NAJA STRATEGIC STUDIES JOURNAL
Year:2020 | Volume:5 | Issue:17|Papers Count:6

After the defeat of the Ottoman government in World War I, Iraq was created with its current borders and since then, Iraq has always faced political and security challenges due to its ethnic and tribal structure and the extension of these tribes beyond its political borders; To the extent that even during the authoritarian Ba’ athist regime, especially Saddam Hussein, despite violent repressions, these challenges persisted. And after Saddam’ s invasion of Kuwait and Operation Desert Storm and 9/11, and the US invasion of Iraq and the ouster of Saddam Hussein’ s government, these problems were not only not resolved, but also became more complicated with the divisive intervention of the Americans and the tribal system was formalized in the constitution. From the beginning of the occupation, the country has always been the scene of political, security and military challenges and government inefficiencies and formal structures derived from tribal participation system challenged national unity, economy, and public services and had long-term consequences, such as government corruption and growing public discontent. The present article seeks to provide simple solutions to overcome these challenges with the aim of trying to identify and explain the causes, factors, roots and consequences of the tribal system in Iraq. The method of the present research is documentary and is exploratory and descriptive with a qualitative approach and the analysis of researchers’ field experiences over a long period of time is another source for the richness of the article. According to researchers, the main challenges in this field are as follows: the formation of the country based on the tribes from the beginning of its formation after the First World War, the lack of national identity, the extension of tribes beyond political borders, occupation, aggression and foreign interference, insecurity and presence violent extremist groups, weak and inefficient government and corruption Suggestions for overcoming these challenges include focusing on optimizing the Iraqi government, economic transformation, the efficiency of security forces, mediating between Baghdad and the Kurdistan Region, overcoming sectarianism and integrating identities into national identities, as well as decisive legislation to prosecute seditionists.

One of the serious harms of developing societies is the increasing number of street children who often earn their living through begging, delinquency, seasonal false jobs, and so on. Providing security by the police for this vulnerable group, due to the type of preventive measures appropriate to this group, will not be possible without identifying internal and external harms; therefore, the main purpose of this study is to identify the disciplinary prevention of victimization and delinquency of street children in order to assess the expected situation to achieve ideal conditions. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive (qualitative-exploratory) in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of the study includes commanders, managers and experts of the police who have a background in the field of police disciplinary prevention; and purposeful judgment and snowball methods were used to select the sample. This study reached the stage of theoretical saturation by conducting 25 in-depth interviews and then the data were analyzed by theme analysis method and based on Mirzaei three-dimension classification, the themes were classified into: structural, behavioral and contextual. The Following themes were identified: Four main components or themes in the “ structural dimension” including organizational structure, goals and strategy, processes and methods, material and financial resources; four main components or themes in the “ behavioral dimension” including training, motivation, experience and skills, and organizational culture; five main components or themes in the “ contextual dimension” including social and cultural, client, supporting infrastructure and principles, legal contexts and interaction with the external scientific environment. The results obtained from the analysis of themes, components and indicators of disciplinary harm prevention of street children show there is a long distance between the current situation of prevention with the expected situation according to the rules and international standards of children and adolescents and the process of crime prevention measures based on the 85 indicators and damage identified by the researchers and finally, suggestions are made to correct and strengthen the indicators obtained by the researchers.

The phenomenon of globalization has entered into all areas, including security and law enforcement agencies alone are not able to deal with global threats such as drugs, terrorism, money laundering, and human trafficking, and so on, and the cooperation of the security forces and the police of different countries is an inevitable necessity; in the meantime, accurate and technical recognition of the capabilities of Interpol is a very crucial issue in how to cooperate with this international organization according to the existing laws and regulations in the fight against crime and criminals. This research, which has been carried out with the aim of achieving, counting and ranking capacities and preparing a model, is applied and developmental in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method and by considering the vision document of 1404 for the Islamic Republic of Iran, it has been done with a mixed approach. Initially, a researcher-made questionnaire containing 121 items was distributed among experts and among these, 60 analyzable questionnaires were extracted. The collected data were analyzed after validation and the extracted capacities were confirmed by one-sample t-test at 95% confidence level and ranked by Friedman test. 121 indicators along with 20 components of Interpol’ s capacities in 6 dimensions of system and technology, strategic, intelligence and operational, diplomacy and cooperation, legal-police and training were approved and the most important capacity, according to Interpol’ s capacity to fight crime and criminals, belongs to the “ systemic and technological capacity” and “ strategic” capacity and this means that Interpol, based on an information-driven approach, seeks to confront and strategically manage crime and criminals at the national, regional and international levels.

