Journal of Range and Watershed Managment
Year:2021 | Volume:74 | Issue:1|Papers Count:15

Evaluation and planning of crisis management with natural disaster approach includes many components. In this regard, one of the basic pillars of construction management is based on resilience. With this view, attention to planning and research priorities of our country shows the present and future. Construction management in flood-prone areas is one of the most important priorities for studies and planning for sustainable development in the country. According to the studies conducted, the study area is one of the flood-prone areas and according to the floods, damages have occurred. We have witnessed a lot of lives and infrastructure in this area. A review of the construction of settlements in the study area shows that with the approach of construction management, many constructions have been carried out and are being carried out in this area. There are many challenges from the crisis management approach. The opinion is the method and nature of survey and exploration. In this regard, in this article, Lorestan flood zoning has been done in GIS system and strategies to increase productivity have been presented.

Knowledge of livestock grazing behavior is one of factors of optimal and sustainable rangeland management. For optimal management of mountain rangelands, a study was conducted in the rangelands of Lavash. This is located in the Central Alborz Protected Area, and grazed by native hybrid cows. Measuring the vegetation characteristics of the rangelands those areas with 30 plots of 1 × 1 square meter, in three survey strips parallel transects with a distance of 50 meters from each other's, and a length of 100 meters in 2018 and 2019. According to the obtained results, the amount of forage consumption was almost twice of what was range capacity. The preference value of most of the studied species was estimated between 32 and 35% by weighing usage forage method. Palatability category and grazed time percent of each plant species was determined by using camera recording. Plant distribution on rangeland and plant cover percent effected on grazed time percent in the last month during grazing season. Hybrid cattle had unique desire to breed most of the species except for three species belong to Poaceae, Bromus tomentellus, Alopecurus textilis and Hordeum brevisubulantum which were considered more palatable. To calculate the weighted average percentage of preference value of each plant type, rangeland manager could be choose a range of decisions about each of the plant species indices include: range production, plant coverage percentage, and plant density, according to the type of vegetation type, the importance of the role of each plant species and other environmental conditions.

The complexity of the urban environment makes it difficult to consider all the vulnerable components of the urban. Hence, decision-making in urban environments is one of the most important issues in modern management. As a result, the purpose of this study is to investigate the urban vulnerability of Azimiyeh in Karaj to flood based on multi-criteria decision-making method. The statistical population includes specialists who had sufficient knowledge and experience in the field of vulnerability management in urban areas. To this research, first, comprehensive knowledge of the factors affecting the urban vulnerability to floods was obtained using library studies, and then, the results of the Delphi technique, , was shown that among the primary indices, a total of 11 effective indicators were selected and a map of each of them was prepared using ArcGIS software. Then, the urban vulnerability to floods was calculated using the TOPSIS method. The study area was divided into 13 sub-areas based on runoff directional pattern and field observations, and then the decision matrix was made according to 13 sub-areas and 11 indicators. The results showed the vulnerability of this region to floods, which among the studied sub-areas, in sub-areas No. 1 and 2 observed the highest of flood vulnerability and the lowest of it observed in sub-area No. 13. Causes of flood vulnerability in the region include a direct connection to the upstream catchment that has lithology impermeable and geologically impermeable, high-density of building and population, and lack of proportionate open spaces.

Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems that is spreading around the world. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of pollution and enrichment of heavy metals inside and around the industrial town of Shiraz. For this aim, 20 surface soil samples were gathered from a depth of 0 to 15 cm from inside and around Shiraz industrial town, and the concentrations of Pb, Cr, Al, Mn, Cu, Zn, St, V, N, Co, Sc, Fe As was evaluated using the ICP-method MS. The results showed that the average concentrations of Cu, Pb, Mn, Cr, Al, Zn, St, V, Ni, Co, Fe, As and Sc are 75, 87. 9, 541. 6, 143. 3, 21804. 8, 275. 4, 439. 9, 173. 3, 55. 4, 12. 0, 50579. 3, 4. 8, and 4. 7 mg / kg, respectively. The results showed that the average concentration of all elements except Al (21804. 8 mg/kg) and Sc (4. 7 mg/kg) is much higher than the concentration of these elements in global soils. In addition, Cu, Pb, Zn, V and Cr show much higher concentrations than standard Chinese and Canadian standards. Calculation of the enrichment coefficient of the mentioned elements in soil samples indicates high enrichment of Cu (8. 32), Pb (5. 42), Zn (7. 04), St (5. 15), V (5. 04), and Cr (5. 34). The results of the present study indicate that the soils of the region are contaminated with Cu, Pb, V, Mn and Zn. Therefore, it is suggested to reduce metals in the environment by different methods.

