ADVANCED APPLIED GEOLOGY
Year:2020 | Volume:10 | Issue:1|Papers Count:8

1-Introduction The geomechanical and petrophysical parameters of the reservoir such as shear wave velocity, porosity and permeability are regarded as the most important elements in estimating reserves, reservoir simulation, and overall field exploitation and development strategies. Recently, several different methods of artificial intelligence techniques have been used to predict this fundamental parameter by using well log data. However, predicting the characteristics of heterogeneous reservoirs always has been facing many problems and an appropriate response is rarely achieved. This study offers an improved approach for reservoir parameters estimation by integration of stochastic optimization in the structure of a neural network system...

1-Introduction Sulfur is found in the soil in the organic forms like ester sulfates, carbon bonded to sulfur, and inorganic compositions such as sulfates and sulfites (Havlin et al., 2004; Karimizarchi and Aminuddin, 2015). Elemental sulfur is one byproduct in gas processing, which is removed as H2S in the refining process of natural gas that includes sulfur compositions, and after transforming to elemental sulfur, it is stored in large block forms. With passing the time, due to erosion and physical tracking in these blocks, sulfur spreads out to adjacent areas (Maynard et al., 1986). Also, some pollutant gases discharge to the atmosphere that SO2 is the most important of them, which may penetrate the human nutrition cycle and also affects ecosystems that constitute a significant concern (Chavoshi et al., 2012). This research aims to study and measure different sulfur phases in the soil inside and out of the Shahid Hashemi Nezhad gas refinery, located in 35 km Sarakhs city...

1-Introduction Construction of engineering projects such as dam, tunnel, open pit mines have been usually developed in mountainous areas. In these projects, bedrocks strength is important when it is exposed against the environmental factors. In these areas, the process of freezing-thawing is the most common factor in reducing the durability and strength properties of rocks which it is important to determine the amount of their changes before design of these projects. Indeed, evaluating the reduction of rock geo-mechanical parameters due to freezingthawing cycles is a crucial issue in initial design of engineering projects such as tunnels, dams and mines in the cold regions (Tan et al., 2011; Jamshidi et al., 2016). In the past decade, researchers have done various studies upon the effect of freezing-thawing cycles on the rocks physical and mechanical properties (Domenico, 1984; Dreesen and Dusar, 2004; Draebing and Krautblatter, 2012; Khanlari and Abdilor, 2015). These studies focused on the evaluation of the freezing-thawing cycle’ s effect on the physical and mechanical properties of building stone such as strength, pore size distribution, permeability and mineralogical content (Fener and Ince, 2015). One of the important parameters for evaluation of rock strength against the weathering is ultrasonic wave velocity (Altindag et al., 2004). By using nondestructive methods, we can accurately assess the rock stability condition. Elastic waves that passed into the rock are generated from an external source and it is recorded by a receiver after passing through the material. Information about these materials can be obtained based on the analysis of processes and parameters obtained from the elastic wave’ s passage through the rock (Ding et al., 2016). In this study, the compressional wave (P-wave) velocity and dry density properties of schist rock samples were investigated in intact and weathered situation. Also, experimental equations have been presented to determine the correlation coefficient of P-wave velocity dry density with specified number of freezing-thawing (F-T) cycles...

1-Introduction The proper site selection and evaluation of land-use suitability (the process of determining a particular parcel’ s capability for specific use) for waste disposal is one of the most basic requirements for urban development. The environmental evaluation of the waste disposal site is a complex process conducted by considering several factors or criteria simultaneously. Various criteria including geomorphological, geological, hydrological, environmental, economic, and social ones are investigated, in proper evaluation, and effort is made to reduce the anomalies by presenting the results to the experts and executors. This study aim is to assess the suitability of the existing waste landfill and offer the most suitable areas in the Zanjan Plain, Iran (Fig. 1). In the Zanjan city, 313 tons of municipal solid waste with different compositions are daily entering the biological cycle concerning the high population growth rate and physical development of the city (Zanjan Municipality, 2014). This amount is (16. 6%) higher than the average per capita of Iran. The waste disposal site in Zanjan is a subsurface and shallow reservoir. Any seepage caused by natural processes (faults and fractures, infiltration of rainwater or snowmelt) or artificial processes (the activities of humans) in the reservoir can result in significant damages. The chemical and water microbial contamination resources, the decline of growth in the plants, introduction of toxic elements into the soil, soil salinization, and the disruption in the life of aquatic and soil biota are some of the examples. The epidemic of contagious deceases, soil erosion, desertification, the decline in the income of farmers due to the reduced fertility of the plants, and finally, the migration and unemployment of the residents in the contaminated areas are the side effects of contamination process...

