural equation method (SEM) was used to investigate the effects of specific variables, and partial least squares (PLS) approach was used to analyze the model. Results: Findings indicated IFRS has significant negative effect on the prevention of tax evasion, and significant positive effect on the prevention of tax avoidance. The impact of satisfaction of taxpayers, as a moderator in the above relationships is not significant. Acceptance of IFRS has significant positive effect on increasing the reliability of financial statements. Increasing the reliability of financial statements, as an intermediary variable, is not significant for tax evasion, but is significant for tax avoidance. Conclusion: IFRS has important application in understanding tax evasion and tax avoidance, but to be more acceptable, its restrictions must be identified and resolved.

Objective: One of the short-term financing methods that have received less attention in domestic research is the use of trade credit in financing. In this study, the impacts of some financial variables in firms on the supply of and demand for trade credit have been examined. Method: The research sample includes 147 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period 2007-2017. To estimate the proposed model, panel data method and control approach of the effects of years and industries have been used as static approach, and to take into account the dynamics of supply and demand for trade credit, the dynamic panel data method with generalized moment method (GMM) has been used as complementary tests. Results: Findings showed that as firm's size and age increase, so does the supply and demand for trade credit. Also, it was shown that firm's liquidity inversely affects the supply and demand for trade credit. However, the results do not provide sufficient evidence on the significant impact of financial constraints on supply and demand for trade credit. The findings of the supplementary tests confirm the initial results of the study. Conclusion: Identifying the factors influencing the trade credit can help to properly manage trade credit and make optimal use of it to improve risk management and increase firm value.

Objective: Today, in the audit profession, identifying the factors affecting audit fee is of particular importance in terms of its impact on the quality of auditing and on the competitiveness of audit firms. The aim of this study is to examine the versatility of digits distribution of financial statements with Benford’ s law and its effect on audit fee. Method: To measure the variance of distribution of financial statement digits with Benford law, the scoring practice by Kolmogorov-Smirnov method was used. In this study, the data of 101 companies lidted in the Tehran Stock Exchange, TSE, in the period 2007 to 2017 were collected from Rahavard Novin software, financial statements and the official website of TSE. The research hypotheses were tested by multivariate regression model. Results: Findings showed that the score distribution of the initial digits of financial statements has a positive but non-significant effect on audit fee. Also, for the distribution of last digits of financial statements, a negative but non-significant effect on the audit fee was observred. In other words, the deviation from Benford distribution for the first and last digits of financial statements lacks positive and significant effect on audit Fee. Conclusion: Based on Banford law, auditors can limit the distribution of their investigation to the transactions that are suspicious and more likely to be fraudulent. Therefore, auditors can be more accurate in their estimates of the importance of distortion in audit program and audit pricing.

Objective: This paper aims to examine dividend smoothing based on financial flexibility and capital structure adjustment. Method: In this study, the data of 120 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period 2009 to 2016 were collected, and the pooled regression model was used to test the research hypotheses. Results: Findings verified the first and second hypotheses of the research. In other words, the results of the first hypothesis indicated that financial flexibility leads to dividends smoothing. The results of the second hypothesis showed significant relationship between capital structure adjustment and dividend smoothing. Finally, the results of the third hypothesis indicated that capital structure adjustment does not have significant effect on the interaction between financial flexibility and dividend smoothing. Conclusion: According to the research findings, there is a tendency to change the method of dividend payments as a result of lack of transparency in the financial status and unfavorable capital structure, so that managers limit changes in dividends to limit the risk of non-transparency.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of political uncertainty, resulting from the years of presidential election, on management decisions, regarding the level and market value of cash holdings in the period 2008 to 2017 in the companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange. According to the research time period, the years 2009, 2012 and 2017 were selected as the years with high political uncertainty. Method: According to the purpose of the study, this research is an applied one. In this research, with regard to the type of data and the common method of analysis with such data, the pooled data method has been used. Result: Empirical evidence from the test of research hypotheses suggested that the political uncertainty resulting from the presidential election has a significant effect on the level and market value of company's cash holdings. Also, research findings indicated when there is uncertainty in the presidential election years, the marginal value of cash holdings decreases. Conclusion: In response to political uncertainties, companies are influenced by specific decisions about the amount of cash holdings that in turn affect the level and market value of cash holdings.

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the mediating role of financial reporting readability in the relationship between earnings management and cost of capital. Method: To assess the readability of financial reporting, FOG and text length indices were used, and to measure earnings management and capital costs, the modified Jones model (2002) and Gordon growth model were used, respectively. The data of 68 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 1390 to 1396 were studied. Results: Findings indicated that Financial Reporting Readability, including FOG and text length indices, has complete mediation effect on the relationship between earnings management and cost of capital. Conclusion: Based on opportunistic profit management approach, companies publish complex financial reports with low readability to hide opportunistic behavior of managers and reduce the ability of investors, financial analysts and other legal entities to disclose opportunistic behavior. On the other hand, lower readability of financial reporting and more complexity in exposing opportunistic behavior increase asymmetric information and reduce investors' awareness and inference about company's future performance, making investors unable to interpret annual financial reports. Therefore, companies with more ambigious annual report should take higher risks that increase their cost of capital.

Objective: The aim of this study was to provide a model for tax risk measurment in the first step, and to examine the impact of tax risk and social responsibility as well as their interactive effect on the value of companies accepted in the Iranian capital market in single-, three-, four-and five-factor pricing models, in the next step. Another aim was to compare the explanatory power of the models of capital asset pricing. Methods: In this study, the data of 103 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange, TSE, during the years 2011-2017 were collected, and then, analyzed using panel data estimation model. This research is an applied and analytical-explanatory one. Results: The research findings showed that tax risk and social responsibility have significant effects on the value of the company in all four capital asset pricing models in the companies in the TSE. Conclusion: The effect of tax risk on company value is an opposite effect, the impact of social responsibility on company value is a direct effect, but the interactive effect of tax risk and social responsibility on company value is not significant. Comparing the models, it is shown that the five-factor model explains the relationship between these variables in the Iranian capital market better than other models.