The purpose of this study was to compare machine learning models including Support Vector Machine, Classification and Regression Tree, Random Forest, and Multivariate Discriminate Analysis to prioritize susceptible areas to dust production. To determine the dust days, hourly meteorological data of Alborz and Qazvin provinces and satellite images of the same days for the period 2000 to 2019 were used. 420 dust collection points were identified and the map of their distribution was prepared. The maps of factors affecting the occurrence of dust, including landuse map, soil orders map, slope map, slope aspect map, elevation map, vegetation map, topographic surface moisture, topographic surface ratio, and geology mam were prepared. Using the mentioned models, the impact of each of the effective factors of dust was determined and prioritization maps of dust harvesting areas were prepared. Models were evaluated using the ROC curve. According to the results, the elevation factor is more important in all models than the other parameters used in the model. The modeling results also showed that the Random Forest )RF( and Multivariate Discriminate Analysis (MDA) models had the highest values of accuracy (0. 96), precision (0. 94), Probability of Detection (POD) (0. 98), and False Alarm Ratio (FAR) (0. 051) compared to the others. The performance of the RF and MDA models is better than the other models, followed by the Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Classification and Regression Tree (CART) models, respectively. Also, in evaluating the models using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), the RF model was selected as the best model.

Creating a gully is a reaction to the geomorphologic conditions, this type of erosion extends over a wide range of environments, and the threshold of topography is related to the slope and drainage level and Controls the position and expansion of gullies in different uses. The slop-area equation as a relationship between the slope and the upstream area of the watershed in any area will in part help predict gully erosion. The above relationship has been influenced by several factors including environmental conditions (climate, lithology, soil type), the type of land use, and the type of effective mechanisms for the creation and expansion of the gully (surface flow, sub-surface flow, dissolation, and piping), and the type of method used for extraction of slope-area is located. And this is the simplest formula used by two parameters to predict gully erosion. The results show that the value of the relationship between-0. 233 and-0. 205 was obtained. The equation for agricultural use was equal to Y = 5. 7426X-0. 205and for the pasture use equal to Y = 10. 653X-0. 233. In this equation, the power can be close but the coefficient of the equation is different. Gully erosion of the whole hinterland (farmland, agriculture) is expanding. The threshold of topography indicates a negative relationship between land area and slop in different kind of agricultural and rangeland. By reducing the slope, more area is needed for the development and expansion of the gully, and most of the gully is due to surface runoff.

Water is a source of life, even when it is abundant. In the last few years, the unreal certainty of water services in Iran has caused institutional structures of water to be unsuitable and incompatible with environmental changes, and when water-related crises such as drought, flood occurrence and in the larger scale, climate change, are capable of flexibility and resilient in the face of these changes. In this regard, the recognition of the present governance system in the country is considered essential. Therefore, in this study, mode and regime of water governance were studied in one of the problem areas of water scarcity. In order to determine the mode of governance, questionnaires were used in two levels of the institution and local stakeholders. In order to determine the regime of governance, formal and informal institutional network analysis method was used in the Arsanjan, Neyriz, Kherameh and Estahban counties. The results of the governance mode showed that in ten sub-functions of governance under consideration, the more hierarchical mode has been observed. In addition, the results of the analysis of the institutional network also showed that the current governance regime in all four counties is a centralized (Rent-seeking) regime, which is considered a hierarchical governance mode feature. Finally, the combination of methods of governance and arrival to meta-governance is proposed.

In this study, water use efficiency index (WUE) was used to assessing the effect of drought on the carbon and water cycle. To calculate this index, we used the gross primary product (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) products obtained from the MODIS sensor, and the trend of their changes and reaction of this index to drought were calculated for the period 2017-2001 in Fars province. Finally, we assessed the land degradation and desertification in different land uses for study area. The results showed that the indices of evapotranspiration, GPP, water use efficiency, and drought increased by 75. 25%, 29. 9%, 78. 51%, and 67. 23%, respectively. The effects of drought on evapotranspiration in agricultural lands and grasslands showed more than 67% positive relationship and also, in these land uses, we observed a significant positive relationship (33. 4% and 12. 5% for the agricultural lands and grassland, respectively). However, in shrubs lands, and savannas, it is more than 66. 6% and 87. 5%. The effect of drought on water use efficiency in grassland showed that more than 87% of these areas have a positive relationship. The effectiveness of water use efficiency in plants shows a positive relationship in 40. 9% in this area, of which only 0. 9% has a significant positive relationship. The negative relationship of this land use is about 59. 1% of it. Of this negative amount, only 1. 6% of the area had a significant negative relationship. The study of this relationship in the use of savannas shows 75% of this area, which includes 1. 5 square kilometers.