Economic delinquency as an emerging criminal phenomenon is one of the major challenges in human societies. The nature of the criminal behaviors of economic offenders and its hypocrisy, along with low visibility, wide range of risks and the perpetrator having special information with the black figure of delinquency, make public methods and institutions in the detection stage be not efficient; therefore, differentiating the stage of discovery in criminal proceedings related to economic crimes is an unavoidable necessity. The present study, which has been written with the aim of evaluating the institutions and differential methods of detecting economic crimes in the criminal justice system, is qualitative and to explain the findings, it is analytical-descriptive. In order to answer the research questions, first, different institutions of the criminal justice system have been identified in the detection of economic crimes and then differential methods related to the detection of economic crime and the position of each in the Iranian criminal justice system are examined. According to the findings of the study, Iran’ s criminal justice policy is trying to establish a global system between the detection and prosecution of crimes in the realm of economic delinquency by distancing itself from the common criminal law system, which considers the prosecutor’ s office to be responsible for crime detection, and by delegating various powers to the executive branch and other public service bodies as well as by applying participatory criminal policy in different sectors of society. The Iranian criminal justice system, despite the application of general criteria for detection of economic crimes, under the influence of international documents, in some cases, has provided different institutions of the criminal justice system with specific methods of crime detection. However, not all effective methods related to the detection of economic crime have been systematically and comprehensively considered by the legislator.

The implementation of policies plays a very vital role in solving society’ s general problems and the quality of public sector management can be measured by the degree of success in implementing public policies but often there is a big gap between passing laws and enforcing them and this gap may be widened and deepened by policy makers. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the implementation of general customs policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In terms of method, this research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. In the first stage, a qualitative method and content analysis were used to collect information from written and electronic sources in the field of public policy implementation. In the second stage, the Delphi method was used to determine the dimensions, components and indicators of public policy implementation. According to experts, 5 factors-policy makers, policy makers, policy target community, nature of policy and environmental factors-as factors affecting the effective implementation of public customs policies of the Republic Islamic Iran were identified and the results of applying decision-making methods show that among these five factors, the factors related to the implementers of public policy are in the first rank, the factors related to the nature of the policy in the second rank, the factors related to policy makers in the third place and environmental factors and factors of the target community of the policy are in the fourth and fifth ranks, respectively.

TED was launched in the United States for “ technology, entertainment, and theorizing” and annually holds various conferences on cultural, social, educational and research topics in the target countries and its main mission is to change the world (target countries) by changing the thoughts, attitudes, behavior and discourse of these target counties using new theories and agents within the target countries, the audience (women, students, students and artists) and by creating networks and networking in different strata; therefore, this research has been done using library studies and is descriptive-applied analytical in terms of method and the study was conducted to answer the question, “ What do the so-called scientific and educational programs of TED and TEDx in the world have to do with US policies and strategies to change the social pattern in countries? ” According to the research, TED and TEDx’ s activities in different countries are in line with US strategic national security documents and many of its programs are aimed at achieving the same documents; for example, receiving information from TEDxs around the world and transferring information about participants to TED in the United States, identifying theories and their owners, and training managers to replace or model them are among TED’ s activities in target countries. Examining TED’ s steps and adapting it to US strategic policies shows its purposeful activities against various countries, including Iran; therefore, it is necessary to take serious action through purposeful planning to prevent and manage the information of TEDx subjects, speakers and audiences.