JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Year:2020 | Volume:7 | Issue:15|Papers Count:12

Thinking about moral aspects of extra-personal areas, which include both interpersonal and social areas, can have diverse starting points. A starting point that has been widely welcomed by many sociologists, psychologists, and some ethicists in Iran is individualism/collectivism. Conceptual analysis of individualism and collectivism is important and needed because Iranian authors, while employing them so much, at most are content with a short definition of them. The goal of this paper is conceptual analysis of individualism and collectivism in Iran. First, I review and investigate how a number of Iranian authors think about individualism and collectivism, and I analyze and infer which web of concepts individualism and collectivism are connected with. Prominence of egoism and collective interests for Iranian authors in discussing individualism and collectivism has led a significant number of Iranian authors to seek to show that their emphasis on egoism in individualism – and, in some cases, emphasis on collective interests in collectivism— is in accordance with the ideas and concepts some Western thinkers such as Tocqueville and Durkheim. I have concluded from this section that concerning individualism there is much more difference than agreement.

Secularization in the new world has transcended all societies, and this means that religion has a small role in the evolution and values of societies. In the meantime, several factors play a role in the severity of this phenomenon, one of which is the individualism of modern times. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the empirical relationship between individualism and secularization of students of Yazd University. The statistical population of this study was postgraduate students (Yazd and Ph. D. ) of Yazd University in 2019. Using stratified sampling method, 380 people were selected as sample. The results showed that there was no relationship between students' gender and secularization (objective and subjective) but there was a relationship between marital status and objective secularization and the general index of secularization. There was a significant and positive relationship between the use of mass media and customization. There was a relationship between vertical individualism and subjective, objective customization, and the overall index of individualism but horizontal individualism was only concerned with the objective of secularization. Regression results showed that the variable of vertical individualism and media use explained more than 16% of the variance of customization variable.

Iran's historical Bazaars are a comprehensive example of Iranian indigenous culture and the social capital of these Bazaars can be explored in cultural and religious, social, economic, historical, semantic, and spatial dimensions. Historical Bazaars have high environmental patterns and qualities with valuable spaces, traditions, events and structures that have been rich and dynamic social capital over time. This is undermined by the construction of contemporary passages and shopping malls with non-indigenous styles. This paper aims to explain the dimensions and qualities of social capital in historical Bazaars and a case study of Tabriz's historical Bazaar, using analytical-documentary research method and field survey. Historic Bazaars, with valuable patterns in the structure and components of indigenous traditions in spaces such as the Order, Timche, Serra, corridors, and mosques, carry a huge collection of consensus capital over time. Field survey research shows that items such as social interaction, participation in ceremonies and helping the needy, belonging and safety, attending mosques, and observing the rights of others have a mean score of 3. 76 and 3. 85 respectively. Social Capital in the Historical Bazaar of Tabriz Based on the Economic Basis, the Spatial and Physical System of Iranian-Islamic Culture Cultural and religious based on celebrations, mourning, religious beliefs, helping the needy, strong neighborly relations).

The economic, social, and cultural conditions have made home business attractive in the developed and developing countries as an opportunity to have a job, achieve sustainable livelihood and economic development. Home businesses like other economic activities embedded in other social institutions that constrain and enable. According to this, in Iran, some Policies, Rules and Supports have been done by government, public and supportive organizations to develop and growth these businesses; which those face difficulties and challenges that reduce their effectiveness. This paper aims to review of existing rules and supports for home business in different countries and identifies their effectiveness in Iran. Comparative method, rules content analysis, semi-structured interview and survey used for the research purposes. According to the findings, organizations have done some actions in the three stages of business Life-cycle. Semi-structured interview and survey showed that these actions are generally in the stage of business startup rather than growth and survival stages. In institutional embeddedness there are some legal, administrative and official obstacles to home business access to the supports but when businesses have accessed to those, would have been more successful. Between the actions and supports, Access to information, obtaining licenses, loans and market have had the greatest impact on their success.

How Religious Pluralism relates to Religious Commitment has been one of the main axes of conflict between the two dominant paradigms on the sociology of religion in the last three decades. The knowledge storage primacy of the social sciences under the secularization paradigm suggested that religious pluralism undermines religious commitment. In contrast, the new paradigm of the religious economy or the market model of religion argued that religious pluralism leads to increased religious commitment. In the present paper, the mechanisms of the relationship between the two variables of religious pluralism and religious commitment are described from the perspective of the two paradigms secularization and the market of religion, and then, their conflicting hypothesis with secondary data of Iran are tested through an inter-country comparative analysis with the provincial analysis unit. The results showed that there was no relationship between religious pluralism and religious commitment in Iran. In fact, the findings of this research could not provide empirical support for two dominant paradigms on sociology of religion in the relationship between religious pluralism and religious commitment, rather, it should be seen as an empirical challenge for both the secularization and the religion market’ s paradigms.

This study deals with students’ lived experiences of the emergence of modernism in their religiosity by conducting an inquiry into their religious life and observing the dynamic quality of their religiosity. The method of this research is analysis of narrations. Of University of Tehran students, 26 students were chosen for a validity and semi-structured interview in accordance with the theoretical saturation technique. The interviews were condensed into individual narratives as well as a general narrative and were thematically analyzed. The findings of the research indicated the emergence of a change in the students’ religious life. The students’ narrations of their religious life indicated that they have been influenced by personal and environmental changes and, in consequence, they reconsidered their religiosity. To illustrate this change, the interviews were divided into three periods— “ sustainable religious life” , “ crisis in religious life” , and “ religious modernism” . Three fundamental themes were derived, which includes “ religiosity as a priori” , “ crisis of religious identity” , and “ religiosity as a posteriori” . In the end, it can be said that the students’ overall narration of their religious modernism indicated a posteriori understanding of religiosity. Religious modernity is neither a fully conscious action here nor a fully structured phenomenon.