Rapid population growth and the need to provide the necessities of life has caused human beings to change land use widely. In many cases these changes have been accompanied by disruption of balance in nature and providing the possibility of soil erosion. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of land use changes on increasing the intensity of wind erosion. Landsat satellite imagery and implementation of supervised classification by using SVMs were used to prepare land use map. Ground surface temperature was calculated, as one of the effective factors in wind formation, with single channel and split window algorithms in different land uses. In order to make connections between land use changes and wind erosion, effective climatic parameters such as temperature, relative humidity and maximum wind speed were investigated. The highest surface temperature was observed in poor and non-vegetation areas, and the lowest temperature was estimated in highlands and rangelands. Results showed an increase in average temperature as well as maximum and minimum absolute temperature and decrease in relative humidity. Over the past decade, the maximum wind speed in the study area showed a significant increase, and it has increased from eight m/s in 1990 to more than 20 m/s in the last decade. This shows that land use change by removing vegetation cover, as well as the uncontrolled increase of human constructions and creating thermal islands in the last 30 years, has a significant impact on the emergence of climate change and increasing wind speed.

sustainable exploitation of natural resources depends on recognizing the interdependencies, internal social and ecological systems and their capacity to provide the required services. Therefore, there is a need to rethink and change the approach to systemic management of the social-ecological system, which emphasizes the role of various stakeholders in planning and implementing natural resource conservation goals and programs, so that preserving human interests, in addition, sustainable natural resource conservation also be provided. Different frameworks for analyzing social-ecological systems (SES) have been employed in empirical studies. This study was aimed to select the most related frameworks for analyzing social-ecological systems (SES) to investigate and analyze the human dimension in consistency with groundwater as a common-pool resource system in aquifer. The study population consisted of experts and faculty members with experience and expertise in the field of social-ecological systems (SES) which selected 11 cases by purposive sampling technique. Research tool was a questionnaire consisting of two parts: pairwise comparisons of decision criteria and determining the relative importance of Frameworks for analyzing social-ecological systems (SES) based on each of the studied criteria. COPRAS (Complex Proportional Assessment of alternatives) technique was used to analyze the data. The results of this study indicate that, among the decision criteria, capability to detect unsustainable making factor of the system with a relative weighting 0. 217 has highest-priority than the other criteria studied. Furthermore, the Social-Ecological System framework (SESF) is the most related framework for analyzing the human dimension in adapting to the hydrological system of aquifer.

This article tries to prioritize important criteria in the study the performance of environmental programs of the channel One by using exploratory factor analysis method with a questionnaire that was completed by 70 IRIB's experts. Finally, offer suggestions for improving the level of environmental programs. In this regard, the considered criteria are the main components of the environment, which include water, soil, air and biodiversity. Factors derived from the Sustainable Development Model with Exploratory Factor Analysis, which include six political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental dimensions, are independent variables and key components of the environment as dependent variables in the multivariate regression model. Linear was used using SPSS22 software. The results of this study show that in terms of water, environment Criterion with a score of 0/539 is the highest and technology criterion with a score of 0/036 is the lowest in evaluating the quality of the channel one according to sustainable development criteria. Also, in the soil dimension, the social criterion is the highest and the political criterion is the lowest, in the air dimension, the legal criterion is the highest and the economic criterion is the lowest. In the biodiversity dimension, environment criterion, it has the highest and the political criterion has the lowest score in evaluating the quality of the channel One according to criteria of sustainable development. Finally with a Confidence of 95% according to experts opinion, the overall quality of the programs of the channel One in the field of environment has been low.