1-Introduction With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and the growth of industries and factories and thereby with the increased use of fossil fuels on the one hand and destruction of forests and agricultural land-use change, on the other hand, the volume of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide has increased in recent decades. The concentration of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm in 1750 to 379 ppm in 2005 and exceeded 390 ppm in 2010 (IPCC Summary for Policymakers, 2013). The increased concentration of greenhouse gases is the leading cause of global warming. It causes vast and profound changes in the Earth's climates. Global warming began in the late 19th century and led to an increase of 0. 85 ° C in the mean air temperature near land and ocean surface until the early 21st century. The mean temperature of land and ocean surface over the period of 1880-2016 in Figure 1 shows an increase of 0. 85 ° C equivalent to 0. 65 ° C in oceans and 1. 06 ° C on the land surface. Temperature changes around the world have been different...

1-Introduction Sedimentary rock-hosted copper deposits are the second most important producer of copper after porphyry copper (Taylor et al., 2013). The reserves are formed by the movement of oxidized, copper-bearing fluids through the reduction front that result in the deposition of copper sulfides. Totally, sedimentary copper can be deposited through different processes. Precipitation is generally caused by chemical changes, either by the contact with specific host rocks, or as in the case of sedimentary exhalative deposits, via contact with water (Hitzman et al., 2005). These deposits are also the most important sources of cobalt and silver as by-products. In addition to cobalt and silver, some minerals such as nickel, gold, lead, zinc and platinum are important in the Sedimentary copper deposits (Hitzman et al., 2005; Taylor et al., 2013). Supergiant deposits of sedimentary rock-hosted copper are currently recognized in only three basins: the Paleoproterozoic Kodaro-Udokan basin of Siberia, the Neoproterozoic Katangan basin of south-central Africa, and the Permian Zechstein basin of northern Europe (Hitzman et al., 2005(. Iran ranks is 17th in terms of copper deposit in the world, most of which are located in Kerman and Azerbaijan provinces. Major sedimentary copper deposits in Iran are in the Zagros fold belt and the Tabas block (Ghorbani, 2007). Mashayekh area is located in Charmahal va Bakhtiari Province and is structurally located in the high Zagros belt. This region is characterized by two mining districts, namely, the Dehmadan and the Darreh-Yas, approximately two kilometers apart. The most mineralization is associated with organic-bearing carbonate rocks in the Dehmadan deposit. The presence of Doab salt dome and Ab-Vanak reverse fault in around of the study area have been resulted in changing the salinity, Eh, pH and movement of ore forming fluids...

1-Introduction Sinkholes are a depression on the ground surface formed due to the sudden collapse of the caves' ceilings in the karstic areas or quaternary cemented sediments. These features, like a basin, drain the runoffs in that area toward themselves (Waltham et al., 2005; Gutierrez et al., 2008). Sinkholes have large dimensions in plains and flat areas and cause damage to industrial buildings and residential areas. Various remote sensing (RS) and geophysical methods and geological engineering studies can largely determine the areas susceptible to this phenomenon. Soluble bedrock, groundwater flow, and climate are of the most critical factors causing the sinkhole formation. Among these factors, soluble bedrock is a significant one. In the plain of Kabudarahang in Hamadan province in western Iran, numerous sinkholes have been created. These sinkholes threaten the infrastructure of the region, including the Hamadan power plant in western Iran. Using the AHP method, the susceptibility map of the region for sinkhole formation is provided, which indicates that with increasing the time intervals between the formation of sinkholes, their diameter is increased as well (Taheri et al., 2015). Studies in the Ebro River valley in the west of Zaragoza city in Spain show that about 70% of the sinkholes have been formed along with the main joint systems (Gutierrez et al., 2009). With the worldwide occurrence of the most massive rock avalanche in arid and non-volcanic areas along with Seymareh landslide in the southwest of Poldokhtar city in Lorestan Province in western Iran, three natural lakes were formed: Seymareh on the Seymareh River, Jaydar on the Kashkan River, and Gori Balmak on the Mirabad seasonal River. Presently, Seymareh and Jaydar lakes are dried, but a part of the Gory Balmak Lake is refilled during the seasonal floods to the level of the channel constructed in its western part. The sedimentary deposits of these lakes have characteristics of freshwater sediments...

1-Introduction Monitoring mine tailings is necessary to understanding and minimizing their impact on the environment. The industry of mining inevitably has an impact on the environment of surrounding areas, especially the heavy metal pollution. Moreover, the investigation of heavy metal pollution conditions around the mining area is the prerequisite for implementing adequate measures of environmental protection and prevention. Currently, the commonly used monitoring technology of heavy metal elements has higher accuracy. However, it is challenging to meet the needs of a wide range of environmental pollution monitoring because of its large amount of human resources and material resources. In this study, the Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) have been applied for detection the mine tailing of the Anguran Pb-Zn mining area using false-color combination (R: 1, G: 6, B: 3), principal component analysis (PCA), and band ratios [R3/2, G5/3, B8/4]. The use of the first three PC and the evaluation of the eigenvector shows that the fifth and ninth components with eigenvectors of 0. 72 and 0. 65 indicate the spectral behavior of carbonate and clay minerals in bands 8 and 6. Results validated by the USGS library spectra, the Resampled USGS library...