The purpose of the recent study was to checking the amount of considering to the Components of knowledge, skills and attitude of citizenship in the text books of the educational system 6-3-3 in the academic year of 2018-2019. The research method in this study was content analysis quantitative. The statistical population of the study included text books Social studies in the Second Grade of the elementary school, Social studies in the First Grade of the high school, And sociology in the Second Grade of the High school. The tools for collecting data was the analysis list of the text books contents that involved the theoretical bases that its validity was determined by experts in the field. And reliability using a retest method and the correlation coefficient was obtained to be 0. 86. The analysis findings by using SPSS software (Version 23) and the non-parametric statistical method showed a meaningful difference between the Components and concepts of citizenship education in the mentioned books among the educational bases in all three educational periods. The results of this study showed that the design and compilation of these books did not pay attention to the components and concepts of citizenship education balanced. And paying attention to such a balance provides the necessary ground for strengthening the sociological dimensions of other social institutions in society. Therefore, the review of social studies books and sociology of the educational system 6-3-3 seems to be necessary in order to pay more attention to the components and concepts of less attention.

Recent increasing changes in socio-cultural desire abilities in Iran have modified women's roles in the society and have led them to seek for independency in different aspects. They consider employment as a chance for attaining advantages that are not accessible at home. This research aims to understand how married women in Mashhad city perceive employment. To do this, 25 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with both employed and house worker married women. The interview scripts were all analyzed using grounded theory method. The findings showed that employment is part of women identity out of the family environment and is significant in promoting their capabilities. This phenomenon is called "employment as an identifiable and empowerment" and it is the central idea in our grounded theory. Most participants were interested to work out of house and they have different reasons for this. But at the same time they face many problems. However being employed take some advantages of women but its positive outcome for them makes them stay at work.

Cultural pattern of speed plays an important role in evolution of transportation culture in all over the world. This article is intended to reach the differences between two system of comprehension of speed and transportation culture and their key components in car accident rate in Iran and Germany through a comparative research. Due to the importance of cultural experience as a source of perception of speed issue, this article employs qualitative and fieldwork methodology including participant observation, interview with key informant, nominal and focus group interviews. This article shows how historical evolution and dynamism of transportation culture is divided in two pre-modern and modern eras in Iran. The second period is known with separation from the first period cultural period that has left a strong impact on perception of some key elements such as speed, movement, place, time, destination and road as cultural experiences.

Academic freedom is one of the fundamental principles governing higher education systems, which has a long background in universities of the world. Scientific freedom is a relative concept. Whenever it comes to speaking of relativism, the meaning of the concepts should be examined in social structures and context. For this reason, a permanent and universal method is not used, but rather it should be investigated in the setting of the needs and requirements of time and place. The idea of using a universal project in this field has faded away and should be replaced by cultural and local ideas. The concept of scientific freedom is highly influenced by the cultural beliefs of societies. Therefore the general purpose of this paper is to study the scientific freedom of higher education in Iran. The statistical population included faculty members of universities and institutes of higher education as well as scientific experts of this field, 13 of them were purposefully selected for deep interviews. The method of adjusting participants and reviewing colleagues was used for validity of the tools. Open and axial coding has been used for data analysis. The findings of the research included five dimensions of scientific freedom (challenges, strategies, prerequisites, requirements, and extents of academic freedom), 17 main categories and 148 conceptual propositions (sub field) whose relationships between them were also drawn in the research model.

Due to the importance of“ the role of formal education institution in the socialization process” and “ balanced attention between both rights and responsibilities in citizenship education” , the question is, how much the Social Civics textbooks, which define their main aim as nurture of the citizens, are successful in supporting the noted balance. Moreover, which items of citizenship are emphasized? And if there is a specific trend for citizenship education while student’ s age, cognitive development and pages of the books are ascending? The following research will try to answer this question, by utilizing the deductive content analysis method. Social Civics textbooks of primary school, third to sixth grade, and the first period of Secondary school, seventh to ninth grade, in the year 2017-2018, form the Statistic society of the research which all of them were considered as sample. Findings of this research show that the citizenship teachings are responsibility-oriented. Moreover, between the multiple types of national citizen ships, social citizenship is dominant player (42/4%) and gender citizenshipis the lowest share (3/8%). Moreover, civil (15%), environmental (13/8%), cultural (9/6%) and political (8%) citizenship lie between these two types respectively. At the same time, there is no specefic assending trend for citizenship education while pages of the books and age are assending.

The present paper is an excerpt from an experimental study of the pathways of people's religiosity and its relationship to their religiosity in Ghaemshahr city. The findings show that the "passive demand" path is the most common and the "active demand" path is the most unusual ways to become religious. However, regression analyzes have shown that among the four main pathways to religiosity, the path of "active demand" has the strongest and "passive demand" has the weakest coefficient of influence on the degree of religiosity of individuals. Therefore, the comparison between the axes of religiosity shows that the paths of active axes are more than passive axes and the demand axes are more than supply axes affected on the religiosity of individuals. In other words, the best ways to become religious are to cross the request (demand) and the will (to be active), means “ Active demand” ; the paths in which there is both a demand for religion and authority and activism. In total, about 62% of the changes in religiosity are explained by these nine variables (sub-routes), and the remaining 38% are related to other routes that have not been studied in this study.