Soil organic carbon is one of the most important indicators of soil quality. The purpose of this study is to study the spectral and non-spectral behaviors of soil in order to estimate the organic carbon of topsoil using factor analysis and multiple regression methods in the semi-steppe rangelands of Asuran, Semnan province. Soil sampling was performed using stratified random sampling method. After creating a map of homogeneous units in the area, in each homogeneous unit according to its area, several sampling points were selected completely randomly. A total of 145 sampling points were collected. At each sampling point, a composite soil sample (a mixture of 9 observations) was taken. Soil organic carbon was measured using Valkyli-Block titration method. Data of 114 samples were used to calibrate the model and data of 31 samples were used to validate it. The results showed that the correlation of spectral variables obtained from Landsat OLI sensor with surface soil organic carbon is higher than non-spectral variables obtained from 1: 25000 topographic maps. Also, the results of factor analysis by principal component analysis with eigenvalues greater than one showed that the total cumulative variance explained by 14 variables was equal to 90. 2%, which was explained by three factors. The regression equation generated by the three extracted factors had suitable potential for predicting surface soil organic carbon (R2 = 0. 59). The root mean square error (RMSE) of the proposed model was calculated to be 0. 3.

With rapid growth of urban construction and urbanism as well as creation and development of infrastructure, flooding in urban areas has become more controversial. Occurrence of urban flood hazards in human settlements causes irreparable damages to the citizens. Therefore, in order to decrease the psychological and social impacts of urban flooding, attention to resilience approach of urban flood is discussed. The study of literature shows that enhanced resiliency against natural disasters is affected by social, economic, physical and managerial factors. Accordingly, the main objective of this study is to investigate the mentioned structures on resiliency of Tehran metropolitan area against urban flood. The methodology of this study is practical and in terms of survey and descriptive-analytical. The results of the study showed that in terms of socio-cultural index, the most favorable areas were identified. In terms of economic index, according to the components of the relevant component, the study area is the most desirable areas in terms of economic resilience. Also, managerial-institutional resiliency has been the most suitable areas in terms of managerial-institutional resiliency. In the physical resilience, according to the structure of the region and using wlc and ahp methods, it was found that the strengths and weaknesses of the region have a good physical resilience.

Land use and climate change can alter the seasonal and annual discharge of rivers. Annual and seasonal river discharge changes should be considered in the management and planning of water resources in basins. For this propose, Karkheh basin was selected for study. For trend analysis of this basin daily discharge time series in 15 sub-basins during the 1969-2012 period. After reconstruction of time series of selected sub-basin, five discharge indicators including seasonal and annual Q5, Q10, Q50, Q90 and Q95 were prepared for future analyses. The seasonal an annual discharge trends were calculated using Thiel-Sen method, then discharge percent changes in the 1969-2012 for selected sub-basins were determined and seasonal and annual discharge map for each indicator was prepared. The result showed that seasonal and annual discharge in most selected sub-basin had decreasing and negative trend. The selected sub-basin in the southeast had less decreasing trend relative to other ones. Low flow (Q5, Q10) relative to high flow (Q90, Q95) had steeper decreasing trend. The spring high flow indicator related to Kakareza and Afrineh sub-basins had increasing trend. These two sub-basins were independent and are not influence by any other runoff. The increase in high flow in these two sub-basins can be caused by increase in temperature due to climate change and early snow melting in recent years.

The establishment of vegetation is the best way to manage degraded and at risk of degradation lands. Considering that the planting in arid lands is very costly because of ecological restrictions, so experts are looking for methods that increase the percentage of the seedlings establishment and reduce the cost of planting, in this regard the correct use of amendments is very important. The study area is located in Nazarabad City in southwest of Alborz province. In this study, the amendments including mineral biochar, arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and acrylic resin polymer each in four levels were used at the base of Nitraria schoberi seedlings. The soil characteristics of the area was determined at the start of planting. After one year with counting the number of live seedlings, the percentage of establishment for each treatment was calculated. Economical estimates were calculated based on cost-benefit and calculated separately for each treatment. The results showed that there was a significant difference at the 5% level between the amendments and the control. Mycorrhizae had the highest (70%) and the control and biochar 4 treatments had the least (40%) percent of establishment. Economically, mycorrhizal 2, polymer 2 and biochar 1 treatments were the most optimal treatments for each amendment, respectively. The used amendments had different effects on the establishment of seedlings, so that the percentage of establishment increased with increasing level of mycorrhiza use, but with increasing level of polymer and biochar use, negative effects were observed and the percentage of seedling establishment decreased.